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Z,+ - +yg/o2e Z +o, G +yg +ah-H

1. Bernoulli's equation is an energy balance equation that relates the pressure, potential, and kinetic energy in a fluid flow. 2. It states that the total mechanical energy remains constant along a streamline of the fluid. 3. The equation can be modified to account for factors like friction losses and the average velocity across a pipe to enable its use in more complex flow situations.

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Mrinal Kanti Bhaduri
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53 views

Z,+ - +yg/o2e Z +o, G +yg +ah-H

1. Bernoulli's equation is an energy balance equation that relates the pressure, potential, and kinetic energy in a fluid flow. 2. It states that the total mechanical energy remains constant along a streamline of the fluid. 3. The equation can be modified to account for factors like friction losses and the average velocity across a pipe to enable its use in more complex flow situations.

Uploaded by

Mrinal Kanti Bhaduri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUIDS IN MOTION 11

For an inviscid fluid, ie frictionless flow, and no pump, equation (1.10)


becomes

(z2g + --- +
P2 T
(
= zig +--- + - -
p!
(1.]1)

Equation 1.11 is known as Bernoulli's equation.


Dividing throughout by g, these equations can be written in a slightly
different form. For example, equation 1. I0 can be written as

z z + --'-O
zg + ~ ] z l + Pig" + "~g + --g - ---g (I. 12)
In this form, each term has the dimensions ot~length. The terms z, Pl(pg)
and v2/(2g) are known as the potential, pressure and velocity heads,
respectively. Denoting the work terms as heads, equation 1.12 can also be
written as

z,+--+yg/o2e z +o,g +Yg +Ah-h: (1.13)


where Ah is the head imparted to the fluid by the pump and hf is the head
loss due to friction. The term Ah is known as the total head of the pump.
Equation 1.13 is simply an energy balance written for convenience in
terms of length, ie heads. The various forms of the energy balance,
equations 1.10 to 1.13, are often called Bernoulli's equation but some
people reserve this name for the case where the right hand side is zero, ie
when there is no friction and no pump, and call the forms of the equation
including the work terms the 'extended' or 'engineering' Bernoulli
equation.
The various forms of energy are interchangeable and the equation
enables these changes to be calculated in a given system. In deriving the
form of Bernoulli's equation without the work terms, it was assumed that
the internal energy of the fluid remains constant. This is not the case when
frictional dissipation occurs, ie there is a head loss hr. In this case hf
represents the conversion of mechanical energy into internal energy and,
while internal energy can be recovered by heat transfer to a cooler
medium, it cannot be converted into mechanical energy.
The equations derived are valid for a particular element of fluid or, the
conditions being steady, for any.succession of elements flowing along the
same streamline. Consequently, Bernoulli's equation allows changes along
a streamline to be calculated: it does not determine how conditions, such
as the pressure, vary in other directions.
12 FLUID FLOW FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

Bernoulli's equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy


and, in the form in which the work terms are zero, it states that the total
mechanical energy remains constant along a streamline. Fluids flowing
along different streamlines have different total energies. For example, for
laminar flow in a horizontal pipe, the pressure energy and potential energy
for an element of fluid flowing in the centre of the pipe will be virtually
identical to those for an element flowing near the wall, however, their
kinetic energies are significantly different because the velocity near the
wall is much lower than that at the centre. To allow for this and to enable
BernouHi's equation to be used for the fluid flowing through the whole
cross section of a pipe or duct, equation 1.13 can be modified as follows-

~2+"--- + -- 21 + + + .ah-h: (1.14)

where u is the volumetric average velocity and a is a dimensionless


correction factor, which accounts for the velocity distribution across the
pipe or duct. For the relatively fiat velocity profile that is found in
turbulent flow, a has a value of approximately unity. In Chapter 2 it is
shown that a has a value of 89for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a
pipe of circular section.
As an example of a simple application of Bernoulli's equation, consider
the case of steady, fully developed flow of a liquid (incompressible)
through an inclined pipe of constant diameter with no pump in the section
considered. Bernoulli's equation for the section between planes 1 and 2
shown in Figure 1.5 can be written as

(
pg
"'+ /"
pg
.,) -h: (1.15)

For the conditions specified, ul=uz, and a has the same value because the
flow is fully developed. The terms in equation 1.15 are shown schematical:
ly in Figure 1.5. The total energy E2 is less than Et by the frictional losses
hr. The velocity head remains constant as indicated and the potential head
increases owing to the increase in elevation. As a result the pressure
energy, and therefore the pressure, must decrease. It is important to note
that this upward flow occurs because the upstream pressure P] is
sufficiently high (compare the two pressure heads in Figure 1.5). This
high pressure would normally be provided by a pump upstream of the
section considered; however, as the pump is not in the section there must
be no pump head term Ah in the equation. The effect of the pump is
already manifest in the high pressure P~ that it has generated.

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