1

“POLITICAL TRUST AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR OF THE COLLEGE

STUDENT –VOTERS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO”

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Arts and Sciences Education

University of Mindanao

Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

Submitted by

Gemilito M. Colimod

Jufhel R. San Juan

Kent Keven T. Tamone

August 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE I

TABLE OF CONTENTS II

ABSTRACT III

Chapter

1 The Problem and its Setting

Background of the Study 5

Statement of the Problem 7

Review of Related Literature 8

Theoretical Framework 25

Conceptual Framework 28

Significance of the Study 29

Definition of Terms 30
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2 Method

Research Design 32

Research Subject 32

Demographic Profile of Respondents 34

Research Instruments 35

Data Gathering Procedure 37

Statistical Treatment of Data 38

3 Data Presentation and Analysis of Findings

Level of Political Trust of the College Student-voters 39

in the University of Mindanao

Level of Electoral Behavior of the 44

College Student-voters in the University of Mindanao

Significant Relationship between Political Trust 50

and Electoral Behaviour of the College Student-voters
of the University of Mindanao.

4 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary of Findings 53

Conclusion 55
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Recommendation 56

References 58

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Voting is one of the most essential opportunities of the citizens. It can

also become a determinant to measure the people’s confidence in the

government. The focus on political engagement generally concentrates on

young people. For many centuries, the low level of electoral participation of

youth has been a large issue of researches (File, 2014).

In the global scenario, it was found out in Malaysia that there are

factors that highly influence the voting behavior of the students such as

manifesto, group affiliation, candidates and status-qua. These factors are

variants of individual and group political culture in which the practice in politics

rely on the perception, belief and norms. The high influence in the voting

behavior of the selected Malaysian student depends on attractive manifesto

and candidate’s strong group support that ensure election victory (Omar and

Othman, 2014). On the other hand, in the University of Akron in USA there is

a lower voter turnout during the 2010 presidential election. Historically,

student-voters in America have least knowledge about their political leaders.

The study discovered that issues that affect the voting behavior of young

voters emanates from the improper mobilization of the Board of Election in the

country (Anderson, 2015).

In the Philippines, the election time is like an exuberant fiesta where

people have a lot of political dramas. Specifically, election behaviour of the

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Filipinos became the subject for different researches in which most of the

variables are determined from the socio-economic status of the person such

as education, income and occupation. The traditional power structure in the

country seem to be unending because of the less valued act of voting and

respect to the electoral processes (Pe Lero, 2008). On the other hand, the

study of voting behaviour of the Filipinos is merely influenced by attractive

candidates. They also found out that vote buying affect the candidate

preference of the voters and switch their votes to non-preferred candidates.

However, few voters retain their most preferred candidates even if they allow

accepting money from non-preferred candidate (Hicken, Leider, Ravanilla and

Yang, 2014).

Here in Davao City, the Dabawenyos’ trust in the leadership skills of

the undisputed chief executive Rodrigo Duterte is both a result of

Dabawenyo’s political maturity and effective policies and programs of the City

Government of Davao. The study shown that the behavior of the local

inhabitants of Davao City in the local government was influenced by a

participatory leadership and satisfactory programs like peace and order,

healthcare, emergency assistance, scholarships, livelihood and youth

empowerment (Laya and Marquez,2012).

The essential role of the citizens and the government is both vital in

mobilizing the individual and country-level development in which the certain

conditions is determined through peoples belief, behavior, status, and outlook

in the government. The bond between the citizens and the government can be

reflected in a strong or low level defending in role they play and expectations
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they want. This idea drives the researchers to conduct the study to find out

whether political trust has a significant relationship on measuring the level of

electoral behavior of the college student-voters in the University of Mindanao,

Davao City. Moreover, the study could be a source of knowledge for different

sectors of the society to promote active political participation and enable

healthy democracy in our country.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine whether the political trust significantly

influences the electoral behavior of the college student-voters in the University

of Mindanao. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of political trust of the college student-voters in the

University of Mindanao through economic performance in terms of:

1.1. Standard of Living; and

1.2. Employment Status?

2. What is the level of electoral behavior of the college student-voters in the

University of Mindanao in terms of:

2.1 Voter’s Participation; and

2.2 Candidate Preference

3. Is there a significant relationship between political trust and electoral

behavior of the college-student voters in the University of Mindanao?

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Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence. There is no

significant relationship between the level of political trust and electoral

behavior.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents literature and other pertinent information related

to present investigation gathered from trusted resources like books, journal,

internet, newspaper and other informative materials. This chapter explain the

following principles, influencing ideas and terminologies, such as political

trust, economic performance containing two important indicators: standard of

living and employment status and the electoral behavior consisting voter’s

participation and candidate preference. The aim of this chapter is to give

broader knowledge of the study and its relevance on the issue between ours

and other societies.

Political Trust

Political trust is a belief of the people towards the government and

other controlling institutions. In some instances, political trust has no definite

interpretation or clear definition. In an empirical view, political trust was

composed of the support to political system related to political behavior like

alienation, cynicism, skeptics, and stoicism. The broad spectrum of politics

indicates a vast inclusion of different factors to identify the level of trust of the

people (Arancibia, 2008). The effective politics in the democratic society

depend on the confidence of the citizens and cooperation within the political
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sphere. However, the growing declining of trust in political, social, and

economic institutions, and even professionals is a phenomenal issue in the

study of social science. The absence of trust will develop a cynical attitude of

the citizens and will affect the collective vision for national development

(Diamond, 2007).

Likewise, Babos (2014) emphasized that trust is an important issue in

the modern democracies and contributes in legitimizing and sustaining

democratic regimes. He pointed out that corruptions have a huge impact on

measuring trust in institutions and politicians. He also include that political

trust can be measured though parliament, political parties and politicians. He

analyzed the level of trust from individual and country-level factor. He also

mentioned that trust in political institutions has a link in economic issues. In

addition, Seyd (2011) discussed that trust must be measured on the lens of

citizen’s belief on public officials, economic evaluation and assessment on

policy issues.

In Europe, the time of economic crisis has led to the distrust of

European citizens to their governments. According to Hennessy (2013), the

loss of trust of Europeans was the cause of corruption in political parties and

the allegations of fraud and tax evasion especially in the countries like Italy,

Spain and France. Also, Rigamonti (2012) mentioned that the crisis of

confidence was deepest in the countries hardest hit by the economic crisis.

She also said that global corruption barometer is very strong in Southern

Europe where financial crisis occurs in some countries. She emphasized that
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the deteriorating trust in all European countries and even Nordic nations has

all the issue of corruption at different levels.

According to Philippine Trust Index, Filipinos often trust the church than

the government. It stated that the church is the most trusted institution

followed by the academe, media, government and other sectors (Makabenta,

2014). He also pointed out that leadership is an important factor to determine

the trust of Filipino individuals. In addition, Del Rosario (2015) pointed out that

three out of ten Filipinos do not trust any government agency. According to

the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), the youth has the

significant role in the political participation especially on the election and

molding good governance. It emphasizes the importance of good governance

in national development.

Specifically, political malpractices like corruption have direct effect on

political trust. In the study of Allen, Birch and Wroe (2010), they discussed

that corruption contributes in the increasing distrust to the politicians. In

Latvia, the national government and the parliament feel the extremely low

level of trust (Seimuskane and Vorslava, 2013). However, local authorities got

a high level of trust from Latvians. They mentioned that the difference of the

level of trust between the national government, the parliament and the local

authorities deal on the basis of satisfaction and participation of the inhabitants

in Latvia. The declining of trust in Latvia because of economic and political

crisis made the Latvians skeptical and others migrated in other near nations.

A similar study in Venezuela, the Post-Chavez administration is now in

the phase of challenge. According to Canache (2014), the death of Hugo

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Chavez will build a transitory effect on the political landscape in Venezuela

and public trust will be the prime context of this transition. Most of the

Venezuelans admire the political outputs of Chavez and its participatory

democracy. In addition, the comparative study of Espinal (2013) in Haiti and

Dominican Republic reflect a similar issue on institutional trust. It proves that

governmental trust in two developing countries is measurable in the concept

of political and economic performance related to state capacity and the rule of

law. They also said that factors that influence institutional trust in these two

countries are results of combating corruption, providing security and delivery

of the basic services.

In addition, Kekkonen and Sunderland (2014) pointed out that low

political trust has negative implications in the society. They also said that the

thrust of political trust is changeable in different period of time and through the

perspective of individuals. In their study in Finland between 2004 and 2013,

they found out that there is a relationship in the impact of personal

characteristics, amount of social capital, and evaluation of institutional

performance on political trust. They emphasized that the satisfaction in

democracy, economic performance and social trust are interrelated factors

that affects the fluctuation of political trust.

On the other hand, Yudong (2014) revealed that the type of regime has

no empirical relationship with political trust. He found out that those

democracies in twenty-six Asia-Pacific countries surveyed between 2003 and

2008 have a mid-level of political trust. On the contrary, authoritarian regimes

got a higher level of political trust that contradicts to the view of democratic
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societies that political trust is stronger in their countries. He explained that

democratic regimes hold a decreasing level of people’s trust in political

institutions because of the negative economic and political evaluation. The

authoritarian regimes have an increasing level of public trust because of

external efficacy, happiness and life satisfaction.

Moreover, Halapuu, Paas and Tammaru (2015) review the relationship

of political trust and attitudes of immigrants in Europe through majority and

minority population. They found out that governmental trust is strongly related

in the attitudes of ethnic majorities. They revealed that social trust is both

important for majority and minority group in 27 countries in Europe.

In addition, Taylor (2012) stated that political trust is significant in a

vote based system. Not just do subjects need to regard the state that

ctualizes the laws they should likewise have trust in the organizations of

government that make direct such enactment. Trust is politically essential for

the fruitful execution of approaches and measures that are not instantly

gainful to all natives on an individual level. It is simple for individuals to bolster

arrangements that will advantage them straightforwardly, yet to bolster

approaches that offer no immediate advantage where trust is required.

Standard of Living. The concept standard of living is generally the

level of wealth, comfort, goods, and other necessities which is usable and

acquirable to a certain group of people within a specific territory. Standard of

living include many factors like income, affordability of housing, health care,

accessible education, availability of jobs, poverty rate, class disparity, Gross

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National Product (GNP) and other means that relates to the improvement of

the quality of life ( Belfield et al , 2015).

According to Eurofound, the citizen’s satisfaction with the quality of

public service is closely related to the trust in institutions especially the

European Union (EU) and other national institutions. It was discovered that

the European citizens have a high level of trust in the European Union than

their national government. The policies of European Union greatly affect the

delivery of public services that satisfies the people. After the devastating

economic crisis in Europe, political participation of the citizens was conducted

in a new initiative specifically online petition and rejected the traditional form

of public opinion (Ahrendt & Leoncikas, 2013).

In the study of Di Pietro (2012), he pointed out that political trust is

affected by monetary development, the way of life, and the proper utilization

of government spending. A better economy and more elevated amounts of

financial development are relied upon to build open trust in lawmakers, while

insufficient government spending is anticipated to decrease open government

trust. The evident ramifications are that keeping in mind the end goal to keep

up political trust, so that a legislature can undershirts authenticity and be in a

position to have the capacity to elevate and to organization its sought

strategies, the administration must be exceptionally watchful to give careful

consideration to the real economy. It highlight that development rate reflects

satisfaction and the quality of life is a worth value.

In addition, Seyd (2014) revealed that political disappointments are

results of the low government performance in Britain. The under achieve

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expectations of the British citizens to the government delivery of basic

services will bring negative perceptions. He also said that there must be an

equilibrium to the government action and peoples expectation. The study

focuses on the standard of living of the elderly citizens in which health care,

home decency, employment and prices of goods are the factors to identify the

performance of the government.

Employment Status. Employment Status refers to the individuals legal

status and classification in employment, either they are engaged into

corporate work or self-employed status. A specific job or non-related jobs are

elements of survival and quality of life. From archaic civilizations to the

contemporary times, the importance of job is a primary goal of different

individuals coming from different field of specialization. The political and

economic practice always entails that the individuals often rely to government

in generating job. It is bold to say that if the government lack support to job

generation, then its people wills loss trust in them. The principles of survival

always associate in having sufficient food and good shelter, clothing and other

means in which certain jobs can sustain the needs (Franklin and Menaker ,

2012)

In the study of Guigni and Lorenzini (2010), they discovered that

employment status and social capital which is in the nature of association

encroach the political participation of the youth in Geneva. The study

compares the overall political participation of unemployed, insecure, and core

groups of employed youth on the regular basis. They also discovered that

involvement in association reduce the gap in political participation between

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the three group of youths. Furthermore, unemployed youths have less

participation in political activities especially labor rallies because of their

membership issues in associations. Similarly, the study of Otter and Roth

(2011) reveals that the citizens do not have much concern in inflation rate but

rather on having jobs during the European economic crisis. The declining of

trust of the citizen’s point on the increasing unemployment in some European

Union member states. The crisis was merely the impact government debts

that generate the rapid increase in unemployment.

According to World Bank Report (WBR), the employment status and

trust do not have a conclusive mutual interrelationship when empirically

studied though cohorts. It is found out that different cases of job and trust

relationship arises from different societies with different observation and

results. Alike in Europe, the context of unemployment indicates the poor labor

outcomes that reflect lower level of institutional trust and vice-versa. On the

contrary, situation in Latin America about unemployment and trust have an

opposite outcome that mostly do not inclined to some related literature.

However, there are cases in Europe that have similar results alike to the Latin

America (Arias et al, 2014).

In addition, Domonkos and Stefan (2011) inferred that voters of the left

would respond to the development of unemployment. Therefore the

conservative appeared to have lost voters both on account of rising

unemployment and expanding costs. These demonstrates that in a little euro-

territory part state, having an electorate that is emphatically receptive to the

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condition of the economy is a disservice the same number of the strategies

are by and large need a gradual solution.

Electoral behavior

In the era where most of the people have political rights, particular role

in governance and society also emerges. The approach of the citizens will

legitimize every action of the government. Public opinion as one of the

instrument of political participation involves the feeling of the people about the

government. This feeling or behavior is affected by unattended expectations,

conditions in political processes such as leadership, malpractices in

governance, electoral fraud, and ineffective programs and policies.

Based on the work of Turska-Kawa (2013), there are various factors

that affect the electoral behavior of a certain individual. In his study, the socio-

structural approach explained that the oldest trend where the main point of

reference of an individual is its participation and membership in a group,

determining his or her present attitudes and behavior. The basis of this model

is the assumption of the collective nature of electoral behavior. The main

assumptions of this model is to determine the behavior through the

membership in a particular social community (professional, religious, social

class, etc.), as demonstrated by the high compatibility of preferences in

families and the strong influence of the leaders in specific groups.

In addition, the study Agomor (2014), he emphasized that voter’s

behavior is largely determined by evaluative rationales such as education,

health and employment policies of the parties. While the study of Dogan
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(2012) shows that different social and economic development variables have

different effects on the voters attitudes toward the three major Turkish political

parties. One of the most striking results is that voting behavior is more

strongly associated with the education variables than with the income proxy

variables.

In another case study, Amri (2013) found out that the younger voters

are more flexible and less interested in political happenings, rendering them

more sensitive toward the issue of leadership. For example, voters are likely

to be more liberal in prosperous times and more conservative during hard

times. On the contrary, the study File (2014) pointed out that voting is

arguably the most important civic opportunity given to the citizens of the

United States. In recent elections, much attention has been focus on the

number of young people casting ballots. Traditionally in the American

elections, young people have stood out for their consistently low levels of

electoral participation, but a shift has appeared in some years, at least in part,

in the direction of greater engagement.

Voters Participation. Voters Participation is an activity in political

process where legitimate citizens get involve in electoral practice by means of

different tools, acts, or any legal instruments that will make decisions in

formulating scheme in governance. Voting as a universal practice in the most

of the democratic states, it dictates the future of the country. The active

involvement of the citizens in election connotes proportional values of

citizenry and political maturity. Peoples participation in politics can be affected

by diverse culture consist of race, religious practice, and traditional political

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system. Also age group, gender and civic orientation are factors that can

influenced participation in election period (Tessler,2008).

One of the tools in participating in politics today is the social media.

The study of Settle (2015) use an exceptional accumulation of 113 million

Facebook notices to look at clients' political discourse amid the 2008 decision.

He discovers that posting a political notice in online networking is a type of

everyday engagement with governmental issues may prompt expanded

political cooperation.

In the study of Collier and Vicente (2010) in Nigeria, they have

discovered that appointive brutality in Nigeria have an awesome work in

expanding impression of nearby well-being and by rising strengthening of the

populace. Furthermore, voter conduct might be influence through helped

constituent cooperation and punishment of hopefuls saw to be brutal. At last,

the conduct of government officials who use terrorizing as a political

methodology might be impact despite the fact that the proof that they found

for that impact is less vigorous.

Furthermore, the study of Ibrahim, Liman and Mato (2015) investigates

the voting conduct of Nigerian people that intentionally vote in favor of

pioneers that can genuinely speak to them, change their financial and political

assets and the present state of affairs. In addition, from this study they

discovered that Nigerians declined to vote in favor of cash, religion, provincial

or tribal conclusions. It was obvious that the level of political investment in

Nigeria has ascended, because of association of individuals either specifically

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or by implication in political exercises and basic leadership prepare or

notwithstanding impacting political choices.

Moreover, the study of Campbell and Cowley (2014) demonstrates that

voters use alternate routes taking into account sex and race generalizations

when assessing competitors, the effect of applicants' sex, religion, age,

training, occupation and area/home demonstrates that it had some

measurably noteworthy effect in transit voters. They also discovered the

extensive impacts with instruction, occupation and residency.

In other case, the study of Fisher et al (2011) considers that competitor

ethnicity influenced the gathering of vote decision of both White British and

ethnic minority voters at the 2010 British General Election. They discovered

that white voters are less inclined to bolster Muslim hopefuls, yet do not seem

to victimize ethnic minority competitors largely. Subsequently Ethnic minority

voters were not be more liable to vote in favor of ethnic minority applicants.

Furthermore as indicated by the aftereffects of their study that there is some

constrained proof that Muslim voters will probably bolster a gathering in the

event that they had a Muslim hopeful in their body electorate. While there are

slight, and measurably irrelevant, signs that Muslim voters will probably vote

in favor of Muslim competitors than others, there is no sign that ethnic minority

voters want to vote in favor of ethnic minority applicants as a rule or even co-

ethnic hopefuls. One conceivable clarification for the relative unwillingness of

whites to vote in favor of Muslims is that the Muslim applicants in 2010 were

not comparable to different competitors largely.

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The study of Velasquez (2015) likewise demonstrates a spatial variety

of ethnic political assembly. Whereby ethnic governmental issues writing

keeps up those voters pick co-ethnic competitors since they hope to get more

advantages from co-ethnic authorities, this sort of ethnic voting takes after the

same rationale as all other voting individuals vote in favor of the competitor

they hope to give them the best advantage. On the other hand, Ueyama

(2013) discovered the proof in which both the constituent and individual-level

that financial voting in the Netherlands does not hold similarly over all coalition

individuals. He emphasized that voters remunerate and rebuff the gathering of

the Prime Minister to a more noteworthy degree than they do the other

supporting government parties. He speculate that voters prevalence relegate

obligation regarding financial conditions onto the gathering of the Prime

Minister over whatever is left of the coalition parties. Among the cooperation

impacts, monetary obligation is by all accounts weighted by the amount of

control the representing parties hold inside the assembly. It creates the

impression that voters in the Netherlands do not regard the representing

coalition as a solitary body, yet rather separate among taking part parties.

In addition, research conducted by Mikuš and Máliková (2015) in

Slovakia demonstrates that that the negligible collectives with awful financial

conditions vote conservatively, supporting left-wing parties. A comparable

concentrate likewise favor the announcement above. Stefan and Domonkos

(2011) inferred that voters of the left would respond to the development of

unemployment. Therefore the conservative appeared to have lost voters both

on account of rising unemployment and expanding costs. These

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demonstrates that in a little euro-territory part state, having an electorate that

is emphatically receptive to the condition of the economy is a disservice the

same number of the strategies are by and large bit by bit surpassed by it.

In the study of De Lao (2013) in Mexico, he demonstrates that from the

randomized part of Progresa, the spearheading Mexican contingent money

exchange (CCT) program. Their information demonstrates that early

enrollment in the project prompted substantive increments in voter turnout and

in the officeholder's vote offer in the 2000 presidential decision. The test

likewise uncovers that resistance gatherings' vote shares were unaffected by

the system. Accordingly, the discretionary reward produced by CCTs, it might

be best clarified by an assembling instead of convincing instrument.

Moreover, with respect to the purposes for the Mexican CCT appointive

returns, their discoveries demonstrate a little backing for clarifications in view

of clientelism. A clarification in view of automatic legislative issues, and credit

guaranteeing, appears to will probably be grinding away. In spite of the

uncertainty on this respect, their article proposes that one imperative general

lesson is that projects focused at people, when worked in an automatic

manner, are good with solid just propensities, for example, partaking in

decisions, and have the appealing element of cultivating star officeholder

support.

According to Maggini (2009), there are certain voting patterns among

the young voters in Italy. This study disproved the reliability and relevance of

the Sociological Model in understanding such voting trends, as the results

were more oriented toward factors such as individual choice, attitudes, values,
 22

interests and levels of participation in politics. Wiese (2012) on a similar note

had researched the voting behaviors of the university students in South Africa.

His study had sought to illustrate the validity of the Western behavioral

models in dissecting voting patterns among the students in South African

universities.

Candidate Preference. Candidate Preference is generally a character

and related attributes of the person who is running for a specific political

position. Most of the common preferences that are important to the electorate

is the candidate’s involvement to a strong political party, leadership principle,

and personality (Gigawin, 2014).

According to Kurtbas (2015), voter preferences were influenced by

different factors either in local or national elections. He discovered that voters

are mostly influence of candidate’s ideology, possibility of winning and

knowledge in local problems. He also found out that voter thinks about the

benefits in engaging to political parties and its goals. On the other hand,

political debate is an instrument that contains emotive issues and interaction

that deals a large impact on the perception of the voting populace. It is evident

in the United States of America that televised discussion and debates of the

presidential competitor’s conditions the mind of its citizens to have good

choice of candidate. American electorate often rely to media and political ads

to ensure the future of their country. The study was conducted through video

facial responses during the 3rd presidential debate between Barrack Obama

and Mitt Romney in 2012 ( Kaliuoby et al, 2012).

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Similarly, Banerjee et al (2011) found out that voters opted for

legislators who had a better attendance record at oversight committees and

who spent the most money in the slums, rather than who spent the most

overall. Incumbent attendance levels at the legislature had no impact on voter

behavior. Voters also benchmarked legislator performance against that of

neighboring jurisdictions, as well as benchmarking candidate qualifications.

They also explained that voter behavior changes quite significantly with

information provided about candidate performance.

In addition, Erb and Sulistiyanto (2009) stated that voters generally

voted basing on the performance of candidate and government in recent local

elections. The data of this study proves that voters became empirical and

more critical in choosing their candidate in the election. Hamid (2012) also

add that people did not vote basing in the religious or ethnic considerations. In

other case, the study of Higashikata and Kawamura (2015) concluded that

religious cleavage still affects the voting behavior in Indonesia in the sense

that there is a statistically significant correlation between the regional religious

character and the margin of the vote share of Islamic parties versus secular

parties. This means that voters tend to choose the same camp as they did in

the preceding elections, though retrospective economic voting caused them to

decide which party to select within the camp. Likewise, in India the

establishment of a secular state in guaranteed the right to freedom of religion

to everyone treating every religion as equal and non-Recognition of any

religion as a state religion-has not been successful in preventing the role of

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the religion as a determinant of political behavior in general and voting

behavior in particular (Akhter,2014).

In the Philippines, a study shows that electoral behavior and voter’s

preference in some areas in Davao city that the preferred characteristics of

electoral choices, the people would like to vote a candidate who mainly has

good educational characteristics, desirable values and religious and possess

good relational skills respectively (Santiago, 2015). On the other hand, Blouin

(2014) stated that celebrities do not have an influence in terms of voting

preferences. The student’s responses that celebrities may affect other voting

behavior but not them specifically.

The literature above illustrates the significance of political trust and

electoral behaviour in the settings of society. It also supports the idea that

interaction between individual and government is a systematic relationship

where possible outcomes are derive by benefits and behavioural mobility.

Therefore, political trust is a form of outcome with reliance to the personal

assessment of a person towards the capability and effectives of his/her

institution to the programs and policies that brought happiness and

satisfaction to the general populace. Evidently, electoral behaviour will create

innovative or passive transformation in the political system. It can bridge the

political disparity or continuously brought the unstable political culture. This

means that people’s interaction with its own government will produce a

positive or negative result in political processes. In this case, political trust and

electoral behaviour are critical factor that have an impact in the society. The

researchers are impartial in the idea whether the political trust and electoral
 25

behaviour have relative connection in affecting the conditions of the society.

The review purposely covered the different issues about political trust and

electoral behaviour, including its terminologies, theories and other content that

enables the researchers a proof that there is a possibility that political trust

and electoral behaviour are interrelated.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored in the theory of Davis, Mayer, and Schoorman

(1995) that trust in organizational approach involves mainly the characteristics

of trustee and the trustor and its relationship to accomplish certain goals and

decrease risk. The integrative model of organizational trust explained that

trust is not only measurable in the form of cooperation, confidence and

predictability but through understanding the factors that cause trust, the trust

itself and the consequence of trust. This model includes several factors that is

measurable on the traits of the trustee such as its own ability, benevolence

and integrity. It also clarifies that attitudinal factor need a control mechanism

to avoid vulnerability of relationship that affects the possible outcome of trust

in an organization.

On the other hand, the idea of Hansen and Jensen (2007) proposed

the voters as a consumer of the societal services and benefits from a specific

political party or candidate. This model is used to determine the voting

intentions with regards to the pattern of service-output relationship. In

addition, the theory of Catt (1997) proposed the “Rational Choice Model”

regards voters as individuals who base their decisions of whether or not to

vote, and who to vote for, on the findings acquired after careful assessment of
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various issues of importance. In other perspective, the theory of Inglehart and

Norris (2000) suggest that voting behavior has a distinctive view between

genders. It proposes that there is gap between male and female in practicing

their electoral rights apparent in a global setting. The differences of electoral

behavior of men and women are cause of structural and cultural factors. This

factor includes religiosity, ethnicity, ideology and political exposure.

The supporting theories suggested that an individual that belong to a

specific community has a legitimate role in conducting immediate evaluation

on his or her government based on experiences, political orientation (e.g

family, school , religion, media, and peer group), class, and race or ethnicity.

The prevailing condition of the society where a certain individual belong and

also its citizens personal situation are factors that exhibits positive and

negative outcomes in the field of governance and economy. The concept of

trust is an intermediate factor in which the agents (citizens and government)

are trading benefits, receiver of opinions and follower of rules. This means

that the only interference of trust is when benefits is undelivered, opinions is

being rejected and rules are neglected.

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The

independent variable of the study is the political trust of the college student-

voters of the University of Mindanao measure through economic performance

with two variables. The standard of living which refers to the necessities and

relative to the quality of life is the first variable. This indicator includes

following questions about the government’s action and programs on the basic

needs of the people. The second indicator specifies the employment status. It
 27

refers to the state that individual have a job or not. The questions was

composed of the statement the discussed the actions, plans and programs of

the government about the case of employment in the country. Its goal is to

know the effectiveness of this said actions and plans to the employment.

The dependent variable of the study is the electoral behavior of the

college student-voters of the University of Mindanao. The first indicator is the

voters participation which refers to the political engagement of the college

student-voters. It also discussed the participation in election, seminars

purposive for responsible voting and awareness on the value of vote. The

second indicator is the candidate preference which refers to the ideal choice

of the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao of the political

leaders. It discussed the preference about personality, propaganda and

ideology, political experience, leadership skills and fulfillment of duties to the

people.
 28

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Political Trust Electoral Behavior

 Standard of Living  Voter’s Participation

 Employment Status  Candidate Preference

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

 29

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study may be beneficial to the following:

Local Government Unit. The study will help the local legislative and

administrative body to generate more participatory programs for student-

voters that could lead them to become effective leaders and professionals.

COMELEC. The study would be a tool in promoting new programs and

plans to guarantee and ensure the development of voters and future voters in

terms of political participation and maturity. The agency may create a

community-based orientation or a partnership program that will wield the

awareness of the people and their attitudes towards good governance and

credible electoral exercises in the future.

School administration. The study may lead to organize new

programs or proposed activities that will develop the consciousness of the

students about good governance and responsible citizenry. The expansion of

the core values of the school into more pragmatic activities, discussion and

other specialized programs will build matured student-voters and inclined to

the principle of well-informed citizenry.

Social Science Teachers. This study may help the professors be

more effective in teaching and guiding his or her students about their duties

and responsibilities as citizens of our country. As a direct agent of political

orientation, teachers can influence their students and may consider this study

as their basic guide to help them. Since teachers moralize his or her students,
 30

they can insist the rightful use of their political rights and proper use of their

freedom that will create a better nation of peace, development and security.

Student. This study may be reliable and comprehensive literature

especially for Political Science students and future researchers who may

attempt to use the data and result in this study should they may explore more

about political dimensions especially trust and electoral behavior and the role

of political entities in attainment of national goals of the state.

Future Researchers. This study may conform to a different condition

of the society in the future. This study can help future researchers to

understand the movement of governance affected by human behavior and its

relationship to a different aspect of living such as political, economic, cultural,

educational and even spiritual side. The study can be a reliable source of

future researches.

Non-government Organizations. This study may help the non-

government bodies on how they can implement programs that may help the

youth to guide and understand the importance of voting and assessing the

candidate.

Definition of terms

In the desire to have a better understanding of the terminologies used

in the study, following terms were defined:

College Student-voters. Individuals who are legitimate to vote during

the period of election. In the Philippine set-up, registered voters must be aged
 31

at 18 years old and above and natural-born citizens are capable to vote during

national and local elections (Manikas, 2004).

Electoral Behavior. a political conduct of an electorate mostly found in

a democratic society where representatives are selected by means of voting.

The voter’s attitudes reflect opinions, participation in government decision-

making or pressuring the institution (Ibrahim et al, 2015).

Political trust. It is characterized by trust within a political institution,

such as Congress or Parliament. Political trust is a measurement of citizens'

belief in the institutions that govern them. In a democratic society, the local

and national government, bureaus, agencies and departments, and the

judiciary are governing bodies. Political trust is influenced by economic growth

and institutional performance in the government such as extent of democracy

and independence of the judicial department (Di Pietro, 2013).

University of Mindanao. One of the academic institutions located in

Davao City, Philippines where the study takes place.

 32

Chapter 2

Method

Presented in this chapter are the research method, research subjects,

research instrument, and research procedure, statistical treatment of data,

data collection and role of the researchers.

Research Design

The quantitative method of survey correlation was employed in the

conduct of the study. This method focused on the present conditions with the

ability to collect standardized information and to obtain quantifiable results.

The purpose of this method is to find new truths which may have different

forms such as increased quality of knowledge, a new generalization or law,

increased insights into factors which are operating the discovery of the

significant difference among the respondents’ assessment, a more accurate

formulation of the problem to be solved and many others (Sukamolson, 2012).

Likewise, the study is correlational because the study has determined whether

the single independent and the single dependent variable have a significant

relationship with each other

Research Subject

There were one hundred respondents in the study. All of these

respondents are college student-voters coming from the University of

Mindanao, who are presently enrolled in the school year 2016-2017. The

researches employed random sampling method where the status of

 33

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents

AGE Count Percentage

18 – 20 50 50%

21 – 23 38 38%

24 & above 12 12%

Total 100 100%

SEX

Male 40 40%

Female 60 60%

Total 100 100%

NAME OF COLLEGE

CASE 15 15%

CHE 15 15%

CCJE 15 15%

CTE 15 15%

CAE 10 10%

CAFAE 10 10%

CEE 10 10%

CHSE 5 5%

CCE 5 5%

Total 100 100%

 34

Participants were carefully considered. The study was conducted during the

month of June 2016.

Demographic Profile of Respondents

In terms of age category of the respondents, the researchers decided

to survey students aging from eighteen (18) years of age and above. The age

category is composed of three (3) groups. The majority of the population

came from the 18 to 20 years old group with a total number of fifty (50)

student-voters or the fifty (50%) of the population. Next, the group of 21 to 23

years old has the total number thirty eight (38) student-voters or the thirty

eight percent (38%) of the population. Lastly, the age group of 24 and above

has the total number of twelve (12) student-voters or the twelve percent (12%)

of the total population.

In terms of sex classification of the respondents, the majority of

population is the female with a total number of sixty (60) or the sixty percent

(60%) of the population. The remaining forty (40) respondents or the forty

percent (40%) of the population are male.

In terms of the distribution of respondents by courses, every populated

college department has an allocated number of fifteen (15) respondents or the

fifteen percent (15%) namely the College of Arts and Science Education,

College of Hospitality Education, College of Criminal Justice Education, and

the College of Teaching Education. Other college department like the College

of Accounting Education, College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education,

and College of Engineering Education have ten (10) respondents each or ten
 35

percent (10%) of the population in every college department. Also, the

College of Health Science Education and College of Computing Education

have five (5) respondents each or the five percent (5%) of the total population.

Research Instrument

The researchers conducted the research through survey questionnaire.

The questionnaire was composed of two parts. The first part is the level of

political trust of the college student-voters in the University of Mindanao with

known indicators: Standard of Living and Employment Status. The second

part is the level of electoral behaviour of the college student-voters in the

University of Mindanao with known indicators: Voters Participation and

Candidate Preference. The researchers drafted the questions in line with the

study of Turska-Kawa (2013) in which particular variables consist economic

performance, institutional assessment and different models of electoral

behavior. The preliminary draft prepared by the researchers was submitted to

the adviser for corrections and consulted the questionnaire to ensure its

reliability and validity. It undergoes evaluation of the panellist to make it

authentic and reliable. The questionnaire undertakes several revisions and

improvements as suggested by the validators and included necessary

modifications to make it simple and convenient for the respondents. After the

required procedure, the survey instrument was validated by the research

specialist before the conduct of the survey. The questionnaire used the Likert-

scale where 5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest.

The questionnaires used the following rating scale for the interpretation

of data.
 36

The first part of the questionnaire focuses on the Political trust of the

college student-voters and used the rating scale below to interpret the

gathered data.

Range of Means Verbal Description Interpretation

4.21- 5.00 Very high This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed at all times
or continuously done.

3.41- 4.20 High This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed frequently or
many times but not
continuously done.

2.41- 3.40 Moderate This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed occasionally
or done now and then.

1.81- 2.40 Low This indicates that the

function of the
government is done
after a long and
irregular intervals.

1.00- 1.80 Very Low This indicates that the

function of the
government is never
been done.

The second part of the questionnaire focuses on the electoral

behavior of the college student-voters and used the rating scale below

to interpret the gathered data.

 37

Range of Means Verbal Description Interpretation

4.21- 5.00 Very high This indicates that the

activity is performed at
all times or
continuously done

3.41- 4.20 High This indicates that the

activity is performed
frequently or many
times but not
continuously done.

2.41- 3.40 Moderate This indicates that the

activity is performed
occasionally or done
now and then

1.81- 2.40 Low This indicates that the

activity is done after a
long and irregular
intervals

1.00- 1.80 Very low This indicates that the

activity is never done.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers used a questionnaire as a tool to gather the data. The

instrument of the study followed a standard procedure to make it more reliable

and evident.

1. Asking permission to conduct the study. The researchers wrote a

letter asking permission to conduct the study and distributed the

questionnaires to the selected respondents.

2. Administration of the questionnaire. The researchers personally

administered the questionnaires to the respondents and gave the instructions

as the questionnaire was answered.

 38

3. Retrieval of questionnaire. The researchers collected the

questionnaire that was being distributed on the same date of administration.

Data were then be extracted from the questionnaires and were classified,

organized and tabulated accordingly.

4. Analysis of Data. The researchers, after the treatment of data by

the statistician then formulated and synthesized the results of the data

interpreted based on the statement of the problem of the study. Furthermore,

analysis of data drew the conclusion for this study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To quantify the responses and to have the accurate assessment and

interpretation of the data gathered, the following statistical tool were used.

Mean. This statistical tool was used to describe the average or

percentage of the following questions about the level of political trust and

electoral behavior.

Pearson-r. This is a technique from statistical interference that allows

us to deal with the analysis of variance. This was employed in this study in

order for the researchers to determine the significant relationship of the level

of political trust and the electoral behavior.

 39

Chapter 3

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

Presented in this chapter is the analysis and interpretation of data

gathered in the relation with the research problem of the study. Discussion of

topics is arranged as follows: level of political trust and electoral behavior and

including in the discussion is the significant relationship of two variables.

Level of Political Trust of the College Student-voters

in the University of Mindanao

Presented in Table 2 is the level of political trust of the college student-

voters in the University of Mindanao with a descriptive equivalent of high. The

level of political trust was measured in terms of standard of living and

employment status wherein it indicates that political trust has an overall mean

of 3.52 which reflects that the political trust of the college student-voters in the

University of Mindanao is high. This result shows that the function of the

government was performed frequently or many times but not continuously

done. Primarily, it reflects that student-voters have a huge part in determining

the political landscape in the country and could affect the flow of political

system and produce development in the future generations. In addition, the

participation and behavioural approach of the student-voters in governmental

functions could produce either negative or positive impact in the political

process and even economic. On the other hand, the government receives the

confidence from the student-voters because it achieve the desired programs

that might help their individual needs, family, and community.

 40

Table 2

Level of Political Trust of the College Student-voters in the

University of Mindanao

INDICATORS Mean Description

Standard of Living 3.53 High

1. I trust the government’s effort in the proper distribution of wealth, goods and
3.54 High
services.
2. I trust the government’s action in enhancing the individual and family
3.47 High
income of the Filipinos.
3. I trust the government’s action in promoting social development such as
3.66 High
child and elder care, community services, shelter, etc.

4. I trust the government in promoting equitable and accessible education. 3.74 High

5. I trust the government in improving the quality of life of the Filipinos and
3.67 High
provide a policy of security and tenure to the working populace.

6. I trust the government in the encouragement of foreign investment in our

3.39 High
country.
7. I trust the government’s effort in paying our internal debts in the country. 3.21 Moderate

8. I trust the government in increasing our value of national output. 3.26 Moderate

9. I trust the government in strengthening our economic policy. 3.65 High

10. I trust the government in having a competitive exportation of goods and

3.67 High
other services.

Employment Status 3.5 High

1. I trust the government in solving unemployment in the country. 3.55 High

2. I trust the government’s action and plan in alleviating poverty in the country
3.71 High
and provide employment opportunity to all.
3. I trust the government in strengthening our labor department to handle and
3.35 Moderate
provide competitive job for Filipinos.

4. I trust the government in monitoring the problems of labor sectors. 3.45 High

5. I trust the government in solving the problems of OFWs. 3.28 Moderate

6. I trust the government in providing good pension system and assistance for
3.62 High
retired employees.
7. I trust the government in providing proper wages and benefits for our
3.45 High
workers.
8. I trust the government in giving assistance and incentives to the small and
3.45 High
medium enterprises.
9. I trust the government in encouraging foreign investors to generate jobs in
3.44 High
the country.

10. I trust the government in making enforceable laws and regulations to

3.7 High
ensure protection of the Filipinos working public and private institutions.

Average 3.52 High

 41

In terms of standard of living, the overall mean is 3.53 with a

descriptive equivalent of high. This indicates that the function of the

government was performed frequently or many times but not continuously

done. It shows that the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao

appreciate the government actions and programs that enhance their standard

of living. It implies to the idea that the development obtained by the citizens

will give a positive attitude towards the government.

In addition, the ten (10) item questions collected the following

responses in which the question in the trust to government in promoting

equitable and accessible education got a mean score of 3.74 with a

descriptive equivalent of high. This indicates that the function of the

government is performed frequently or many times but not continuously done.

This implies that the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao are

active in political participation and in assessing government programs in the

aspect of educational development. In addition, it shows that the college

student-voters of the University of Mindanao give importance to education.

However, the question in the trust of the respondents about

government’s effort in paying our internal debts got a mean score of 3.21

which is the lowest response and with a descriptive equivalent of moderate.

This points out that the function of the government is performed occasionally

or done now and then. It entails that the respondents observed that our

government lack actions in making solution for the country’s financial security.

The internal debts greatly affect the people’s economic living. Furthermore, it

reflects that the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao have

concerns in our economic upbringing.

 42

In addition, eight (8) out of ten (10) item questions got a descriptive

equivalent of high which means that the function of the government is

performed frequently or many times but not continuously done. Only the

questions seven (7) and eight (8) got a descriptive equivalent of moderate.

This items reflects that the function of the government is performed

occasionally or done now and then.

The result of the study corresponds to the idea of Quinn (2012) that the

important instrument to ensure the quality of life of people is to have an

innovative policy-making capable for the government. The determinants for

trust of the people may arise from the services and policies that enhances

their well-being especially basic needs such food, shelter, clothing, safety,

opportunity to employment and education and other important factors that

enhances the standard of living. This means that if the government execute

effective policies and delivery of services, the problems of the people will be

reduce and their confidence in the government will intensify.

In addition, the perspective of Buddery and Kippin (2010) affirms to the

result explaining that building trust through public services focuses in the

equality of access of benefits. It defies that public wants and needs is a direct

challenge for policy reforms.

In terms of employment status, it obtained an overall mean of 3.5 which

has a descriptive equivalent of high. The result shows that the function of the

government is performed frequently or many times but not continuously done.

It reflects that the degree of trust of the college student-voters in the aspect of

employment status is high which may be an influence of an upward progress

 43

in job creation, supportive policies, investment, and systematic programs for

labor development.

In addition, the ten (10) item questions gleaned the following

responses in which the question about the trust of respondents about the

government’s action and plan in alleviating poverty and providing employment

to all with a descriptive equivalent of high. The question with a highest

average gained a total mean score of 3.71. This indicates that the function of

the government is performed frequently or many times but not continuously

done. The result implies that the college student-voters of the University of

Mindanao feel the actions of the government in poverty reduction and labor

development. It also reflects that the allocative policies in social development

pertaining to health, educational assistance and scholarships and financial

allowance for indigent families affect the outlook of the respondents about the

government performance. The growing job opportunity in the country also

represents the increase of trust in the government as perceive by the

respondents.

The item that got the lowest response is the question about the trust in

the government in solving the problems of the Overseas Filipino Workers with

a total mean score of 3.28 and a descriptive equivalent of moderate. This

indicates that the function of the government is performed occasionally or

done now and then. It entails that the government lack an effort in handling

the issues faced by working Filipinos abroad. It also reflects that the

respondents notice the inadequate action of the specific government agency

and the administration in problems like abuse, crime, illegal contract and other

unnecessary activities done or happened to the OFWs. Alike to the indicator

 44

above, the ten (10) item questions of employment status have eight (8)

questions that got a descriptive equivalent of high and the remaining two got a

descriptive equivalent of moderate.

The result was matched to the idea of Steijn and Lancee (2012) that

income inequality which relates to the employment status of the individual

create link to the level of trust. It was found out that when income inequality is

high then the trust is low. This cause and effect relationship between trust and

income inequality can be associated to the individual and country-level

factors. However, they discovered that there is a difference between personal

earnings from stereotypical job and national wealth assessment.

It also affirms to the idea of Somavia (2010) that employment is a

variant of policy formulation where opportunities are generated by

governments and must conform to the call of globalization. Government

planning that support skill development can contribute to the national

development. This notion connects to the condition-relevant case, where

employment provides sustainability to individual but cannot bring excessive

progress without inappropriate training through education provided by the

governments.

Level of Electoral Behavior of the

College Student-voters in the University of Mindanao

Shown in table 3 is the level of electoral behaviour of the college

student-voters in the University of Mindanao with a descriptive equivalent of

high which indicates that activity was performed frequently or many times but

not continuously done. It shows an overall mean of 3.83 which means that the
 45

Table 3

Level of Electoral Behavior of the College Student-voters in the

University of Mindanao

INDICATORS Mean Description

Voter’s Participation 3.55 High

1. Attendance to the seminars headed by the COMELEC. 2.72 Moderate

2. Accessibility to the COMELEC office. 3.32 Moderate

3. Attendance to seminars of how to become a responsible and

2.97 Moderate
knowledgeable voter.

4. I was able to exercise my right to suffrage. 3.84 High

5. I was able to participate to social interaction with regards to the electoral

3.56 High
process.

6. I believe that my involvement could contribute in achieving the goals and

4.07 High
constructive changes of my country.
7. I was able to express my opinions/views 3.85 High

8. I was able to attend a community meeting about local and national issue. 3.18 Moderate

9. I believe that It is my constitutional duty to cast my vote. 4.18 High

10. I was able to use social media to express my political views. 3.8 High

Candidate Preference 4.11 High

1. I could attest that the candidate will help in the resolution of amicable
3.82 High
settlements in our barangay.
2. I could attest that the candidate that I will choose can provide what the
4.06 High
people needs.

3. I choose that candidate since his/her platforms are suitable to what I believe
4.09 High
for the betterment of all.
4. I choose that candidate because he/she listen to the peoples grievances
4.06 High
and observe accountability.
5. I choose that candidate because I believe in his/her ability to govern. 4.15 High
6. I choose that candidate’s because I’m satisfied of his/her past performance.
4.22 Very high

7. I choose that candidate because of his/her strong political will. 4.28 Very high

8. I choose that candidate because he/she implemented the policies well. 4.29 Very high

9. I choose that candidate because of his/her transparency work on the

4.15 High
government.

10. I choose that candidate because he/she is good in communication.

3.95 High

Average 3.83 High

 46

Level of electoral behaviour of the University of Mindanao was evident

but not at all times done. This also means that the college student-voters are

sometimes incapable to participate in all political activities that have impact in

their lives. This data may also reflect that there is a need for encouragement

for college student-voters to be fully engaged in political participation.

In terms of voter’s participation, it obtained the overall mean score of

3.55 with a descriptive equivalent of high. This indicates that the activity is

performed frequently or many times but not continuously done. This implies

that the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao often participate

in electoral activity because of their understanding that voting is very essential

in promoting healthy democracy and development of the welfare of the

people.

In addition, it was found that the question about the belief that it is their

constitutional duty to cast their vote got a mean score of 4.18 which is the

highest response among ten (10) item questions. It got a descriptive

equivalent of high. This indicates that the activity is performed frequently or

many times but not continuously done. Additionally, it reflects that college

student-voters of the University of Mindanao are aware of their duties and

responsibilities as a citizen of the country.

On the other hand, the question about their attendance to the seminars

headed by the Commission of Election (COMELEC) got a total mean score of

2.72 which is the lowest in response among ten (10) item questions. It has a

descriptive equivalent of moderate that indicates that the activity is performed

occasionally or done now and then. This result reflects that the college

student-voters are less participative and less motivated in attending seminars

 47

headed by the COMELEC. Otherwise, the agency may also lack proper

strategy to encourage the college student-voters.

The result corresponds to the idea of Douglas (2013) that participation

is not just significant but a fundamental virtue of democracy. It means that

political participation is not only important during election period but a vital

acts to achieve effective governance and good leadership. If those elected

leaders became ineffective and do not conform to their obligations to the

people, there will be an inequality of outcome. Likewise, the youth political

participation contribute to the decision-making of the government direct to

policy process, collaboration and consensus that will brought forceful basis of

innovation, power-sharing dynamics and economic opportunities (United

Nations Development Programme, 2012).

In terms of candidate preference, it obtained an overall mean of 4.11

with a descriptive equivalent of high. This means that the activity is performed

frequently or many times but not continuously done. This implies that the

college student-voters of the University of Mindanao choose their preferred

candidate if they meet their expectations like active leadership in their

respective areas of jurisdiction, providing people needs, and good platforms,

accountability, political will, past performance and other characteristics that

will inspire the electorate to vote for them.

The question about the candidate that implemented the policies very

well got a total mean score of 4.29 with a descriptive equivalent of very high.

This is the highest response among the ten (10) item questions. It means that

the activity is performed at all times or continuously done. This implies that the
 48

college student-voters of the University of Mindanao always choose the

candidate that creates effective policies that are helpful in the community.

In addition, three (3) questions from ten (10) item questions about

candidate preference got a descriptive equivalent of very high. The question

with the lowest response is the question about the candidate that could help in

the resolution of amicable settlements in our barangay. It obtained the overall

mean score of 3.82 with a descriptive equivalent of high. This indicates that

the activity is performed frequently or many times but not continuously done. It

implies that the college student-voters of the University of Mindanao often

choose a candidate that will help in the resolution of the amicable settlements

in the barangay.

The result of the data corresponds to the idea of Pande (2012) that

informed voters like the college student-voters can enforce good governance.

He also included that there is a huge difference between the voting behaviour

of the informed voter who achieved higher level education and ordinary

voters. It means that the understanding about the importance of political

engagement and awareness can conclude betterment in the quality of

government performance, leadership and high standard politicians. This

notion reflects that the decision making in choosing the right leader is highly

dependent on the social status and well-informed citizenry. Moreover, the

idea of Lausten (2014) affirms to the result that electoral success is greatly

affected by the personality of the candidate. Physical features and ideology of

the political leader are variants that bonds to the decisions and intentions of

the citizens during elections.

 49

Significant Relationship between Political Trust

and Electoral Behaviour of the College Student-voters
of the University of Mindanao.

Presented in Table 4 is the data on significant relationship between

political trust and electoral behaviour of the college student-voters of the

University of Mindanao. The correlation measure is tested using α= 0.05 level

of confidence.

The data collected the following result. It reveals that when standard of

living is correlated individually with the indicators of electoral behaviour it gave

an overall r-value of 0.44 and a 0.00 probability value which is interpreted as

significant. The indicators, voter’s participation got an r-value of 0.44 and

candidate preference got the r-value of 0.45 with a probability value of 0.00. In

addition, all indicators are interpreted significant. The result shows that

standard of living have correlation with electoral behaviour. This result implies

that standard of living affects the actions and decision-making of the

individuals when participating into electoral processes.

Furthermore, when employment status is correlated with the indicators

of electoral behaviour, it reveals that it is significant. The indicators of voters

participation got a total r-value of 0.36 and candidate preference have a total

r-value of 0.46 and a given probability value of 0.00 and also all indicators are

interpreted as significant. The overall r-value of employment status when

 50

correlated with the indicators of electoral behaviour is 0.41 and a probability

value of 0.00. This result affirms to the idea that a necessity of job is very vital

Table 4

Significant Relationship Between the

Level of Political Trust and Electoral Behavior

Indicators of Pearson –r
Electoral Behavior Overall

Political Trust Voters Participation Candidate Preference

Standard of Living 0.04* 0.45* .445*

P-value 0.00 0.00 0.00

Employment Status 0.36* 0.46* 0.41*

P-value 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.43*

* Significant at 0.05 level of significance

 51

for individuals that it may change their political interaction affecting or

intervening government decisions in the future.

In totality, it indicates that political trust and electoral behaviour with a

total r-value of 0.43 and a probability value of 0.00 has a significant

relationship. The result explains that the belief and behaviour of any individual

toward his or her actions has an effect on the political and economic system.

Furthermore, it implies that the individual action bring certain impact to the

movement of a specific community, entity, institutions and governance. This

notion emphasize that political trust and electoral behaviour reflect each other.

This result affirms to the study of Hennesy (2013) that low level of trust or

confidence to the government was associated to the major state problem

especially economic crisis and unstable politics. It suggests that in a specific

community where an individual depend on the government works that will

improve their individual well-being always connotes risk in relationship and

probability of negative outcome . If this expectation suffers miscarriage of

these services, then a distorted values of people will generally arise visible in

their political participation.

Seimuskane and Vorslava (2013) also supports this idea that

confidence in the government vary on the action of the national and local

government and the parliament. Their study pointed out that there is a

different level of trust in different governmental bodies. In addition, the study

of Knoknes (2013) strongly confirms that economic performance affect

 52

political trust. It entails that when economy work well, the level of political trust

get higher. On the other hand, when a certain country experience a negative

shift in economy there will be a reduction on people’s political trust.

 53

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings of the study, the

corresponding conclusion and the recommendations of the study.

Summary of Findings

The researchers create a summarized result of the study for better

understanding about the problem of the research and gave an ease of

information for the readers. The findings of this study are arranged in the

following: demographic profile of the respondents, the level of political trust,

level of electoral behavior and significant relationship between political trust

and electoral behavior.

1. The majority of the number of the population is composed of the female

group with a frequency of sixty (60) and the remaining forty is the male

population. In terms of age category, the age category of 18 to 20 was

ranked first with a total number of fifty (50) or the fifty percent (50%) of the

population. The age group of 21 to 23 has the frequency of thirty eight (38)

or the thirty eight percent (38%) of the population. The last in rank is the

age category of 24 and above.

2. In terms of courses, the researchers arranged them according to their

respected college department. Each department has fifteen respondents

namely: College of Arts and Science Education, College of Hospitality

Education, College of Criminal Justice Education, and College of Teaching

 54

Education. The College of Accounting Education, College of Architecture

and Fine Arts Education and College of Engineering Education have ten

(10) respondents each. The College of Health and Sciences Education

and College of Computing Education also have five (5) respondents each.

3. In terms of political trust of the college student-voters in the University of

Mindanao, the researchers chose two indicators: the standard of living and

employment status. The overall weighted mean of the standard of living is

3.53 with a descriptive equivalent of high. It reveals that the function of the

government is performed frequently or many times but not continuously

done. In addition, the overall weighted mean of employment status is 3.5

which is also describe as high. This result reflects that the function of the

government is performed frequently or many times but not continuously

done.

4. In terms of electoral behavior, the researchers chose two indicators

namely: the voter’s participation and candidate preference. The overall

weighted mean of voter’s participation is 3.55 which is descriptively

describe as high. It reveals that the activity is performed frequently or

many times but not continuously done. Moreover, the overall weighted

mean of candidate preference is 4.11 with a descriptive equivalent of high.

This result reflects that the activity performed frequently or many times but

not continuously done.

5. The researchers found out that there is a significant relationship between

the level of political trust and electoral behavior. It is evident in the results

where the overall r-value is 0.43 and with the probability value of 0.00. The
 55

measure of null hypothesis is tested at 0.05 level of confidence. The data

reveals that the two variables are highly correlated.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the evaluation of data gathered and the findings of the study, the

researchers had drawn the following conclusions:

1. The level of political trust of the student-voters in the government is high

based on the result of data where the standard of living and employment

status becomes the measuring indicator. This result reveals that resolving

economic problems like poverty, unemployment, proper wages, labor

policies, investment and other crisis will give a positive confidence of the

people to the government.

2. The level of electoral behavior of student-voters in the government is also

high based on the result. The high level of voter’s participation indicate

that the student-voter strengthen their engagement in government,

practice their political rights and constitutional duty. It also means that

student-voters want a constructive change in the country and politically

aware that their vote is a valuable instrument to have a good government

and rightful leader.

3. It is evident in the study that political trust and electoral behavior are highly

intertwined. It means that when economy performs very well, the

government will receive a high level of trust from its citizens.

 56

RECOMMENDATION

Based from the data, findings and conclusion of the study, the

researchers put significant recommendations for the following institutions and

individuals.

To the Students, as the future leaders of this country, they must remain

active in participating in any activity that can enhance their political awareness

and political outlook, which is necessary for national progress and economic

development.

To the Local and National Government officials, as the administrators

of the people, they must continue in creating effective policies and programs

in the sphere of labor, education, health, security, and other aspect that can

be beneficial both for the government and for the people. The laws and

services can be an instrument that can determine the confidence of the

people to the government. The government should concentrate in their goals

and action to provide the needs of the people. The Commission of Elections

must build programs and activities in school and communities for the

betterment of electoral practice of the youth and the voting populace.

To the School administration, as an institution that develop moral,

intellectual, and spiritual characteristic of the student, should allow seminars,

meetings and other programs for the student that will encourage them to

become responsible citizens and effective leaders. They should also promote

more partnership and cooperation with other institutions that aims to develop
 57

the understanding of students in good governance, leadership, political

consciousness, and their responsibility to the country.

To the Future Researchers, this study will be a guide to any possible

research in the future and can be the basis of the problem of the study. They

can also improve the study that might be more suitable in the condition of

future generations. They can also make additional indicators and a new scope

and location of the study whether intercollege, local, regional and even

national.
 58

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Yudong, W. (2013). Regime Type and Political Trust: An Quantitative Analysis

on 26 Asian-Pacific Societies Retrieved June 01, 2016, from
https://ricas.ioc.u-
tokyo.ac.jp/aasplatform/achivements/pdf/2013_ab_11.pdf
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Appendix A
(Interview Guide Questionnaire)
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Name of student (optional): ____________________________________

Age: _________ Gender: __________ Course: ___________ Year level: ___

Voter’s Precinct: ____________

Dear Respondents,

We are the student of RES. PS (4:30pm to 5:30 pm) under the

supervision of Prof. Gerlieta S. Ruiz. In line with the study entitles “Political
Trust and Electoral Behavior of the College Student-voters in the University of
Mindanao”, in fulfilment of the requirements for our Thesis study. We would
like to ask a fraction of your valuable time to answer the attached survey
instrument. Rest assured that the data gathered here would be treated with
outmost confidentially.

In this regard, we would like to ask you as one of the respondents of

this study by indicating your answer on the questions provided.

The Researchers,

Directions: please put a check (/) on the box that corresponds on your
preference regarding the statements given.

Rating Scale Verbal Description Interpretation

5 Very High This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed at all times or
continuously done.

4 High This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed frequently or
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many times but not

continuously done.

3 Moderate This indicates that the

function of the
government is
performed is performed
occasionally or done
now and then.

2 Low This indicates that the

function of the
government is done after
long and irregular
intervals.

1 Very Low This indicates that the

function of the
government is never
been done

A. Political Trust

Standard of Living
5 4 3 2 1
1. I trust the government’s effort in the proper distribution of wealth,
goods and services.
2. I trust the government’s action in enhancing the individual and
family income of the Filipinos.
3. I trust the government’s action in promoting social development
such as child and elder care, community services, shelter, etc.
4. I trust the government in promoting equitable and accessible
education.
5. I trust the government in improving the quality of life of the
Filipinos and provide a policy of security and tenure to the working
populace.
6. I trust the government in the encouragement of foreign
investment in our country.
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7. I trust the government’s effort in paying our internal debts in the

country.

8. I trust the government in increasing our value of national output.

9. I trust the government in strengthening our economic policy.

10. I trust the government in having a competitive exportation of

goods and other services.

Employment Status

1. I trust the government in solving unemployment in the country.

2. I trust the government’s action and plan in alleviating poverty in

the country and provide employment opportunity to all.
3. I trust the government in strengthening our labor department to
handle and provide competitive job for Filipinos.
4. I trust the government in monitoring the problems of labor
sectors.

5. I trust the government in solving the problems of OFWs.

6. I trust the government in providing good pension system and

assistance for retired employees.
7. I trust the government in providing proper wages and benefits for
our workers.
8. I trust the government in giving assistance and incentives to the
small and medium enterprises.
9. I trust the government in encouraging foreign investors to
generate jobs in the country.
10. I trust the government in making enforceable laws and
regulations to ensure protection of the Filipinos working public and
private institutions.

B. Electoral Behavior

Voter’s Participation

1. Attendance to the seminars headed by the COMELEC.

2. Accessibility to the COMELEC office.

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3. Attendance to seminars of how to become a responsible and

knowledgeable voter.

4. I was able to exercise my right to suffrage.

5. I was able to participate to social interaction with regards to the

electoral process.
6. I believe that my involvement could contribute in achieving the
goals and constructive changes of my country.

7. I was able to express my opinions/views

8. I was able to attend a community meeting about local and

national issue.

9. I believe that It is my constitutional duty to cast my vote.

10. I was able to use social media to express my political views.

Candidate Preference

1. I could attest that the candidate will help in the resolution of

amicable settlements in our barangay.
2. I could attest that the candidate that I will choose can provide
what the people needs.
3. I choose that candidate since his/her platforms are suitable to
what I believe for the betterment of all.
4. I choose that candidate because he/she listen to the peoples
grievances and observe accountability.
5. I choose that candidate because I believe in his/her ability to
govern.
6. I choose that candidate’s because I’m satisfied of his/her past
performance.
7. I choose that candidate because of his/her strong political will.

8. I choose that candidate because he/she implemented the

policies well.
9. I choose that candidate because of his/her transparency work on
the government.
10. I choose that candidate because he/she is good in
communication.
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Appendix B
(Validation Sheet for the Research Questionnaire)
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Appendix C
(Summary of Validators Rating on Research Instrument)
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Appendix D
(Letters)
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Appendix E
(Certifications)