SAUDI BOARD RESIDENCY TRAINING PROGRAM

ORTHODONTICS

Final Written Examination 2019

Examination Format:

1. A Saudi board final specialty written examination shall consist of two

papers each with 100-125 SBA MCQs. Ten unscored items can be added
for pretesting purposes.

2. If any other assessment format is used, the CAC must agree to its
implementation (for example Short Answer Question (SAQ) or Modified
Essay Question (MEQ) formats).

Passing Score:

1. The passing score is 70%. However, if the percentage of candidates

passing the examination before final approval is less than 70%, the passing
score must be lowered by one mark at a time aiming at achieving 70% passing
rate or 65% passing score whichever comes first.
2. Under no circumstances can the passing score be reduced below 65%.

Suggested Reading List for Final Written Examination 2019:

This reading list is generated to provide the fifth-year residents in the Saudi
Board of Orthodontics and craniofacial Orthopedic with a source of
knowledge in preparation for the didactic component of the Final
Examination. It is intended to remind the residents with several key-articles in
orthodontics and to give them a broad perspective on selected orthodontic
topics. The Examination Committee of the SBO would like to emphasize that
this list should not serve as a single preparatory source for the Final
Examination and other literature and textbooks are recommended in addition
to the suggested references. Questions of the Final Examination may or may
not be based on the suggested reading list and no single reference in the
suggested reading list contains the indisputable answer to any of the
questions.

Page | 1 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Proffit WR. CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS. 6th edition, St. Louis,

MO, USA, Mosby, Inc., 2018.
2. Radiographic cephalometry from basics to 3-D imaging, Alexander
Jacobson, Richard Jacobson , 2nd Edition.
3. Orthodontics Current principals and techniques, Graber, Vanarsdall,
and Vig, 5th Edition.
4. Several articles as illustrated in the blueprint “attached examples”.

LITERATURE:
Growth and development:
1. Thilander B. Basic mechanisms in craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol
Scand 53(3):144-151, 1995.
2. Bjork, A. Prediction of Mandibular Rotation. Am. J. Orthod. 55: 585
599,1969.
3. Dager MM, McNamara JA, Baccetti T, Franchi L. Aging in the
craniofacial complex. Angle Orthod 78(3):440-444, 2008.
4. Pecora NG, Baccetti T, McNamara JA Jr. The aging craniofacial
complex: a longitudinal cephalometric study from late adolescence to
late adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 134(4):496-505, 2008.
5. Ranly DM. Craniofacial growth. Dent Clin North Am 44(3):457-470,
2010.
6. Mossey PA. The heritability of malocclusion: part 2. The influence of
genetics in malocclusion. Br J Orthod 26(3):195-203, 1999.
7. Derya Germec Cakan, Feyza Ulkur, and Tulin (Uğur) Taner The genetic
basis of facial skeletal characteristics and its relation with
orthodontics Eur J Dent. 2012 July; 6(3): 340–345.
8. Wishney, M., Darendeliler, M., & Dalci, O. (2018). Craniofacial growth
studies in orthodontic research-lessons, considerations and
controversies. Australasian Orthodontic Journal, 34(1), 61
9. Thilander, B. (2017). Craniofacial growth and development. Essential
Orthodontics, 30, 25. “”BOOK”
10. Wishney, M., Darendeliler, M., & Dalci, O. (2018). Craniofacial growth
studies in orthodontic research-lessons, considerations and
controversies. Australasian Orthodontic Journal, 34(1), 61.

Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning:

1. Doppel DM, Damon WM, Joondeph DR, Little RM. An investigation of
maxillary superimposition techniques using metallic implants. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Feb;105(2):161-8.
2. Nielsen IL. Maxillary superimposition: a comparison of three methods
for cephalometric evaluation of growth and treatment change. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989 May;95(5):422-31.
3. Naini FB, Gill DS. Facial aesthetics: 2. Clinical assessment. Dent Update
35(3):159-162, 164-166, 169-170, 2008.
Page | 2 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics
 4. Bishara SE, Burkey PS, Kharouf JG. Dental and facial asymmetries: a
review. Angle Orthod 64(2):89-98, 1994.
5. Charles J. Burstone. Diagnosis and treatment planning of patients with
asymmetries. Semin Orthod 4(3):153-164, 1998.
6. Janson, G., de Lima, K. J. R. S., Woodside, D. G., Metaxas, A., de Freitas,
M. R., & Henriques, J. F. C. (2007). Class II subdivision malocclusion
types and evaluation of their asymmetries. American journal of
orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 131(1), 57-66.
7. Nguyen, T., Cevidanes, L., Franchi, L., Ruellas, A., & Jackson, T. (2018).
Three-dimensional mandibular regional superimposition in growing
patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, 153(5), 747-754.
8. 19- Beit, P., Konstantonis, D., Papagiannis, A., & Eliades, T. (2017).
Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction
treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant
analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes
superimposition. Progress in orthodontics, 18(1), 44.

Growth Modification:
1. Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA. Mandibular
changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a
systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 129(5):599, e1-12,
2006.
2. Brosh T, Portal S, Sarne O, Vardimon AD. Unequal outer and inner bow
configurations: comparing 2 asymmetric headgear systems. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 128(1):68-75, 2005.
3. Mandall, N., Cousley, R., DiBiase, A., Dyer, F., Littlewood, S., Mattick,
R., & Shargill, I. (2016). Early class III protraction facemask treatment
reduces the need for orthognathic surgery: a multi-centre, two-arm
parallel randomized, controlled trial. Journal of orthodontics, 43(3),
164-175.

Treatment Modalities:
1. Marshall SD, Southard KA, Southard TE. Early Transverse Treatment.
Semin Orthod 11(3):130-139, 2005.
2. Eustáquio A. Araújo. Diagnostic Protocol In Cases Of Congenitally
Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors. World J Orthod 2006;7:376–388.
3. Bills DA, Handelman CS, BeGole EA. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar
protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction. Angle Orthod 75(3):333-
339, 2005.
4. Kokich VG. Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted
maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 126:278-283, 2004.
5. Andrew Schmidt, Vincent Kokich, Peridontal response to early
uncovering autonomous eruption, and orthodontic alignment of
palatally impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2007; 131:449-55.

Page | 3 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

 6. Elliott M. Moskowitz, Ronniette C. Garcia, The management of
palatally displaced maxillary canines: Considerations and challenges.
Semin Orthod 2014;20:46-58.
7. Vaden JL, Pearson LE. Diagnosis of the vertical dimension. Semin
Orthod 8(3):120-129, 2002.
8. Turley PK. Orthodontic management of the short face patient. Semin
Orthod 2(2):138-153, 1996.
9. Budi Kusnoto and BernardJ. Schneider. Control of the Vertical
Dimension. Semin Orthod 2000;6:33-42
10. Thomas J Cangialosi, Skeletal Morphologic features of anterior open
bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1984; 85:28-36.
11. Lagravere MO, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Long-term dental arch
changes after rapid maxillary expansion treatment: a systematic
review. Angle Orthod 75(2):155-161, 2005.
12. Lione R, Franchi L, Cozza P. Does rapid maxillary expansion induce
adverse effects in growing subjects? Angle Orthod. 2013
Jan;83(1):172-82.
13. Suri L, Taneja P. Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature
review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Feb;133(2):290-302.
14. Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop 62(3):296-309, 1972.
15. Rinchuse DJ, Kandasamy S, Sciote J. A contemporary and evidence-
based view of canine protected occlusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2007 Jul;132(1):90-102.
16. Donald J. Rinchuse, and Jeffrey T. McMinn, Summary of evidence-
based systematic reviews of temporomandibular disorders. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:715-20
17. Jeffrey P. Okeson. Evolution of occlusion and temporomandibular
disorder in orthodontics: Past, present, and future. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S216-23)
18. Litsas, G., & Acar, A. (2011). A review of early displaced maxillary
canines: etiology, diagnosis and interceptive treatment. The open
dentistry journal, 5, 39.
19. Sadowsky, C., & Polson, A. M. (1984). Temporomandibular disorders
and functional occlusion after orthodontic treatment: results of two
long-term studies. American journal of orthodontics, 86(5), 386-390.

Retention and Stability:

1. Janson, G., Araki, J., Estelita, S., & Camardella, L. T. (2014). Stability of
class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar
extractions. Progress in orthodontics, 15(1), 67.
2. Zachrisson BU. Important aspects of long-term stability. J Clin Orthod
31(9):562-583, 1997.
3. Melrose C, Millett DT. Toward a perspective on orthodontic retention?
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 May;113(5):507-14.
4. Little RM. Stability and relapse of dental arch alignment. Br J Orthod
17(3):235-241, 1990.
Page | 4 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics
 5. Bishara SE. Third molars: a dilemma! Or is it? Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop 115(6):628-633, 1999.

Comprehensive Treatment in Adolescents and Preadolescent:

1. Marshall SD, Southard KA, Southard TE. Early Transverse Treatment.

Semin Orthod 11(3):130-139, 2005.
2. Pinto, A. S., Buschang, P. H., Throckmorton, G. S., & Chen, P. (2001).
Morphological and positional asymmetries of young children with
functional unilateral posterior crossbite. American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 120(5), 513-520.
3. McNamara Jr, J. A. (1981). Components of Class II malocclusion in
children 8–10 years of age. The Angle Orthodontist, 51(3), 177-202.
4. Mucedero, M., Fusaroli, D., Franchi, L., Pavoni, C., Cozza, P., & Lione, R.
(2018). Long-term evaluation of rapid maxillary expansion and bite-
block therapy in open bite growing subjects: A controlled clinical
study. The Angle Orthodontis
5. Ferro, F., Funiciello, G., Perillo, L., & Chiodini, P. (2011). Mandibular lip
bumper treatment and second molar eruption disturbances. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 139(5), 622-627.

Adult Orthodontics:
1. Sabri R. Orthodontic objectives in orthognathic surgery: state of the
art today. World J Orthod 7(2):177-191, 2006.
2. Bailey LJ, Cevidanes LH, Proffit WR. Stability and predictability of
orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 126(3):273-
277, 2004.
3. Larry M. Wolford, Spiro C. Karras, and Pushkar Mehra, Considerations
for orthognathic surgery during growth, Part 1: Mandibular
deformities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:95-101.
4. Hamilton RS, Gutmann JL. Endodontic-orthodontic relationships: a
review of integrated treatment planning challenges. Int Endod J
32(5):343-360, 1999.
5. Kokich VG, Spear FM. Guidelines for managing the orthodontic-
restorative patients. Semin Orthod 3(1):3-20, 1997.
6. Mathews DP, Kokich VG. Managing treatment for the orthodontic
patient with periodontal problems. Semin Orthod 3(1):21-38, 1997.

Clinical Orthodontics:
1. Theodosia Bartzela, Jens C. Türp, Edith Motschall, and Jaap C. Maltha.
Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: A
systematic literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2009;135:16-26.
2. Kolokitha OE, Chatzistavrou E. Allergic reactions to nickel-containing
orthodontic appliances: clinical signs and treatment alternatives.
World J Orthod. 2008 Winter;9(4):399-406.
Page | 5 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics
 3. Kindelan SA, Day PF, Kindelan JD, Spencer JR, Duggal MS. Dental
trauma: an overview of its influence on the management of
orthodontic treatment. Part 1. J Orthod. 2008 Jun;35(2):68-78.
4. Monty Singh Duggal, Jay Kindelan, Hani Nazzal. Upper incisor trauma
and the orthodontic patient—Principles of management. Semin
Orthod 2015; 21:59–7
5. Patel A, Burden DJ, Sandler J. Medical disorders and orthodontics. J
Orthod. 2009 Dec;36 Suppl:1-21. Review
6. Kerosuo, H., Kullaa, A., Kerosuo, E., Kanerva, L., & Hensten-Pettersen,
A. (1996). Nickel allergy in adolescents in relation to orthodontic
treatment and piercing of ears. American journal of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics, 109(2), 148-154.

Dentofacial Deformity:
1. Thornton J, Nimer S, Howard P. The incidence, classification, etiology,
and embryology of oral clefts. Semin Orthod 2(3):162-168, 1996.
2. Evans CA. Orthodontic treatment for patients with clefts. Clin Plast
Surg 31(2):271-290, 2004.
3. Katherine W. L. Vig and Ana M. Mercado. Overview of orthodontic
care for children with cleft lip and palate, 1915-2015, Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:543-56).
4. Bergland, O., Semb, G., & Abyholm, F. E. (1986). Elimination of the
residual alveolar cleft by secondary bone grafting and subsequent
orthodontic treatment. The Cleft palate journal, 23(3), 175-205.

Biomechanics and Contemporary Orthodontic Appliance:

1. Isaacson RJ, Lindauer SJ, Davidovitch M. The ground rules for arch wire
design. Semin Orthod 1(1):3-11, 1995.
2. Charles J. Burstone. Biomechanics of deep overbite correction. Semin
Orthod 7(1):26-33, 2001.
3. Edsard van Steenbergen, and Ravindra Nanda, Biomechanics of
Orthodontic correction of dental asymmetries, Am J Orthod Dentoface
Orthop, 1995;107:618- 24
4. Park HS, Jeong SH, Kwon OW. Factors affecting the clinical success of
screw implants used as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Jul;130(1):18-25.
5. Yan Chen, Hee Moon Kyung, Wen Ting Zhao, and Won Jae Yu, Critical
factors for the success of orthodontic mini-implants: A systematic
review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:284-91

Professionalism and Ethics:

1. Professionalism and Ethics, Handbook for Residents, Practical guide,
Prof. James Ware, Dr. Abdulaziz Fahad Alkaabba, Dr. Ghaiath MA
Hussein, Prof. Omar Hasan Kasule, SCFHS, Latest Edition.
2. Essentials of Patient Safety, SCHS, Latest Edition.

Page | 6 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

Note:
This list is intended for use as a study aid only. SCFHS does not intend the list
to imply endorsement of these specific references, nor are the exam
questions necessarily taken solely from these sources.

Blueprint Outlines:

No. Sections Percentage (%)

Growth and Development
1 7%
Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
2 10%
Growth Modification
3 10%
Treatment Modalities
4 15%
Retention and Stability
5 5%

Comprehensive Treatment in Adolescents and

6 12%
Preadolescent
Adult Orthodontics
7 10%
Clinical Orthodontics
8 7%
Dentofacial Deformity
9 3%
Biomechanics and Contemporary Orthodontic
10 13%
Appliance
Research, Ethics and Professionalism and Patient Safety 8%
Total 100%

Note:
Blueprint distributions of the examination may differ up to +/-3% in each
category.

1- Growth and Development:

1. Growth pattern, theories of growth, methods for studying physical
growth.
2. The nature of skeletal growth, sites and types of growth in the
craniofacial complex, social and behavioral development
3. Specific causes of malocclusion, genetic influences, environmental
influences,
etiology in contemporary perspective

Page | 7 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

 4. Late fetal development and birth,
infancy and early childhood: the primary dentition years,
late childhood: the mixed dentition years

5. Later stages of development adolescence: the early permanent

dentition years, growth patterns in the dentofacial complex,
maturational and aging changes

2- Orthodontic Diagnosis and treatment Planning:

1. Examination and data collection, record analysis, interpretation and
diagnosis of orthodontic problems
2. Treatment planning concepts and goals, and planning comprehensive
orthodontic treatment,
3. Treatment planning in special circumstances.

3- Growth Modification:
1. Treatment of Skeletal Transverse and Class III Problems
2. Growth Modification in the Transverse Plane of Space
3. Growth Modification in Class II, Class III, Open Bite/Deep Bite, and
Multidimensional Problems
4. Combined Vertical and Anteroposterior Problems, Facial Asymmetry in
Children,

4- Treatment Modalities:
1- Transverse, vertical problems, and Bimaxillary Protrusion
2- Ectopic maxillary Canines
3- Inter-displinary Approach
4- Temporomandibular Disorder
5- Principles of occlusion
6- Root resorption

5- Retention and Stability:

1. Finishing
2. Adjustment of Individual Tooth Positions, Correction of Vertical Incisor
Relationships,
3. Final “Settling” of Teeth, Positioners for Finishing
4. Special Finishing Procedures to Avoid Relapse, Micro-Esthetic
Procedures
5. Types of retainers:
 Removable Retainers
 Fixed Retainers
 Active Retainers

Page | 8 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

 6- Comprehensive Treatment in Adolescents and Preadolescent:

1- Moderate Non-skeletal Problems in Preadolescent Children:

Preventive and Interceptive Treatment in Family Practice, Orthodontic
Triage: Distinguishing Moderate from Complex Treatment
2- Management of Occlusal Relationship Problems, Management of
Eruption Problems
3- Space Analysis: Quantification of Space Problems, Treatment of Space
Problems
4- Complex Non-skeletal Problems in Preadolescent Children: Preventive
and Interceptive Treatment, Eruption Problems, Traumatic
Displacement of Teeth, Space-Related Problems,
5- Alignment and Vertical Problems Class I Crowding/Protrusion,
Leveling, Space Closure and Class II/Class III Correction
6- Space Closure in Incisor Protrusion Problems, Class II Correction in
Adolescents, Class III Camouflage

7- Adult Orthodontics:
1- Adjunctive Versus Comprehensive Treatment
2- Adjunctive Treatment principles and Procedures
3- Comprehensive Treatment in Adults
4- Development of Orthognathic Surgery,
Contemporary Surgical Techniques
5- Special Considerations in Planning Surgical Treatment, Putting Surgical
and Orthodontic Treatment together
6- The Borderline Patient: Camouflage Versus Surgery

8- Clinical orthodontics:
1- Medically Compromised Patients management
2- Trauma management
3- Medical disorders and orthodontics, Drugs effect on orthodontic
treatment.

9- Dentofacial Deformity:
1- Syndromes with oral manifestation etiology, risk factors.
2- Classification and management of dentofacial deformity

Page | 9 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

 10- Biomechanics and Contemporary Orthodontic Appliance:

1- The Biologic Basis of Orthodontic Therapy, Periodontal and Bone

Response to Normal Function, and to Sustained Forces

2- Anchorage and Anchorage Control, Determinate Versus Indeterminate

Force Systems

3- Deleterious Effects of Orthodontic Force.

4- Mechanical Principles in Orthodontic Force Control

5- Elastic Materials and the Production of Orthodontic Force

6- Design Factors in Orthodontic Appliances (Removable and Fixed

appliances), Mechanical Aspects of Anchorage Control, Determinate
Versus Indeterminate Force Systems

11- Ethics, Professionalism and Patient safety, Research

Page | 10 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics

Example Questions
EXAMPLE OF K2 QUESTIONS
Question 1

A Case presented in the Dental Clinic post orthodontic treatment complaining

from relapse in anterior incisors region (see image).

Which of the following is the most common contributing factor?

A. Mandibular plane angle increases during treatment

B. Over expanded inter canine width during treatment
C. Increase in lower facial height (LAFH) during treatment
D. No correlation between any variables studied and mandibular
irregularity

EXAMPLE OF K1
Question 2

Which of the follwoing is the role of the steroid in obstructive sleep apnea
treatment?

A. It has no significant role

B. It has high significant role
C. Less than surgical approach
D. Equal role to ventilator mask

Page | 11 Saudi Board Final Written Examination; Orthodontics