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Chapter 4 SAMPLING PDF

This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

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Habte Debele
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49 views18 pages

Chapter 4 SAMPLING PDF

This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

Uploaded by

Habte Debele
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Research methods

Chapter 4a Sampling

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Content
1. What is a sample?
2. Stages in the selection of a sample
3. Sampling method

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1 .What is a sample ?
• A population (universe) is any complete that
shares some common set of characteristics.
• A census is an investigation of all the
individual elements that make up the
• A sample is a subset, or some part, of a
population. The purpose of sampling is to
estimate an unknown characteristic of a
population.

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Why Sample?
• Pragmatic reasons
– the cost, labour, and time implications.
• Accurate and Reliable Results:
– A sample may on occasion be more accurate than
a census because non- sampling errors may
increase during
• Destruction of Test Units : sampling becomes
necessary when the measurement requires
the destruction of the items being tested.

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2. Stages in the
selection of a sample

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1. Defining the Target Population
“ To whom do we want to talk to? ”

2. Selecting a sampling Frame


• A list of elements from which the
sample may be drawn
• A sampling frame error when the
entire population is not accurately
represented

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3.3 Sampling method
3.3.1 Errors associated with sampling
Two basic causes of differences between
statistics and parameters are
– Random sampling errors
– Systematic (non sampling) error

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3.3. 2 Probability versus Non probability Sampling
• The main alternative sampling plans
– probability techniques, and
– non probability techniques.
• probability sampling
– every member of the population has a known, nonzero
probability of selection.
• Non probability sampling
– the sample are selected on the basis of personal
judgment or convenience.
– The probability of any particular member of the
population being chosen is unknown.
• No appropriate statistical techniques exist for measuring
random sampling error from a non probability sample.
Therefore, projecting the data beyond the sample is,
technically speaking, statistically inappropriate.
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Non probability sampling
Some of the non-probabilty sampling methods
include convenience , purposive , quota, and
snowball sampling.
• convenience sampling : sampling those which are
conveniently available.
• Purposive (Judgment) sampling : selecting the
sample based on expert’s judgment
• Quota sampling: sampling to ensure that the
various subgroups in a population are
represented
• Snowball sampling : selecting respondents
based on information provided by the initial
respondent.
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Probability Sampling
• The various probability sampling methods including
simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, and
multistage sampling.
• Simple Random Sampling
– each element in the population have an equal chance of
being selected.
– for large population sample selection is based on tables of
random numbers or computer-generated random numbers.
• Systematic Sampling
– A sampling procedure in which a starting point is selected
by a random process; and then every nth number on the
list is selected
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• stratified sampling:
– Subdividing a population into groups which are
internally homogeneous but have comparative
differences between groups.
– A subsample is drawn using simple random
sampling within each stratum
– either a proportional or disproportional
stratified sampling method is used

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Cluster sampling
– primary sampling unit is not the individual element in
the population but a large cluster of elements
– clusters are selected randomly , and selection of
elements within each cluster is also random
– Ideally a cluster should be as heterogeneous as the
population itself
– The area sample is the most popular type of cluster
sample.
multistage area sampling
– It is a sampling that involves using a combination of
two or more probability sampling techniques
– Typically, geographic areas are randomly selected in
progressively smaller (lower-population) units.

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What Is the Appropriate Sample Design?
• The criteria for selecting an appropriate
sample design ( prob. or non prob.) may
include
– degree of accuracy ,
– resources , and
– time.

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Sample size determination
• Three factors are required to specify sample size:
– the heterogeneity (i.e., variance or the standard
deviation) of the population;
– the magnitude of acceptable error (i.e. ± some amount);
and
– the confidence level (i.e., 90 percent, 95 percent, 99
percent etc...).
2
• Sample size  zs 
n = 
 E 
where Z is the standardized value that corresponds to the
confidence level
• S is the sample standard deviation or estimate of the
population standard deviation
• E is the acceptable magnitude of error, plus or minus error
factor (range is one-half of the total confidence interval) 15
Annex: Sample size determination ( confidence level = 0.05)

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