St.

MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

An Autonomous Institute
Dhulapally, Secunderabad - 500100.
NBA & NAAC A+ ACCREDITED
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

UNIT – I
FIRST ORDER ODE
Definition: An equation involving variables and its differentials is called a Differential equation.

They are of two types

1.Ordinary differential equations

2.Partial differential equations

Ordinary differential equation: An equation is said to be ordinary if one or more variables are differentiated
w.r.t only one independent variable.

dy d2 y dy
Ex . (1)  7xy  x 2 (2) 2
 3  2y  e x
dx dx dx

Partial Differential equation: A Differential equation is said to be partial if the derivatives in the equation have
reference to two or more independent variables.

2
 z   z 
2

E.g: 1.       4z
 x   y 

z z
2. x  y  2z
x y

Order of a Differential equation: It is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the Differential equation.
Differential equation is said to be of order ‘n’ if the derivative is the highest derivative in that equation.

dy
E.g : (1). (x2+1) . + 2xy = 4x2
dx

Order of this Differential equation is 1.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 d2 y dy
(2) x 2
  2x  1   x  1 y  e x
dx dx

Order of this Differential equation is 2.

2
d2 y  dy 
(3).  5    2y  0 .
 dx 
2
dx

Order=2

2u 2u
(4).   0. Order is 2.
x 2 y2

Degree of a Differential equation: Degree of a differential Equation is the highest degree of the highest
derivative in the equation, after the equation is made free from radicals and fractions in its derivations.

2
dy  dy 
E.g : 1 ) y = x .  1    on solving we get
dx  dx 

1  x 2   dx
dy 
  2xy.  1  y   0 . Degree = 2

dy
dx
2

32
d 2 y   dy  
2

2) a.  1 
    on solving . we get
dx 2   dx  

3
 d 2 y    dy  
2 2

a .  2   1     . Degree = 2
2

 dx    dx  

Formation of Differential Equation : In general an O.D Equation is Obtained by eliminating the arbitrary
constants say c1,c2,c3--------cn from a relation like x, y, c1 , c2 ,......cn   0. ------(1).

Differentiating (1) successively w.r.t x, n- times and eliminating the n-arbitrary constants c1,c 2,----cn
from the above (n+1) equations, we obtain the differential equation F(x , y, , ) = 0.

PROBLEMS

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1. By elimination of the arbitrary constants a and b, obtain the differential equation of which
xy=aex +be-x +x2 is a solution.

x
Sol : Given equation is xy = ae  be  x
x 2

⟹ xy  x 2  aex  be x ..................... 1

Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ , we get

xy ' y  2x  aex  be x

Again differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ , we get

xy '' y ' y ' 2  ae x  be x

⟹ xy '' 2y ' 2  xy  x 2 [From (1)]

⟹ xy '' 2y ' xy  x 2  2  0

which is required differential equation.

2. Obtain the Differential Equation

y  Ae2x  Be5x by Eliminating the arbitrary Constants:

Sol. y  Ae2x  Be5x ------------------------------(1).

y1  A  2 e2x  B 5 e5x -------------------(2).

y2  A  4 e2x  B  25 e5x --------------------(3).

Eliminating A and B from (1), (2) & (3).

 e 2x e5x y 
 
   2  e 2x 5e5x  y1   0
  4  e 2x 25e5x  y 2 


1 1 y
  2  5 y1  0
4 25 y 2

The required D. Equation obtained by eliminating A & B is

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 - 3y1 -10y = 0

3. Log y  cx
x

Sol : L og y  x   cx ------------------------(1).
 log y –log x= cx
On differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get
1 dy 1
   c --------------------------- (2).
y dx x
dy y
 c
dx x
Thus (1) becomes

y  1 dy 1 
Log    x   .
x  y dx x 
4. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  c .

Sol : Given equation sin 1 x  sin 1 y  c

1 1 dy
 0
1 x 2
1  y dx
2

dy  1  y2

dx 1 x2

5. y  e x [Acosx +B sinx]

Sol : Given equation is y  e [Acosx +B sinx]

x

dy
 e x [Acosx +B sinx] + e x [-Asinx +B cosx]
dx

= y  ex  Acos x  Bcos x  .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 dy d 2 y dy x
  2  e  A sin x  Bsin x   e x  A cos x  Bsin x 
dx dx dx

d 2 y dy dy
   y
dx 2 dx dx
d2 y dy
 2
 2  2y  0 is required equation
dx dx
6. y  a tan 1 x  b .
dy a
Sol: On differenting the given equation we get 
dx 1  x 2

Again differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get

d2 y
 1  x 2  .
dy
2
 2x.  0
dx dx

d2 y
 1  x  . 2  2x.  0 is the required equation.
2 dy
dx dx

7. r  a 1  cos 

Sol : r  a 1  cos  ................... 1

dr
 a sin ...................  2 
d

Put ‘a' value from (1) in (2).

dr r
 .sin 
d 1  cos 

dr r.2sin  / 2.cos  / 2

d 2.cos / 2

 r tan  / 2

dr
Hence  r tan  / 2  0 .
d

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

dy
The general form of first order, first degree differential equation is  f  x, y  or f(x, y, ) =0 [i.e Mdx
dx
+ Ndy =0 Where M and N are functions of x and y]. There is no general method to solve any first order
differential equation The equation which belong to one of the following types can be easily solved.

In general the first order first degree differential equation can be classified as:

(1). Variable separable

(2). Homogeneous equation
(3).Non-Homogeneous equations (which are reducible to homogeneous equations).

(4).Exact equations

(5).Non exact equations (reducible to exact equations).

(6).Linear equation &

(7).Bernoulli’s equation.(reducible to linear form)

VARIABLE SEPARABLE

dy dy f  x 
If the differential equation  f  x, y  can be expressed in the form  or
dx dx g  y 

f(x) dx –g(y) dy =0 where f and g are continuous functions of a single variable, then it is said to be of the form
variable separable.

General solution of variable separable is  f  x  dx  g  y  dy  c

where c is any arbitrary constant.

PROBLEMS
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 dy
1.Solve the differential equation  e2x 3y  x 2e 3y .
dx

Sol : Given differential equation is

dy
 e2x 3y  x 2 e 3y  e2x .e 3y  x 2e 3y
dx

e2x  x 2
 e3y  e2x  x 2  
e3y


Seperating variables, we get e2x  x 2 dx  e3y dy 
 e  x 2  dx   e3y dy
2x
Integraing,

e 2 x x 3 e3 y
i.e ,    c or 3e2 x  2 x3  2e3 y  c
2 3 3

This is the required solution.

dy
2. tan y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y  .
dx

dy
Sol : Given that sin  x  y   sin  x  y   tan y
dx

dy CD  C  D 
⟹ 2sin x.cos y  tan y [Note: sin C  sin D  2sin   .cos  
dx  2   2 

dy
 2sin x  tan y sec y
dx


General solution is 2 sin xdx  sec y.tan y.dy
 2cos x  sec y  c

=> sec y + 2 cos x +c =0.


3. Solve x 2  1 .  dx
dy
 y 2
 1  0, y  0   1 .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 
Sol : Given x 2  1 .  dx
dy
 y 2
 1  0

dx dy
  2 0
x 1 y 1
2

1 1
On Integration   dx   dy  0
1  x 
2
1  y2 
1 1
 dx   dy  0
1  x 
2
1  y2 
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  c.................... 1

Given y  0  1  At x  0, y  1..................  2 

(2) in (1)  tan 1 0  tan 1  c.


 0 c
4

c
4

Hence the required solution is tan 1 x  tan 1 y 
4
dy
4. Solve  x tan( y  x)  1
dx

dy
Sol : Given equation is  x tan( y  x)  1 …(1)
dx

dy dz
Put y-x=z so that -1 = …(2)
dx dx

dz dz
From (1) and (2), we have +1-x tan z = 1 ⟹ = x tan z
dx dx

dz
Seperating the variables, we have  xdx
tan z

x2
Integrating, we get  cot zdz   xdx  c  log | sin z | c
2

 The general solution is log|sin(y-x)|= + c.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Exact Differential Equations

Def: Let M(x,y)dx +N(x,y) dy =0 be a first order and first degree Differential Equation where M & N are real valued
functions of x,y . Then the equation Mdx + Ndy =0 is said to be an exact Differential equation if  a function f  .

f f
d f  x, y   dx  dy
x y

Eg : d ( x 2 y)  2 xydx  x 2 dy
Condition for Exactness: If M(x,y) & N (x,y) are two real functions which have continuous partial derivatives then
the necessary and sufficient condition for the Differential equation Mdx+ Ndy =0 is to be exact if

M N

y x

Hence solution of the exact equation M(x,y)dx +N(x,y) dy =0 is

 Mdx   Ndy  c .
(y is taken as constant) (terms free from x are taken).

PROBLEMS

dy y cos x  sin y  y
1. Solve  0.
dx sin x  x cos y  x
Sol : Given equation can be written as

( y cos x  sin y  y )dx  (sin x  x cos y  x)dy  0 …(1)

It is of the form .

Here

M  y cos x  sin y  y
N  sin x  x cos y  x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 M
 cos x  cos y  1
y
N
 cos x  cos y  1
x

M N
Clearly 
y x

⟹Equation is exact.

The general solution is given by  Mdx   Ndy  c

(y constant) (terms independent of x)

  ( y cos x  sin y  y )dx   (0)dy  c

 y sin x  (sin y  y ) x  c .

 x
 x
 x
2. Solve 1  e  dx  e y 1   dy  0
y
   y
 
 x
x x

Sol : Here M  1  e y & N  e y 1  

 y
M  x  N  1   x   1 
x x x

 ey  2  &  e y    1   e y  
y  y  x  y   y  y
M  x  N  x 
x x

  ey  2  &  ey  2 
y  y  x y 
M N
  equation is exact
y x

General solution is

 Mdx   Ndy  c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

 x

  1  e y  dx   0 dy  c.
 
 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x
y
e
x c
1
y
x

 x  ye  c y

3. Solve the D.E (x+y-1)dy-(x-y+2)dx=0

Sol : Here M    x  y  2 ;

N   x  y 1

M N
 1; 1
y x

M N
Clearly 
y x

Thus the equation is exact.

General solution is Mdx    Ndy c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

⟹  ( x  y  2)dx   ( y  1)dy  c
x2 y2
   xy  2 x  yc
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2 xy  4 x  2 y  c1

4. Solve  e y  1 .cos xdx  e y sin xdx  0 .

Sol. M   e y  1 cos, N  e y sin x

M N
 e y cos x;  e y cos x
y y

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 M N
  e y c os x
y x

Equation is exact.

Gen Sol. is  Mdx   Ndy c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

 e  1 cos x dx   0 dy  c
y

 e y sin x  c

  1 
5. Solve  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
  x 
.

 1
Sol : Here M  y 1    cos y, N  x  log x  x sin y
 x

M 1 N 1
 1   sin y  1   sin y
y x x x

M N
 so the equation is exact
y x

General sol  Mdx   Ndy c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

 y 
   y   cos y  dx   0.dy  c.
 x 
 y  x  log x   x cos y  c.

6. Solve (cosx-xcosy)dy – (siny+ysinx)dx =0

Sol : N  cos x  x cos y & M   sin y  ysin x

N M
  sin x  cos y   cos y  sin x
x y

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 M N
  the equation is exact.
y x

General sol  Mdx   Ndy c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

    sin y  y sin x  .dx   0.dy  c

  x sin y  y cos x  c
 ycosx - xsiny = c

7. Solve  r  sin   cos  dr  r  sin   cos  d  0

Sol : Given equation is  r  sin   cos  dr  r  sin   cos  d  0............ 1

This is of the form Md  Ndr  0

Where M  r  sin   cos  ; N  r  sin   cos 

M N
We have  sin   cos  ;  cos   sin 
r 
M N
Clearly 
r 
 The given equation is exact.

The general solution is given by  Md   Ndr  c

(r constant) (terms independent of )

  r (sin   cos  )d   rdr  c

r2
 r (sin   cos  )  c
2
The general solution is r 2  2r  sin   cos   c1 .

REDUCTION OF NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS TO EXACT FORM USING

INTEGRATING FACTORS
Definition: If the Differential Equation M(x,y) dx + N (x,y ) dy = 0 be not an exact differential equation
it can be made exact by multiplying with a suitable function u (x,y)  0 called an Integrating factor(I.F).
Note: There may exits several integrating factors.
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Some methods to find an I.F to a non-exact Differential Equation Mdx+N dy =0
Case -1: Integrating factor by inspection/ (Grouping of terms).

Some useful exact differentials

1. d (xy) = xdy +y dx
x ydx  xdy
2. d  
 y y2

x ydx  xdy

3. d  
 y x2

 x2  y 2 
4. d  = x dx + y dy
 2 
  x  xdy  ydx
5. d  log    =
  y  xy

  x  ydx  xdy
6. d  log    =
  y  xy

  x  ydx  xdy
7. d  tan 1    =
  y  x2  y 2

  x  xdy  ydx
8. d  tan 1    =
  y  x2  y 2

xdy  ydx
9. d  log  xy   =
xy
2  xdx  ydy 
 
10. d log x 2  y 2  =
x2  y 2

 ex  ye x dx  e x dy
11. d   =
 y y2

PROBLEMS
y( xy  e x )dx  e x dy
1) Solve  0.
y2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 ( xy 2  ye x )dx  e x dy
Sol : It can be written as  0.
y2

xy 2 e x ydx  e x dy
 dx  0
y2 y2
ye x dx  e x dy
 xdx  0
y2
 ex 
 xdx  d    0
 y

x2 ex
On integrating, we get  c
2 y

This is the required solution.

2) Solve the differential equation  y  x 2  dx   x 2 cot y  x  dy  0

Sol : Given equation can be written as ydx  xdy  x dx  x cot y dy

2 2

2
Dividing with x , we get

ydx  xdy  xdy  ydx 

 dx  cot y dy  or      dx  cot y dy
 
2
x x2

 y
i.e ,  d    dx  cot y dy
x

 x  cos ec 2 y  cos y   x  x  cos ec 2 y   cx

y
Integrating, we get 
x

which is the required solution.

xdy  ydx
3) Solve xdx  ydy  0
x2  y 2

xdy  ydx
Sol : Given equation is xdx  ydy  0
x2  y 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  x2  y 2   1  y  
d   d  tan     0 on Integrating we get
 2    x 

x2  y 2  y
 tan 1    c .
2 x
4) Solve y  x3 .e xy  y  dx  x  y  x 3 .e xy  dy  0 .

Sol : Given equation is on regrouping

We get yx e dx  y dx  xydy  x e dy  0
3 xy 2 4 xy

x3e xy  ydx  xdy   y  xdx  ydx   0

Dividing by x3
 y   xdy  ydx 
e xy  ydx  xdy     .  0
x  x2 
y y
d  e xy     .d    0
x x
on Integrating
2
y
e  1    c is required G.S.
xy
2 x 

5) Solve (1+xy) x dy + (1- yx ) y dx = 0

Sol: Given equation is (1+xy) xdy + (1-yx) y dx =0.

( xdy + ydx ) + xy ( xdy – ydx ) = 0.

 xdy  ydx   xdy  ydx 
Divided by x2 y2   2 2  0
 x y   xy 
 1  1 1
 d     dy  dx  0 .
 xy  y x
1
On integrating we get   log y  log x  log c
xy
1
  log x  log y  log c .
xy


6) Solve : ydx  xdy  a x  y dx
2 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 
Sol : Given equation is ydx ydx  xdy  a x 2  y 2 dx 
ydx  xdy
  a dx
 x 2  y2 
 x 
 d  tan 1  a dx 
 y 
x
On Integrating tan 1  ax  c where c is an arbitrary constant.
y
Method -2: If M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is a homogeneous differential equation and

1
Mx  Ny  0 then is an integrating factor of Mdx+ Ndy =0.
Mx  Ny
PROBLEMS
1 . Solve x 2 ydx   x 3  y3  dy  0

Sol : Given equation is x 2 ydx   x 3  y3  dy  0 -----------------(1)

Where M  x 2 y & N    x 3  y3 

M N
Consider  x2 &  3x 2
y x
M N

y x

 equation is not exact .

But given equation (1) is homogeneous differential equation then

Mx  Ny  x  x 2 y   y  x 3  y3    y 4  0 .

1 1
I.F =  4
Mx  Ny y
1
Multiplying equation (1) by 
y4

x2y x 3  y3
 4 dx  dy  0 ---------------------- (2)
y  y4

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x2 x 3  y3
 dx  dy  0
y3  y4
This is of the form M1dx  N1dy  0

x 2 x 3  y3
For M1  & N1 
y3 y4

M1 3x 2 N1 3x 2
  4 &  4
y y x y
M1 N1
  equation (2) is an exact D.E.
y x

General sol  M1dx   N1dy  c

(y constant) (terms free from x in N1)

x 2 1
  3 dx   dy  c.
y y

x 3
  log y  c
3y3

2. Solve y  y 2  2x 2  dx  x  2y 2  x 2  dy  0

   
Sol : Given equation is y y 2  2x 2 dx  x 2y 2  x 2 dy  0 -----------(1)

It is the form Mdx + Ndy = 0

Where M  y  y 2  2x 2  , N  x  2y 2  x 2 

M N
Consider  3y 2  2x 2 &  2y 2  3x 2
y x
M N
 equation is not exact .
y x

Since equation(1) is Homogeneous differential equation then

Consider Mx  Ny  x  y  y 2  2x 2   y  x  2y 2  x 2 

 3xy  y 2  x 2   0 .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1
 I.F. 
3xy  y 2  x 2 

1
Multiplying equation (1) by we get
3xy  y 2  x 2 

y  y 2  2x 2  x  2y 2  x 2 
 dx  dy  0
3xy  y 2  x 2  3xy  y 2  x 2 

y(y2 - 2x 2 ) x(2y2 - x 2 )
M1 = ; N1 =
3xy(y2 - x 2 ) 3xy(y2 - x 2 )

M1 2xy N
= = 1
y 2 2 2
3(y - x ) x
Now it is exact

y 2
 x2   x2
dx 
y2  x  y2  x 2 
dy  0
3x  y 2  x 2  3y  y 2  x 2 

dx xdx ydy dy
 2  2   0.
x y x 2
y x 2
y
 dx dy  2ydy 2xdx
    0
 x y  2  y  x  2  y2  x 2 
2 2

On integrating we get

log x  log y  log  y 2  x 2   log  y 2  x 2   log c  xy  c

1 1
2 2
Method- 3: If the equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is of the form

1
y.f (xy)dx  x.g(xy)dy  0 & Mx  Ny  0 then is an integrating factor of Mdx+ Ndy =0.
Mx  Ny

PROBLEMS

1 . Solve  xysin xy  cos xy  ydx   xysin xy  cos xy  xdy  0 .

Sol : Given equation  xysin xy  cos xy  ydx   xysin xy  cos xy  xdy  0 -------(1).

Equation (1) is of the form y. f  xy  dx  x.g  xy  dy  0 .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Where M   xysin xy  cos xy  y

N   xysin xy  cos xy  x

M N
 
y x

⟹ equation (1) is not exact

Now consider Mx-Ny

Mx-Ny =2xycosxy ≠ 0

1
 Integrating factor =
2xy cos xy

So equation (1) x I.F gives


 xysin xy  y dx   xysin xy  cos xy  x dy  0
2xy cos xy 2xy cos xy

 1  1
  y tan xy   dx   y tan xy   dy  0
 x  y

 M1dx  N1dy  0
M1 N
= tanxy + xysec2 xy = 1
y x
Now the equation is exact.
 General solution is  M dx   N dy  c. .
1 1

(y constant) (terms free from x in N 1)

 1 1
   y tan xy   dx   dy  c.
 x y

y.log sec xy
  log x    log y   log c
y
x
 log sec  xy   log  log c.
y

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x
 .sec xy  c.
y
2. Solve 1  xy  ydx  1  xy  xdy  0

Sol : Here M  1  xy  y : N  1  xy  x

M N
= 1+ 2xy; = 1- 2xy
y x

Hence, the equation is not exact

Also Mx - Ny= 2 x y  0
2 2

1 1
I.F   2 2 0
Mx  Ny 2x y

Multiply the given equation by I.F, we get

 1 1  1
 2   dx  dy  0
 2x y 2x  2y

M1 -1 N
= 2 2 = 1
y 2x y x

⟹Equation is exact.

On integrating, we get

 1 1  1
  2x y  2x dx   2y dy  c
2

1 1 1
  log x  log y  c .
2xy 2 2

1 x
  log    c1 where = 2c.
xy y

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 M N

y x
Method 4: If there exists a continuous single variable function f x  such that  f  x  , then I.F.
N

of Mdx  Ndy  0 is e
f  x dx

PROBLEMS

  
1 . Solve 3xy  2ay 2 dx  x 2  2axy dy  0 

 
Sol : Given equation is 3xy  2ay 2 dx  x 2  2axy dy  0  
This is of the form Mdx+ Ndy = 0

 M  3xy  2ay2 & N  x 2  2axy

M N
 3x  4ay &  2x  2ay
y x
M N
 equation is not exact .
y x

M N

y x  3x  4ay    2x  2ay 
Now consider 
N x  x  2ay 

M N

y x 1
   f x .
N x

1
 e  x  x is an Integrating factor of (1)
dx

Multiplying equation (1) with I.F we get


3xy  2ay  xdx   x
2 2
 2axy 
xdy  0
1 1

 3x y  2ay x  dx   x
2 2 3
 2ax 2 y  dy  0

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 It is the form M1dx + N1dy =0

M1  3x 2 y  2ay 2 x, N1  x3  2ax 2 y

M1 N1
 3x 2  4axy,  3x 2  4axy
y x

M1 N1
  Equation is exact
y x

General sol  M1dx   N1dy  c.

(y constant) (terms free from x in N1)

   3x 2 y  2ay 2 x  dx   0dy  c

 x 3 y  ax 2 y2  c ..

 
2. Solve ydx  xdy  1  x dx  x sin ydy  0
2 2

  
Sol: Given equation is y  1  x dx  x sin y  x dy  0.
2 2

M  y  1  x 2 & N  x 2 sin y  x

M N
 1,  2x sin y  1
y x

M N
  the equation is not exact.
y x

M N

y x 1  2x sin y  1 2x sin y  2 2  x sin y  1 2
So consider   2  
N x 2 sin y  x x sin y  x x  x sin y  1 x

1
I.F  e   e  x  e 2log x  2
f  x dx 2 dx 1
x

y 1 x2 x 2 sin y  x
Equation (1) x I.F gives  dx  dy  0
x2 x2

It is the form of M1dx+ N1dy =0.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 M1 1 N1
= 2 =
y x x
 Equation is exact

 y 1 
Gen. sol. is thus    2  2  1dx   sin ydy  0
x x 

y 1
   x  cos y  c .
x x
 x 2  y  1  x cos y  cx.

M N

y x
Method -5: For the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 if  g ( y ) (is a function of y alone) then e   g ( y ) dy is
M
an integrating factor of M dx + N dy =0.

PROBLEMS

1 . Solve (3x2y4+2xy)dx +(2x3y3-x2) dy = 0

Sol : Given equation (3x2y4+2xy)dx +(2x3y3-x2) dy =0 -----------------(1).

Equation is of the form Mdx + Ndy =0.

where M =3x2y4+2xy & N = 2x3y3-x2

M N
 12x 2 y3  2x ;  6x 2 y3  2x
y x

M N
  equation(1) is not exact.
y x

M N

y x 2
So consider  g ( y)   g  y 
M y

1
2 dy
 g ( y)dy 2log y
I .F  e 
y 1
e e  .
y 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  3x 2 y4  2xy   2x 3 y3  x 2 
Equation (1) x I.F   dx    dy  0
 y2   y2 

 2x   x2 
  3x 2 y2   dx   2x 3 y  2  dy  0
 y   y 

It is the form M1dx  N1dy  0

M1 x N
= 6x 2 y - 2 2 = 1
y y x

 Equation is exact

General sol. is  M dx   N dy  c
1 1

(y constant) (terms free from x in N1)

 2x 
   3x 2 y2   dx   0dy  c .
 y 
3x 3 y2 2x 2
   c.
3 2y

x2
x y 
3 2
 c.
y
2 . Solve (xy3+y) dx + 2(x2y2+x+y4) dy =0

Sol : Here M  xy y ; N  2 x y  x  y
3 2 2 4
 
M N
 3xy2  1;  4xy 2  2
y x

We see equation is not exact.

M N

y x

M N

y x
Also  g  y
M

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  xy 2  1 1
   g(y)
y  xy 2  1 y

1
 dy
Thus I .F  e 
 g ( y ) dy
 e y  y.

M1 N
= 4xy3 + 2y = 1 where M1 = xy 4 + y 2 ; N1 = 2x 2 y3 + 2xy + 2y5
y x

  xy  y 2 dx    2y5  dy  c
4
Gen Sol:

x 2 y4 2y6
 y2 x   c.
2 6

  
3. Solve y 4  2y dx  xy3  2y 4  4x dy  0 
Sol: The given equation is not exact.

M N
   y 3  4    4 y 3  2   3
y x
Also  g ( y)     g  y .
M  y4  2 y  y
 

1
3 dy
I .F  e  g  y  dy e
y

1
y3

2 4x
Here M1 = y + 2
; N1 = x + 2y - 3
y y

M1 2 N
= 1- 3 = 1
y y x

∴Equation is exact.

 2 
Gen sol is   y  y 2 

dx   2 ydy  c.

 2 
 y  2  x  y  c.
2

 y 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

dy
Def: An equation of the form  P  x  y  Q  x  is called a linear differential equation of first order
dx
in y.
dy
Working Rule: To solve the linear equation  P  x y  Q  x
dx
First find the integrating factor I .F  e 
p ( x ) dx
then its
General solution is y x I .F   Q( x) x I .F .dx  c where c is an arbitrary constant.
dx
Note: An equation of the form  P( y ) x  Q( y ) is called a linear Differential equation of first order in x.
dy

Then integrating factor  e

p ( y ) dy

General solution is: x x I .F   Q( y ) x I .F .dy  c

POLAR FORM

 P( ).r  Q( ) then its I.F is e

dr P ( ) d
An equation of the form .
d


Its solution is r ( I .F )  Q( )( I .F ) d  c .

d
 P(r )  Q(r ) is also a linear equation whose I.F = e 
P ( r ) dr
Note: .
dr


Solution is  ( I .F )  Q(r )( I .F ) dr  c .

PROBLEMS

dy
1. Solve ( x  1)  y  e3 x ( x  1) 2
dx

dy y
Sol : Divide throughout by ( x  1) ,we get   e3 x ( x  1)
dx ( x  1)

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 dy
This is of the form  Py  Q
dx

Here

1  1 

I.F  e  e x 1  e log( x1)  e  x 1 
Pdx dx log 

1

x 1

General solution is

 1  1
 y    e ( x  1). dx  c
3x

 x 1  ( x  1)
y
x 1 
  e3 x dx  c

e3 x
 c
3

 e3 x 
 y   c  ( x  1)
 3 

2. Solve 1  y 2  dx   tan 1 y  x  dy

Sol : Given equation is 1  y

2
  dx
dy
  tan 1
y  x

dx  1  tan 1 y
  .x 
dy  1  y 2  1  y2

dx
It is the form of  P  y x  Q  y
dy

1
 1 y2 dy 1
I.F e  P(y)dy
e  etan y

tan 1 y
General solution is x.e   t.e t dt  c

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 tan 1 y
 x.e   t.e t dt  c
1
[Let tan 1 y  t  dy  dt ]
1  y2
1 y
 x.etan  t.et  et  c
tan 1 y tan 1 y tan 1 y
 x.e  tan 1 y.e e c
c
 x  tan 1 y  1  is the required solution
tan 1 y
e
dy
3. Solve  x  y  1 1.
dx

dy
Sol : Given equation is  x  y  1 1.
dx

dy
  x  y  1.
dx

dx
It is of the form  P(y)x  Q(y)
dy

where P(y) = -1 ; Q(y) = 1+y

 dy y
= > I.F e  e  e
P(y)dy

General solution is x(I.F) =  Q  y  I.Fdy + c

y y
 x.e   1  y  e dy  c

y y y
 x.e  e dy   ye dy  c

y y y y
 x.e  e  yxe e c

y y
 x.e  e 2  y  c

y' y  ee
x
4. Solve

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 y' y  ee
x
Sol : Given equation is

It is of the form

dy
 px y  Qx
dx

x
Where p(x) =1 Q  x   ee

p  x  dx
I.F  e  e
dx
=>  ex
General solution is y(I.F) =  Q(x)I.Fdx + c

x
=> y.ex   ee ex dx  c
t
=> y.e x   ee dt  c {put e x  t, e x dx  dt }

 y.e x  e t  c
x
 y.ex  ee  c
dy
5. Solve x.  y  log x
dx
dy
Sol : Given equation is x.  y  log x
dx

dy
It is of the form  Px y  Qx
dx
1 log x
Where P  x   & Q  x  
x x
dy y log x
i.e ,  
dx x x
1
 dx
I.F  e
P(x)dx log x
e x e x.
General solution is y(I.F) =  Q(x)I.Fdx + c

log x
 y.x   .xdx  c
x
 y .x = x (logx-1) +c.
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
   tan 1 y  dy

6 . Solve 1  y2   x  e  0
  dx
 

tan 1 y
dy x e
Sol : Given equation is  
dx 1  y 2 1  y2
dy
It is of the form + P(y).x = Q(y)
dx

tan 1 y
1 e
where P(y) = , Q(y)= .
1  y2 1  y2
1
 dy
I.F = e
P(y)dy 1  y2 tan 1 y .
e e
General solution is x(I.F) =  Q(y)I.Fdy + c .

tan 1 y
1
tan y e tan 1 y
 x.e  (e )dy  c
1  y2

 x.e t   e t .e t dt  c
1
[ Note: put tan 1 y  t  dy  dt ]
1  y2
1
tan y
 x.e   e2t dt  c

tan 1 y e2t
 x.e  c
2
1
tan 1 y e 2 tan y
x.e  c
2
dy
7. Solve cosh x  y sinh x  2 cosh 2 x sinh x
dx

dy
Sol : Given equation is cosh x  y sinh x  2 cosh 2 x sinh x
dx

Dividing throughout by cosh x , we get

dy
  tanh x  y  2 cosh x.sinh x
dx
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 which is linear in y.

Here P  tanh x, Q  2 cosh x.sinh x

 I.F  e  e
Pdx tanh xdx log cosh x
e  cosh x

 The general solution of (1) is y(I.F)   Q(x).I.Fdx  c


i.e y cosh x  2 cosh 2 x sinh xdx  c

cosh 3 x  [ f ( x)]n1 
2 c    
n
 f ( x ) f '( x ) dx
n  1 
3 

dy tan y
8. Solve   1  x  e x .sec y
dx 1  x

dy tan y
Sol : The given equation is   1  x  e x .sec y
dx 1  x

dy sin y
Divide by sec y  y   1  x  e x ------------(1)
dx 1  x
Put sin y = u
dy du
 cos y 
dx dx
du 1
Differential Equation (1) is  u  1  x  e x
dx 1  x
which is linear in u.

1
here P(x)  ;Q(x)  1  x  e x
1 x

1
 dx  log 1  x 
I.F = e  P(x)dx  e 1 x e 
1
1 x
General solution is u(I.F)   QXI.Fdx  c

1 1
 u.   1  x  e x dx  c
1 x 1 x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1
 u.   e x dx  c
1 x
1
  sin y   ex  c
1 x
(or)
 sin y  1  x  ex  c. 1  x  is required solution

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM

Type 1 : BERNOULLI’S EQUATION :

dy
A Differential Equation of the form  Py  Qy n ------(1) is called Bernoulli’s Equation if P,Q are constants or
dx
functions of x alone and n is a real constant.

Working Rule:

dy
Case -1 : If n=1 then the above equation becomes  Py  Qy which reduces to variable separable
dx
form
dy
General solution of   P  Q  y  0 is
dx
dy
 y 
 ( P  Q)dx  0 by variable separable method.

Case -2: If n  1 then divide the given equation (1) by y n

 yn .  P  x  .y1  n = Q ---------(2)

dy
dx

Then take y1  n  u

dy du
1  n  y  n 
dx dx

dy 1 du
 y n 
dx 1  n dx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Then equation (2) becomes

1 du
+ P(x) . u =Q
1  n dx

du
∴ + (1-n) P.u = (1-n)Q which is linear in u and hence we can solve it.
dx

(1  n) P( x)dx
Its I.F = e  
and solution is u ( I .F )  (1  n)Q( x)( I .F )dx  c .

Type 2 : D.E reducible to linear form by substitution

It is sometimes convenient to reduce the given equation by replacing a given function by a variable say u thus
du
reducing it to a L.D.E  P ( x)u  Q ( x) .
dx

PROBLEMS

du
1 . Solve x  y  x 3 y6
dx

dy
Sol : Given equation is x  y  x 3 y6 --------------(1)
dx

dy  1 
Given equation can be written as    y  x 2 y6
dx  x 

dy
which is of the form  P(x)y  Qy n
dx

1
where P(x)  , Q(x)  x 2 & n  6
x

6
Divide by y , we get

1 dy 1 1
 .   x 2 ---------------(2)
y6 dx x y5

1
Take u
y5
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 5 dy du
 
y6 dx dx

1 dy 1 du
  ----------------(3)
y6 dx 5 dx

du 5
Put (3) in (2)   u  5x 2
dx x

which is a Linear differential equation in u

1
5 dx
 P(x)dx 5log x 1
I.F = e e x e 
x5

General solution is u .I.F =  Q  x   I.F.dx  c

1 1
u. 5
  5x 2 . 5 dx  c
x x

1 5 1 5x 3
5 5
 2 c  or  5   cx 5
yx 2x y 2

2. Solve
dx
 x y  xy   1
dy 2 3

Sol : Given equation is

dx
 x y  xy   1
dy 2 3

dx 1 dx 1
This can be written as  x.y  x 2 y3  .  .y  y3 ---------------------(1)
dy x 2 dy x

1
Put u
x

1 dx du
 .  --------------(2).
x 2 dy dy
du
(2) in (1)    u.y  y3
dx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 du
(or)   uy   y3
dy
This is a Linear Differential Equation in ‘u’

y2
I.F  e
 P  y  dy  e  ydy  e 2

General solution  u .I.F  Q  y   I.F.dy  c


y2 y2
 u.e 2
   y e dy  c
3 2

2 2
1 1 y y
Substituting u  , we get e 2  (2  y 2 )e 2  c
x x
y2
 x  2  y   cxe

2 2
 1.

3. 1  x2  dxdy  xy  y3 sin1 x
Sol : Given equation can be written as

y3
sin 1 x
dy x
 y 
dx 1  x 2
1 x 2

which is a Bernoulli’s equation in ‘ y ‘

1 dy 1 x sin 1 x
Divide by y3    -----------(1).
y3 dx y 2 1  x 2 1  x 2

1
Let u
y2

2 dy du 1 dy 1 du
 3
  3  ------------ (2)
y dx dx y dx 2 dx

1 du x sin 1 x
(2) in (1)    u
2 dx 1  x 2 1 x2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 du 2x 2sin 1 x
  u which is a Linear differential equation in u
dx 1  x 2 1 x 2

I .F  e   e  1 x
2x
p ( x ) dx  dx log(1 x2 )
e  (1  x 2 )
2

General solution  u.I .F  Q( x) x I .F .dx  c 

1 2sin 1 x
 2 (1  x )  
2
(1  x 2 )dx  c
y 1 x 2


1  x   2  x sin
2
1
x  1  x2   c
y 2  

dy
4.Solve sec 2 y  2 x tan y  x 3 .
dx

dy
Sol : Given equation is sec 2 y  2 x tan y  x 3 …(1)
dx

dy du
Put tan y  u so that sec 2 y 
dx dx

du
Substituting in (1), we get  2ux  x3 … (2)
dx

This is a linear equation in u.

Here P  2 x, Q  x
3

I.F  e 
2xdx 2
 ex

2 2

x 3 x
The general solution of (2) is ue  x e dx  c

1 2  putx 2  t 
 e x ( x 2  1)  c  
2 sothat xdx  dt 2

Substituting , we get

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1 x2 2
tan y (e x )  e ( x  1)  c
2

2
which is the required solution of (1).

dy
5. Solve 2  y sec x  y 3 tan x .
dx

dy
Sol : Given D.E is 2  y sec x  y 3 tan x
dx

2 dy 1
Dividing with on both sides,  sec x  tan x
y 3 dx y 2

1 2 dy du
Take 2
u 3 
y y dx dx

du du
  u sec x  tan x   u sec x   tan x
dx dx

This is a linear equation.

sec xdx  elog|sec xtan x|  sec x  tan x

I.F= e

General solution is given by

u (sec x  tan x)   (tan x)(sec x  tan x)dx  c

   (tan x sec x  tan 2 x)dx  c

   tan x sec xdx   (sec 2 x  1)dx  c
  sec x  tan x  x  c
 x  (sec x  tan x)  c

1
 General solution is (sec x  tan x)  x  (sec x  tan x)  c
y2

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE

ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES (O.T)

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Def: A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at a right angle is an orthogonal trajectory of
the given family.

Orthogonal trajectories in Cartesian co-ordinates:

Working rule: To find the family of O.T in Cartesian form : Let f(x,y,c) =0 ……(1)

be the given equation of family of curves in Cartesian form.

1) Differentiate (1) with respect to ‘x’ and obtain F(x, y, y’) = 0 ----------(2)

of the given family of curves.

dy  dx
2) Replace by in (2)
dx dy

Then the Differential Equation of family of O.T is

 dx
F(x, y, ) =0 ---------------- (3).
dy

3) Solve equation (3) to get the equation of family of O.T’s of equation(1).

PROBLEMS

1 . Find the O.T’s of family of semi-cubical parabolas ay2=x3 where a is a parameter.

Sol : The given family of semi-cubical parabola is ay2=x3 ---------------(1)

dy 2
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’ ⟹ a 2y = 3 x -------------(2)
dx

x3 dy
Eliminating ‘a’ from (1) and (2) ⟹ y 2 2y dx  3x
2

2 x 3 dy
⟹  3x 2
y dx

dy dx 2x3  dx 
Replace by  ⟹     3x 2
dx dy y  dy 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 -2 dx
 x =y
3 dy
-2
 xdx -  ydy = c
3
-x 2 y 2
 - =c
3 2
x 2 y2
 + =1
3c 2c

2. Find the O.T of the family of circles x2 +y2+2gx+c =0, Where g is the parameter
Sol : x2+y2+2gx+c =0. --------- (1)
represents a system of co- axial circles with g as parameter.
dy
Differentiating with respect to ‘x‘ ⟹ 2x+ 2y + 2g =0--------------(2)
dx
Substituting equation from (2) in (1)
dy
⟹x2+y2 -(2x+ 2y )x +c =0.
dx
dy
⟹y2-x2-2xy + c=0
dx
dy dx
Replace by 
dx dy

 dx 
⟹y2-x2-2xy    + c=0
 dy 
dx
⟹y2-x2+2xy + c=0
dy

This can be written as

dx 1 2 -(c + y 2 )
2x  x =
dy y y

This is a Bernoulli’s equation in x

dx du
So put x2=u  2x =
dy dy

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 du 1 -(c + y 2 )
 - u=
dy y y

which is a linear equation in ‘u’

1
 y dy 1
 I.F = e  e  log y 
y


General solution is u(I.F) = Q(y).I.Fdy + k

1 -(c + y2 ) 1
 x = 2
dy  k
y y y

 -2 
= -c  -y+k
y

x2 c
 = -y+k
y y

2 2 2
3. Find orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x 3 + y 3 = a 3

2 2 2
Sol : The equation of the given family of curves is x 3 + y 3 = a 3 …(1)

-1
2 -1 2 -1 dy dy y 3
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get x 3 + y 3 =0 = -1 …(2)
3 3 dx dx
x3

This is the differential equation of the given family of curves.

-1 -1
3 3
dy dx dx y dx y
Changing to - in (2), we get - = - -1  = -1 …(3)
dx dy dy 3
dy
x x3
1 1
Separating the variables in (3), we get x dx = y dy 3 3

1 1
Integrating, we get  x 3 dx =  y 3dy + c

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 4 4
3 4 3 4
 x 3 = y3 + c or x 3 - y 3 = c1
4 4
This is the orthogonal equation.

4.Find the O.T’s of the family of parabolas through origin and foci on y –axis.

Sol : The equation of the family of parabolas through the origin and foci on y-axis is x2=4ay
where ‘a’ is parameter.

dy
Differentiating with respective ‘x’  2x =4a
dx

dy x
 =
dx 2a

dx x
O.T ⟹ - =
dy 2a

dx dy
- =
x 2a

y
On integrating, we get -logx = +c
2a

 y + 2alogx = c1 is the equation of required O.T.

x -y
5.Find the O.T of the one parameter family of curves e + e =c.

x -y
Sol : Given equation is e + e =c.

dy
Differentiating with respective ‘x’  e x + e-y (- )=0
dx

dx
Its O.T  e + e ( ) = 0 ⟹ e-x dx + e y dy = 0
x -y

dy

-x y
On integrating, we get, -e + e = c which is the required O.T

ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES IN POLAR FORM

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Working Rule: To find the O.T of a given family of curves in polar-co ordinates.

Let f(r,θ,c)=0-----(1) be the given family of curves in polar form.

dr
1.) Differentiating (1) with respect to obtain F [r,θ, ] =0 by eliminating the parameter c.
dθ
dr dθ
2.) Replace by  r2 then the Differential Equation of family of O.T is
dθ dr
dθ
F [ r,θ,- r2 ] =0
dr
3.) Solve the above equation to get the equation of O.T of (1)

Self-orthogonal

A family of curves is said to be self orthogonal when the differential equation of the family of O.T is same as that
of the original family.

Problems
1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r n cosθ = a n .

Sol : Given family of curves is r n cosθ = a n

Taking logarithms on both sides,

nlogr + logcosθ = nloga

Differentiating w.r.t θ, we get

n dr 1
+ (-sinθ) = 0
r dθ cosθ
n dr
- tanθ = 0 …(2)
r dθ

is the differential equation of family of curves.

dr dθ
To get the differential equation of orthogonal trajectories, replace with -r 2
dθ dr

n  2 dθ 
Now, we have  -r  - tanθ = 0
r dr 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 dθ
 nr + tanθ = 0 …(3)
dr
This is differential equation of orthogonal trajectories.

Separating variables, we get

dr
ncotθdθ + =0
r

Integrating, we get

nlogsinθ + logr = log  logsin n θ + logr = logc

or log(rsin n θ) = logc

 c = rsin n θ which is the required O.T.

2.Find the Orthogonal trajectories of the family of cardioids r = a(1- cosθ) where

‘a’ is the parameter.

Sol : Given r = a(1- cosθ) …(1)

Differentiating the given equation w.r.t ‘θ’, we get

dr 1 dr
= asinθ  a = (2)
dθ sinθ dθ

θ θ
2rsin   cos  
1- cosθ dr dr rsinθ 2 2
Eliminating ‘a’ from (1) and (2) we get r =  = =
sinθ dθ dθ 1- cosθ θ
2sin 2  
2

dr θ
 = rcot   …(3)
dθ 2

dr dθ
The differential equation of required O.T is obtained by replacing with -r 2 in (3)
dθ dr

dθ  θ  dr θ
 -r 2 = rcot   Þ = -tan   dθ
dr 2 r 2

On integrating, we get

logr = 2log | cos(θ / 2) | +log(2c) = log(2ccos2 (θ / 2))

or r = 2ccos 2 (θ / 2)  r = c(1+ cosθ)

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 This is the equation of family of orthogonal trajectories.

2
3.Prove that the system of parabolas y = 4a(x + a) is self orthogonal.

Sol : Given parabola is

y2 = 4a(x + a)

 y' = 4ax + 4a 2 …(1)

yy1
Differentiating (1) with respect to x,we get 2yy1 = 4a  a = …(2)
2

yy1 y2 y12
Substituting (2) in (1), y 2 = 4 x+4
2 4

or y 2 = 2xyy1 + y 2 y12 ….. (3)

Equation (3) is the differential equation of the given system of parabolas. Replacing with , we

get equation of the orthogonal trajectories as

2
 -1   -1  2xy y 2
y = 2xy   + y 2    y 2 =
2
+
 y1   y1  y1 y12

 y 2 y12 = -2xyy1 + y 2 or y 2 = 2xyy1 + y 2 y12 …(4)

which is differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the given family.

Equations (3) and (4) are same, hence the given system is self orthogonal.

x2 y2
4. Show that the system of confocal conics 2 + = 1 where  is a parameter,
a + λ b2 + λ

is self orthogonal.

x2 y2
Sol : Given equation of family of confocal conics is + =1 …(1)
a 2 + λ b2 + λ

Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 2x 2y dy
+ 2 = 0. For convenience, we write
a + λ b + λ dx
2

x y
 + 2 p = 0  x(b 2 + λ) + py(a 2 + λ) = 0
a +λ b +λ2

-(b2 x + a 2 yp)
λ=
x + yp

-(a 2 - b2 )yp
a + λ =
2 (a 2 - b 2 )x and b2 + λ = …(2)
x + yp x + yp

Eliminating  from (1) and (2), we get

x(x + yp) y(x + yp)  x + yp   y 

- 2 2 = 1  2 2  x -  = 1
 a - b  p 
2 2
a -b (a - b )p
…(3)
 y
 (x + yp)  x -  = a 2 - b 2
 p

This is the differential equation of the family of curves (1). We get the differential equation of the family of
orthogonal trajectories by replacing

dy dx 1 1
p= with - =- =- .
dx dy  dy  p
 
 dx 

Hence the differential equation of orthogonal trajectories is

 y 2 2
 x -  (x + py) = a - b …(4)
 p

which is same as (3). Thus we see that the differential equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories is same as
that of the original family. Hence the given family of curves is orthogonal to itself. Hence it is a self orthogonal
family of curves.

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

STATEMENT: The rate of change of the temperature of a body is proportional to the difference of the
temperature of the body and that of the surrounding medium.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Let be the temperature of the body at time ‘t’ and θ0 be the temperature of its surrounding

medium(usually air). By the Newton’s law of cooling , we have

dθ dθ
α(θ - θ 0 )  = -k(θ - θ 0 ) k is +ve constant
dt dt

dθ
 = -k  dt
(θ - θ 0 )

 log (θ - θ0 ) = -kt +c.

If initially θ= θ1 is the temperature of the body at time t=0 then

c = log(θ1 - θ0 )

 log (θ - θ0 ) = -kt+ log(θ1 - θ0 )

 θ - θ0 
 log   = -kt.
θ -
 1 0θ

 θ - θ0  -kt
 =e
θ -
 1 0θ

θ = θ 0 + (θ1 - θ 0 ) = e -kt

which gives the temperature of the body at time‘t’.

PROBLEMS

1. A pot of boiling water 1000 C is removed from

the fire and allowed to cool at 30 0 C room temperature. 2 mins later, the temperature of the
water in the pot is 90 0 C .What will be the temperature of water after 5 mins?

Sol : We have θ - 30 = ce
-kt
…(1)

When t = 0,θ = 100

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 from (1), we get c = 70

 θ - 300 = 70e-kt …(2)

When t = 2,θ = 90

From (2), 90 - 30 = 70e-2k

 60 = 70e-2k
6
 -2k = log  
7
= 0.1542

 k = 0.0771

When t = 5,θ - 30 = 70e

-5k

 θ = 77.460

2. A body is originally at 800C and cools down

to 600 C in 20 min . If the temperature of the air is 400 C find the temperature of body after 40
min.
Sol : By Newton’s law of cooling we have
dθ
= -k (θ - θ 0 ) where θ0 is the temperature of the air.
dt

dθ
 = -k  dt  log(θ - θ 0 ) = -kt + logc
(θ - θ 0 )

Here θ 0 = 400 C
 log(θ - 40) = -kt + log c
 θ - 40 
 log   = -kt
 c 
 θ - 40  -kt
 =e
 c 
 θ = 40 + ce-kt --------------(1)
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 When t=0, θ = 800 C
 80 = 40 +c  c = 40 ------------(2).
When t=20, θ = 600 C  60 = 40+ ce-20k ------------(3).
Solving (2) & (3)  ce-20k =20
 40e 2 k =20
 k = -20log2
 1 
- log2  40
0  20 
When t = 40 C then equation (1) is θ = 40 + 40e
= 40 +40 e -2log2
 1
= 40 +  40X 
 4

 θ = 500 C

3. An object whose temperature is 750C cools in

an atmosphere of constant temperature C, at the rate of k𝛉, being the excess temperature of
the body over that of the temperature. If after 10min, the temperature of the object falls to 65 0
C , find its temperature after 20 min. Also find the time required to cool down to 55 0C.
Sol : We will take one minute as unit of time.
dθ
It is given that = -kt
dt
 θ = ce -kt ------------(1).

Initially when t=0  θ = 75 - 25 = 50

0 0 0

 c= 500

Hence c = 50  θ = 50e -----------------(2)

-kt

When t= 10 min  θ = 65 - 25 = 40
0 0 0

 40= 50 e-10k

4
 e -10k = ---------------------(3).
5

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 The value of θ when t=20  θ = ce -kt

θ = 50e-k

θ = 50(e-10k )2

2
4
  50  
5

When t=20  θ= 320 C .

Hence the temperature after 20min = 320 C + 250 C = 570 C
When the temperature of the object = 550C
θ = 550 C - 250 C = 300 C
Let t, be the corresponding time from equation (2)
30 = 50e-kt -----------(4)
1
10 4  4 10
From equation (3) e(-k) = i.e e-k =  
5 5
t1
 4 10 t 4 3
From equation (4), we get 30 = 50    1 log = log
5 10 5 5

  3
 log  5  
 t1 = 10     = 22.9min
 log  4  
  5  

4. A body kept in air with temperature 250C

cools from 1400C to 800C in 20 min. Find when the body cools down in 350C.
dθ dθ
Sol : By Newton’s law of cooling = -k(θ - θ 0 )  = -kdt
dt θ - θ0

 log(θ - θ0 ) = kt + c . Here, θ 0 = 250 C

 log(θ - 25) = kt + c -------------(1).

When t=0, θ = 1400 C

 log (115) =c
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
  c =log (115).
 kt = - log (θ - 25) + log 115--------(2)
When t=20, θ = 800 C
 log (80-25)= -20k + log 115
 20 k =log (115) - log(55) ---------(3)

kt log115 - log(θ - 25)

Divide equation (2) by (3), we get =
20k log115 - log55

t log115 - log(θ - 25)

⟹ =
20 log115 - log55
t log115 - log(10)
When θ = 350 C  =
20 log115 - log55
t log(11.5)
 = =3.31
20  28 
log  
 11 
 temperature = 20  3.31 = 66.2
The temp will be 350 C after 66.2 min.
5. The temperature of the body drops from
1000 C to 75 0 C in 10 min. When the surrounding air is at 20 0 C temperature. What will be its
temp after half an hour. When will the temperature be 25 0 C .

dθ
Sol : = -k(θ - θ 0 )
dt

log(θ - 20) = -kt + logc

when t=0, θ = 100 ⟹c=80

0

11
when t=10, θ = 75 ⟹ e -10k =
0
.
16

 1331 
when t =30min⟹ θ = 20 + 80   = 46 C
0

 4096 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 log5 - log80
when θ = 250 C  t = 10 = 74.86min
(log11- log18)

6. If the air is maintained at 150 C and the temperature of the body drops from 700 C to 400 C in
10 minutes. What will be its temperature after 30 minutes?

dθ
Sol : If θ be the temperature of the body at time t, then = -k(θ -15) , where k is constant
dt

dθ
Integrating,  θ -15 = -k  dt + logc
i.e log(θ -15) = -kt + logc i.e , θ -15 = ce-kt …(1)

When t  0,  700 C and when t  10,  400 C

 70  15  ce0  c  55 40  15  ce 10 k
and
25 5
 = e-10k or e -10k = …(2)
55 11
Then (1) becomes θ -15 = 55e -kt

When t=30 min, θ = 15 + 55e

-30k

3
5
 θ = 15 + 55(e ) = 15 + 55   using (2)
-10k 3

 11 
625 2441
= 15 + = = 20.160 C .
121 121

7. In a pot of boiling water 1000 C is removed from the fire and allowed to cool at 30 0 C room
temperature. Two minutes later, the temperature of the water in the pot is 90 0 C . What will be the
temperature of the water after 5 minutes?

Sol : We have θ - 300 C = ce-kt …(1)

when t = 0,θ = 100  c = 70

 θ - 300 C = 70e-kt …(2)

when, t = 2,θ = 90
0

from (2), 60 = 70e-2k

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 6
 -2k = log   = -0.1542
7
 k = 0.0771

when t = 5,θ - 300 = 70e-5k

 θ = 77.460

8. The temperature of a cup of coffee is 92 0 C when freshly poured, the room temperature being 24 0 C . In
one min it was cooled to 80 0 C . How long a period must elapse, before the temperature of the cup becomes
65 0 C .

Sol : By Newton’s Law of cooling,

dθ
= -k(θ - θ 0 ) ;k>0
dt

θ 0 = 240 C  log(θ - 24) = -kt + log c--------------(1).

When t=0; θ = 92  c =68

68
When t =1; θ = 80 C  e -k =
0

56

56
 k = log .
68

65x41
When θ = 65 C , t =
0
= 0.576min
682

LAW OF NATURAL GROWTH OR DECAY

Statement : Let x(t) or x be the amount of a substance at time ‘ t’ and let the substance be getting converted
chemically . A law of chemical conversion states that the rate of change of amount x(t) of a chemically changed
substance is proportional to the amount of the substance available at that time

dx
αx
dt

Note: a) In case of Natural growth we take

dx
= kx (k > 0)
dt
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 dx
b) In case of Natural decay, we take = -kx (k>0)
dt
where k is a constant of proportionality

RATE OF DECAY OF RADIO ACTIVE MATERIALS

Statement : The disintegration at any instant is proportional to the amount of material present in it.

du
If u is the amount of the material at any time ‘t’ , then = - ku , where k is any constant (k >0). i.e
dt
Law of Natural Decay is applied.

PROBLEMS

1. The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at

a rate proportional to N . The value of N was initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour.
1
What was the value of N after 1 hrs .
2

dN
Sol : The differential equation to be solved is = kN
dt

dN
 = kdt
N

dN

N 
= kdt

 logN = kt + log c

 N = c e -kt ------------(1).

When t= 0sec, N =100  100 = c  c =100

When t =3600sec, N =332  332 =100 e

3600k

332
 e3600k =
100

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 3
Now when t = hours = 5400 sec then N=100 e5400k
2

3
 N =100 e3600k  2

3
 332  2
 N=100  = 605.
 100 

 N = 605.

2. A bacterial culture, growing exponentially, increases from 100 to 400 gms in 10 hrs. How much
was present after 3 hrs, from the initial instant?

Sol : Let N be the weight of bacteria culture at any .

Then N = ce -kt …(1)

By data, when t = 0, N = 100g

100 = c
Substituting in (1), we get N = 100e-kt …(2)

When t = 100, N = 400g

-10k
from (2), 400 = 100e

 4 = e-10k
 -10k = log4
1 1
 k = - log22 = - log(2)
10 5
…(3)
When t = 3, N = 100e-3k

 1  3
-3 - log2 
 5  (log2) 5
= 100e = 100e
3 1
5 5
= 100X(2) = 100X8 = 100X1.414
= 141.4gms

3.If a radioactive Carbon-14 has a half life of 5750 years, what will remain of one gram after 3000years?

Sol : Let mass of radioactive Carbon-14 at any time be denoted by .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 dx
Then it is known that = -kt where k is a constant
dt

 x = Ae-kt where A is also a constant.

It is known that at t=0, we have 1gm of Carbon-14

1 = Ae0  A = 1
 x = e-kt

However when t=5750 years, we have 1/2gm of Carbon-14.

1 1
 = e-k(5750)  k = log2
2 5750

Suppose t=3000years, we have to find x.

3000
- log2
 x = e-kt = e-3000k = e 5750
3000
- gms
 x = (2) 5750

4. If 30% of a radioactive substance disappears in 10 days, how long will it take for 90% of it to
disappear?

Sol : The differential equation of the diffusing radioactive material is,

dm
= -km …(1)
dt
Separating the variables and integrating, we get

m = ce -kt …(2)
When t = 0 , let m = m1

 m1 = c
…(3)
70m
By data, when t = 10, m =
100

70m1
 = ce-10k = m1e-10k
100
7 1 7
 e-10k =  k = - log  
10 10  10 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1  10 
k = log  
10  7 …(4)
Required time at is

10m1 1
= ce-kt = m1e-kt  = e-kt
100 10
1
 t = log(10)
k
10log(10)
  64.5 days.
log10  log 7

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 UNIT-II
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND AND HIGHER ORDER

dn y d n-1y d n-2 y
Definition: An equation of the form + P1 (x) + P2 (x) +…+ Pn (x)y = Q(x) where
dx n dx n-1 dx n-2
P1 (x), P2 (x), P3 (x)…Pn (x) and Q(x) (functions of x) are continuous is called a linear differential equation
of order n.
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
dn y d n-1y d n-2 y
Def: An equation of the form + P1 + P2 +…+ Pn y = Q(x) where P1 , P2 , P3 Pn , are real
dx n dx n-1 dx n-2
constants and Q(x) is a continuous function of x is called an linear differential equation of order ‘ n’ with
constant coefficients.
Note:
d d2 dn
1. Operator D = ; D2 = 2 ;…………………… Dn = n
dx dx dx

dy 2 d 2 y dn y
Dy = ;D y= 2 ;…………………… Dn y= n
dx dx dx
1
2. Operator Q =  Qdx i e D-1Q is called the integral of Q.
D

To find the general solution of f(D).y = 0 :

Here f(D) = Dn + P1Dn-1 + P2 D n-2 +…+ Pn is a polynomial in D.
Now consider the auxiliary equation: f(m) = 0
i.e f(m) = m n + P1m n-1 + P2 m n-2 +…+ Pn  0

where P1 , P2 , P3 …Pn are real constants.

Let the roots of f(m) =0 be m1 , m2 , m3 …mn .

Depending on the nature of the roots we write the complementary function
as follows:

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Consider the following table
S.No Roots of A.E Complementary function(C.F)
f(m) =0
1. m1, m2, ..mn are yc = c1e m1x + c 2e m2 x +…c n e mn x
real and distinct.
2. m1, m2, ..mn and
two roots are yc = (c1 + c2 )e m1x + c3e m3x +…c n e mn x
equal i.e., m1,
m2 are equal and
real (i.e repeated
twice) &the rest
are real and
different.
3. m1, m2, ..mn are yc = (c1 + c 2 x + c3 x 2 )e m1x + c 4e m4 x +…c n e mn x
real and three
roots are equal
i.e., m1, m2 , m3
are equal and
real (i.e repeated
thrice) &the rest
are real and
different.
4. Two roots of yc = eαx (c1cosβx + c2sinβx) + c3e m3x +…c n e mn x
A.E are
complex say
+i -i and
rest are real and
distinct.
5. If ±i are yc = eαx (c1 + c2 x)cosβx + (c3 + c4 x)sinβx  + c5em5x +…cn emn x
repeated twice
& rest are real
and distinct
6. If ±i are yc = eαx (c1 + c 2 x + c3 x 2 )cosβx + (c4 + c5 x + c6 x 2 )sinβx 
repeated thrice +c7 em7 x +…cn emn x
& rest are real
and distinct

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 7. If roots of A.E. yc = eαx c1cosh βx + c2sinh βx  + c3em3x +.......+ cn e mn x
irrational say
   and rest
are real and
distinct.

Solve the following Differential equations

d3y dy
1. Solve 3
-3 + 2y = 0
dx dx
Sol : Given equation is of the form f(D).y = 0
Where f(D) = (D3 - 3D + 2)y = 0
Now consider the auxiliary equation f(m) = 0
f(m) = (m3 - 3m + 2)y = 0  (m-1)(m-1)(m+2) = 0
 m =1,1,-2
Since m1 and m 2 are equal and m 3 is -2

We have yc = (c1 + c 2 )e x + c3e-2x

2. Solve (D4-2D3-3D2+4D+4)y = 0
Sol : Given f(D) = (D4 -2 D3 - 3 D2 + 4D +4) y = 0 …(1)
Auxillary equation is f(m)=0
 m 4 - 2m3 - 3m 2 + 4m + 4 = 0 …(2)
By inspection m+1 is its factor.
(m +1)(m3 - 3m2 + 4) = 0 …(3)

By inspection m+1 is factor of (m3 - 3m2 + 4) .

 (3) is  m +1 m +1  m 2 - 4m + 4  = 0

 (m +1)2 (m - 2)2 = 0
 m = -1, -1, 2, 2
Hence general solution of (1) is

y = (c1 + c 2 x)e-x + (c3 + c 4 x)e 2x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

3.Solve (D4 +8D2 + 16) y = 0
Sol : Given f(D) = (D4 +8D2 + 16) y = 0
Auxiliary equation f(m) = (m4 +8 m2 + 16) = 0
 (m2 + 4)2 = 0
 (m+2i)2 (m+2i)2 = 0
 m= 2i ,2i , -2i , -2i

yc = [(c1+c2x)cos x + (c3+c4x) sin x)]

4.Solve y11+6y1+9y = 0 ; y(0) = -4 , y1(0) = 14

Sol : Given equation is y11+6y1+9y = 0
Auxiliary equation f(D) y = 0  (D2 +6D +9) y = 0
A.equation f(m) = 0  (m2 +6m +9) = 0
 m = -3 ,-3
yc = (c1+c2x)e-3x -------------------> (1)
Differentiate of (1) w.r.to x  y1 =(c1+c2x)(-3e-3x ) + c2(e-3x )
Given y1 (0) =14  c1 = -4 & c2 =2
Hence we get y =(-4 + 2x) (e-3x )
5.Solve 4y111 + 4y11 +y1 = 0
Sol : Given equation is 4y111 + 4y11 +y1 = 0
That is (4D3+4D2+D)y=0
Auxiliary equation f(m) = 0
4m3 +4m2 + m = 0
m(4m2 +4m + 1) = 0
m (2m +1) 2 = 0
m = 0 , -1/2 ,-1/2
y =c1 + (c2 + c3x) e-x/2
6.Solve (D2 - 3D +4) y = 0
Sol : Given equation (D2 - 3D +4) y = 0
A.E. f(m) = 0
m2-3m + 4 = 0
3 ± 9 -16 3 ± i 7
m= =
2 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 3 7
α ± iβ  i
2 2
3
7 7
y = e 2 (c1cos
x + c 2sin x)
2 2
To Find General solution of f(D) y = Q(x)
It is given by y = yc + yp
i.e. y = C.F+P.I
Where the P.I consists of no arbitrary constants and P.I of f (D) y = Q(x)

1
Is evaluated as P.I = Qx
f(D)
Depending on the type of function of Q(x) , P.I is evaluated .

1 2
1. Find (x )
D
1 2 x3
Sol : (x ) =  x 2dx =
D 3

1
2. Find Particular value of (x)
D +1
1
Sol : (x) = e-x  xe x dx (By definition)
D +1

= e-x (xex - ex )

= x-1

General methods of finding Particular integral :

1
P.I of f(D)y=Q(x), when is expressed as partial fractions.
f(D)
Q. Solve (D2 + a 2 )y = secax

Sol : Given equation is …(1)

Let f(D) = D2 + a 2

The AE is f(m) = 0 i.e m 2 + a 2 = 0 …(2)

The roots are m= -ai , -ai

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 yc = c1cosax + c2sinax
1 1  1 1 
yp = secax = - secax …(3)
2
D +a 2 
2ai  D - ai D + ai 

1 cosax - isinax
secax = eiax  secaxdx = eiax  dx
D - ai cosax

 i 
= eiax  (1- itanax)dx = eiax  x + logcosax  …(4)
 a 

1  i 
Similarly we get secax = e-iax  x - logcosax  …(5)
D + ai  a 

From (3),(4) and (5), we get

1  iax  i   i 
yp =  e x + logcosax  - e-iax x - logcosax 
2ai   a   a 

x(eiax - e-iax ) 1 (eiax + e -iax )

= + 2 (logcosax)
2ai a 2
x 1
= sinax + 2 cosaxlog(cosax)
a a

 The general solution of (1) is

x 1
y = yc + y p = c1cosax + c 2sinax + sinax + 2 cosaxlog(cosax)
a a

RULES FOR FINDING P.I IN SOME SPECIAL CASES;

Type 1. P.I of f (D)y=Q(x) where Q(x) =eax , where ‘a’ is constant.

1 1 ax 1 ax
Case1.P.I = .Q(x) = e = e
f(D) f(D) f(a)
provided f(a) ≠ 0
i.e In f(D), put D=a and Particular integral will be calculated.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Case 2: If f(a)=0 then the above method fails. Then if f  D  =  D - a    D  (i.e ‘a’ is repeated root k
k

times).
1 ax 1 k
Then P.I = e . x provided  (a)  0
 (a) k!
Type 2. P.I of f(D)y = Q(x) where Q(x) = sinax or Q(x) = cosax where ‘a’ is constant then
1
P.I= Q(x) .
f(D)
sinax
Case 1: In f(D) put D2 = -a 2  f(-a 2 )  0 then P.I =
f(-a) 2

Case 2: If f(-a2)=0 then D2 + a2 is a factor of  (D 2 ) and hence it is a factor of f(D). Then let f(D)=(D 2 +

a2) f(D) = (D2 + a 2 ) (D2 ) .

sinax sinax 1 sinax 1 -xcosax
= 2 2 = =
  -a 2  2a
Then
f(D) (D + a ) (D )  (-a ) D + a
2 2 2 2

cosax cosax 1 cosax 1 xsinax

= 2 2 = =
f(D) (D + a ) (D )  (-a ) D + a
2 2 2 2
  -a 2  2a

Type 3.P.I for f(D)y=Q(x) where Q(x)=xk where k is a positive integer .f(D) can be expressed as
f(D) = [1   (D)]
1 1
Express   [1   (D)]1
f(D) [1   (D)]
1
Hence P.I = Q(x)
[1   (D)]

= [1   (D)]1 x k
Type 4.P.I of f(D)y=Q(x) when Q(x)=eax V where ‘a’ is a constant and V is function of x. where V
=sinax or cosax or xk
1
Then P.I = Q(x)
f(D)
1 ax
= e V
f(D)

 1  1
= eax  V & V is evaluated depending on V.
 f(D + a)  f(D + a)
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Type 5. P.I of f(D)y=Q(x) when Q(x)=xV where V is a function of x.
1
Then P.I = Q(x)
f(D)
1
= V
f(D)

 1  1
= x - f'(D)  V
 f(D)  f(D)
Type 6. P.I. of f(D)y=Q(x) where Q(x)=xmv where v is a function of x.
1 1 m
When P.I. = ×Q(x) = x v, where v = cosax or sinax
f(D) f(D)
1 m 1 m iax
i. P.I. = x sinax = I.P.of x e
f(D) f(D)
1 m 1 m iax
ii. P.I. = x cosax = R.P.of x e
f(D) f(D)

Formulae

1. = (1 – D)-1 = 1 + D + D2 + D3 + ------------------

2. = (1 + D)-1 = 1 - D + D2 - D3 + ------------------

3. = (1 – D)-2 = 1 + 2D + 3D2 + 4D3 + ------------------

4. = (1 + D)-2 = 1 - 2D + 3D2 - 4D3 + ------------------

5. = (1 – D)-3 = 1 + 3D + 6D2 + 10D3 + ------------------

6. = (1 + D)-3 = 1 - 3D + 6D2 - 10D3 + ------------------

Problems
1. Solve (4D2 - 4D +1)y = 100
1 -1
Sol : A.E is 4m 2 - 4m +1 = 0  (2m -1) 2 = 0  m = ,
2 2
x
C.F = (c1 + c2 x)e 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 100 100e0x 100
Now P.I = 2
= 2
= 2
 100 { since 100e0x  100 }
4D - 4D +1 (2D -1) (0 -1)
x
Hence the general solution is y = C.F + P.F = (c1 + c2 x)e  100
2

2. Solve the differential equation (D2 + 4)y = sinh2x + 7 .

Sol : Auxillary equation is m 2 + 4 = 0

 m2 = -4  m = ±2i

 C.F is yc = c1cos2x + c2sin2x …(1)

To find P.I :

1
yp = 2
(sinh2x + 7)
D +4

1  e 2x + e-2x 
= 2  + 7e0 
D +4 2 
1 e2x 1 e-2x e0
= . 2 + + 7
2 D + 4 2 D2 + 4 (D 2 + 4)
e2x e-2x 7
= + +
2(4 + 4) 2(4 + 4) (0 + 4)

e2x + e-2x 7 1 7
= + = sinh2x + …(2)
16 4 8 4

y = yc + y p

1 7
= c1cos2x + c 2sin2x + sinh2x +
8 4
3. Solve (D + 2)(D -1)2 y = e-2x + 2sinhx

Sol : The given equation is

(D + 2)(D -1)2 y = e-2x + 2sinhx …(1)

This is of the form f(D)y = e-2x + 2sinhx

A.E is f(m) = 0  (m + 2)(m -1) 2 = 0  m = -2,1,1

The roots are real and one root is repeated twice.

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
  C.F is y c = c1e-2x + (c 2 + c3 x)e x .

e-2x + 2sinhx e-2x + ex - e-x

P.I = = = yp1 + yp2 + y p3
(D + 2)(D -1)2 (D + 2)(D -1)2
e-2x
Now yp1 =
(D + 2)(D -1)2

Hence f(-2) = 0. Let f(D) = (D -1)2 . Then  (2)  0 and m  1

e-2x x xe-2x
 yp1 = =
9 9

ex
and yp2 = . Here f(1)=0
(D + 2)(D -1)2

ex x 2 x 2ex
= =
(3)2! 6
-x
e
and yp3 =
(D + 2)(D -1)2

e-x e-x
Putting D=-1, we get yp3 = =
(1)(-2)2 4

 The general solution is y = yc + y p + y p + y p

1 2 3

xe-2x x 2e x e-x
i.e y = c1e-2x + (cc + c3 x)e x + + -
9 6 4

4. Solve the differential equation (D2 + D +1)y = sin2x .

2
Sol : A.E is m + m +1 = 0

-1± 1- 4 -1± 3i
m= =
2 2

-x
 x 3 x 3
 y c = e 2  c1cos + c 2sin  …(1)
 2 2 

To find P.I :

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 sin2x sin2x
yp = 2
=
D + D +1 -4 + D +1
sin2x (D + 3)sin2x (D + 3)sin2x
= = =
D-3 D2 - 9 -4 - 9
Dsin2x + 3sin2x 2cos2x + 3sin2x
= =
-13 -13
-x
 x 3 x 3 1
 y = y c + y p = e 2  c1cos + c 2sin  - (2cos2x + 3sin2x)
 2 2  13

5. Solve (D2 - 4)y = 2cos2 x

Sol : Given equation is (D2 - 4)y = 2cos 2 x …(1)

Let f(D) = D2 - 4 A.E is f(m) = 0 i.e m 2 - 4 = 0

The roots are m=2,-2. The roots are real and different.

 C.F = yc = c1e 2x + c 2e-2x

1 1
P.I = y p = 2 (2cos 2 x) = 2 (1+ cos2x)
D -4 D -4
0x
e cos2x
= 2 + 2 = P.I1 + P.I 2
D -4 D -4

e0x e0x 1
P.I1 = y p1 = 2
[Put D=0] = =-
D -4 -4 4
cos2x cos2x
P.I 2 = y p2 = 2 = [Put D2 = -22 = -4 ]
D -4 -8

 The general solution of (1) is y = y c + y p + y p

1 2

1 cos2x
y = c1e 2x + c 2e -2x - -
4 8

6. Solve (D2 +1)y = sinxsin2x

Sol : Given D.E is (D2 +1)y = sinxsin2x

A.E is m +1 = 0  m = ±i
2

The roots are complex conjugate numbers.

C.F is yc = c1cosx + c2sinx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 w.k.t 2sinAsinB=cos(A-B)–cos(A+B)

sinxsin2x 1 cosx - cos3x

P.I = = = P.I1 + P.I 2
(D2 +1) 2 (D2 +1)

1 cosx
Now P.I1 =
2 D 2 +1

Put D2 = -1 we get D 2 +1 = 0

1 xsinx xsinx  cosax x 

 P.I1 = =  Case of failure : D 2 + a = 2a sinax 
2 2 4
1 cos3x
and P.I 2 = -
2 D2 +1

Put D2 = -9, we get

1 cos3x cos3x
P.I 2 = - =
2 -9 +1 16

General solution is

xsinx cos3x
y = yc + y p1 + y p2 = c1cosx + c 2sinx +
+
4 16
3 2
7. Solve the differential equation (D - 3D -10D + 24)y = x + 3 .

Sol : The given D.E is (D3 - 3D2 -10D + 24)y = x + 3

A.E is m3 - 3m 2 -10m + 24 = 0

⟹m=2 is a root.
The other two roots are given by m 2 - m - 2 = 0

 (m - 2)(m +1) = 0
⟹m=2 (or) m = -1
One root is real and repeated, other root is real.

C.F is y c = e 2x (c1 + c 2 x) + c3e -x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x +3 1 x3 + 3
yp = =
3 2
(D - 3D -10D + 24) 24  D3 - 3D 2 -10D 
1+  
 24 
-1
1 1+ D3 - 3D 2 -10D 
24   (x + 3)
=
24 
1   D3 - 3D 2 -10D  
= 1-    (x + 3)
24   24 
1  10  24x + 82
=  x +3+  =
24  24  576
General solution is y = y c + y p

24x + 82
 y = e 2x (c1 + c 2 x) + c3e -x +
576
8. Solve the differential equation (D2 - 4D + 4)y = e2x + x2 + sin3x .

Sol : The A.E is (m2 - 4m + 4) = 0  (m - 2)2 = 0  m = 2, 2

 yc = (c1 + c 2 x)e 2x …(1)

1
To find y p : y p = 2
(e 2x + x 2 + sin3x)
D - 4D + 4

e 2x x2 sin3x
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
(D - 2) (D - 2) D - 4D + 4
x 2 2x x2 sin3x
= e + 2
+
2!  D  -9 - 4D + 4
4 1- 
 2
-2
x 2 2x 1  D  2 (4D - 5)sin3x
= e + 1-  x -
2 4 2  (5 + 4D)
x 2 2x 1  2D 3D 2  2 (4D - 5)sin3x
= e + 1+ + x -
2 4 2 4  16D 2 - 25
x 2 2x x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
= e + + + -
2 4 2 8 -144 - 25

x 2 2x x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
= e + + + + …(2)
2 4 2 8 169

x 2 2x x 2 x 3 (12cos3x - 5sin3x)
y = yc + y p = (c1 + c 2 x)e 2x + = e + + + +
2 4 2 8 169

9. Solve the differential equation (D2 + 4)y = xsinx .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Sol : Auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 - 0  m2 = (2i) 2

m = ±2i. The roots are complex and conjugate.

Hence Complementary Function, yc = c1cos2x + c2sin2x

1
Particular integral, y p = 2
xsinx
D +4

1
= I.P of 2
xeix
D +4
1 1
= I.P ofeix 2
x = I.P of eix 2 x
(D + i) + 4 D + 2Di + 3
-1
eix  D 2 + 2Di 
= I.P of 1+  x
3  3 
eix  D 2 + 2Di 
= I.P of 1- + ...  x
3  3 
eix  2 
1- Di  x  D (x) = 0, etc 
2
= I.P of
3  3 
1  2
= I.P of (cosx + isinx)  x - i 
3  3
1 2 
=  - cosx + xsinx 
3 3 

Hence the general solution is

1 2 
y = yc + y p = c1cos2x + c 2sin2x +  xsinx - cosx 
3 3 
where c1 and c2 are constants.

1
Other Method (using type 5): y p = 2
xsinx
D +4

 2D  sinx
= x - 
 D2 + 4  D2 + 4

xsinx 2(Dsinx)
= -
3 3(D2 + 4)

xsinx 2cosx
= -
3 9
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Hence the general solution is

1 2 
y = yc + y p = c1cos2x + c 2sin2x +  xsinx - cosx 
3 3 

10. Solve the Differential equation(D2+5D+6)y=ex

Sol : Given equation is (D2+5D+6)y=ex

Here Q(x) =e x

Auxiliary equation is f(m)=m2+5m+6=0

m2+3m+2m+6=0

m(m+3)+2(m+3)=0

m=-2 or m=-3

The roots are real and distinct

C.F=yc= c1e-2x + c 2 e-3x

1
Particular Integral=yp= Q(x)
f(D)

1 1
= 2
ex = ex
D + 5D + 6 (D + 2)(D + 3)

Put D = 1 in f(D)

1
P.I= ex
(3)(4)

1 x
Particular Integral=yp= e
12

General solution is y = y c + y p

-2x -3x ex
y = c1e + c 2e +
12
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 11. Solve y''- 4y' + 3y = 4e3x , y(0) = -1, y'(0) = 3
3x
Sol : Given equation is y'' - 4y' + 3y = 4e

d 2 y dy
i.e 2
- 4 + 3y = 4e3x it can be expressed as
dx dx
D2 y - 4Dy + 3y = 4e3x

(D2 - 4D + 3)y = 4e3x

Here Q(x)=4e3x; f(D)= D2-4D+3
Auxiliary equation is f(m)=m2-4m+3 = 0
m2-3m-m+3=0
m(m-3) -1(m-3)=0⟹m=3 or 1
The roots are real and distinct.
C.F= yc = c1e3x + c 2e x

1
P.I= yp = Q(x)
f(D)
1
= 2
4e3x
D - 4D + 3
1
= 4e3x
(D -1)(D - 3)
Put D=3
4e3x 4 e3x x'
yp = = = 2 e3x = 2xe3x
 3 -1 D - 3 2  D - 3 1!
General solution is y = yc+yp
y = c1e3x + c 2e x + 2xe3x …(3)
Equation (3) differentiating with respect to ‘x’

y' = 3c1e3x + c 2e x + 2e3x + 6xe3x …(4)

By data, y(0) = -1 , y1(0)=3

From (3), -1=c1+c2 …(5)
From (4), 3=3c1+c2+2
3c1+c2=1 …(6)

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Solving (5) and (6) we get c1=1 and c2 = -2
y=-2ex +(1+2x)e3x
12. Solve y'' + 4y' + 4y = 4cosx + 3sinx, y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 0

Sol : Given differential equation in operator for

(D2 + 4D + 4)y = 4cosx + 3sinx

A.E is m2+4m+4 = 0

(m+2)2=0 then m=-2, -2

 C.F is yc = (c1 + c2 x)e-2x

4cosx + 3sinx
P.I is= yp = 2
put D2 = -1
(D + 4D + 4)

4cosx + 3sinx (4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)

yp = =
(4D + 3) (4D - 3)(4D + 3)
(4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)
=
16D 2 - 9

(4D - 3)(4cosx + 3sinx)

yp =
-16 - 9

-16sinx +12cosx -12cosx - 9sinx -25sinx

= = = sinx
-25 -25

 General equation is y=yc+yp

y = (c1 + c 2 x)e-2x + sinx …(1)

By given data y(0) = 0, c1 = 0 and

Differentiating (1) w.r.t ‘x’, y' = (c1 + c 2 x)(-2)e-2x + e-2x (c 2 ) + cosx …(2)

given y'(0) = 0

Substitute in (2)  -2c1 + c2+1=0  c2 = -1

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  Required solution is y = -xe-2x + sinx

13. Solve (D2+9)y = cos3x

Sol : Given equation is (D2+9)y = cos3x

A.E is m2+9 = 0

 m = ±3i

yc = C.F = c1cos3x + c2sin3x

cos3x cos3x
y p = P.I = 2
= 2 2
D +9 D +3

x x
= sin3x = sin3x
2(3) 6

General equation is y=yc+yp

x
y = c1cos3x + c 2sin3x + sin3x
6

14. Solve y''' + 2y''- y'- 2y = 1- 4x 3

Sol : Given equation can be written as

(D3 + 2D2 - D - 2)y = 1- 4x 3

3 2
A.E is m + 2m - m - 2 = 0

(m2 -1)(m + 2) = 0

m2 = 1 or m = -2

m = 1, -1, -2

C.F= c1e x + c 2e -x + c3e -2x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1 -1
P.I = (1- 4x 3 ) =
3
(D + 2D2 - D - 2)  (D + 2D 2 - D) 
3
2 1-  (1- 4x 3 )
 2 

-1
-1  (D3 + 2D 2 - D)  3
= 1-  (1- 4x )
2 2 

-1  (D3 + 2D2 - D) (D3 + 2D2 - D) 2 (D3 + 2D2 - D)3 

= 1+ + + +… (1- 4x 3 )
2 2 4 8 

-1  1 3 
1+  D + 2D 2 - D  +  D 2 - 4D3  +  -D3   1- 4x 3 
1 1
= 
2 2 4 8 

-1  5 3 5 2 1 
= 1- D + D - D  (1- 4x 3 )
2 8 4 2 

-1  3 5 5 1 
=  (1- 4x ) - (-24) + (-24x) - (-12x 2 ) 
2 8 4 2 

-1
= -4x 3 + 6x 2 - 30x +16 
2

3 2
= [2x - 3x +15x -8]

The general solution is

y= C.F + P.I

y = c1e x + c 2e-x + c3e-2x +[2x 3 - 3x 2 +15x - 8]

15. Solve (D3 - 7D2 +14D - 8)y = excos2x

Sol : Given equation is

(D3 - 7D2 +14D -8)y = ex cos2x

3 2
A.E is (m - 7m +14m -8) = 0

(m-1)(m-2)(m-4)=0
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 Then m=1,2,4

C.F= c1e x + c 2 e 2x + c3e 4x

ex cos2x
P.I=
(D3 - 7D2 +14D -8)

1  1 ax ax 1 
= ex cos2x  P.I = e v = e v 
(D +1)3 - 7(D +1) 2 +14(D +1) -8  f(D) f D + a 

1
= ex cos2x
3
(D - 4D2 + 3D)

1
= ex cos2x
3
(D - 4D2 + 3D)

1
= ex cos2x (Replacing D2 with -22)
(-4D + 3D +16)

x 1
=e cos2x
(16 - D)

x 16 + D
=e cos2x
(16 - D)(16 + D)

16 + D
= ex cos2x
256 - D 2

x 16 + D
=e cos2x
256 - (-4) 2

ex
= (16cos2x - 2sin2x)
260

2e x
= 8cos2x - sin2x 
260

ex
= 8cos2x - sin2x 
130
General solution is y=yc+yp

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 ex
x 2x
y = c1e + c2e + c3e + 8cos2x - sin2x 
4x

130

16. Solve (D2 - 4D + 4)y = x2sinx + e2x + 3

2 2 2x
Sol : Given (D - 4D + 4)y = x sinx + e + 3

2
A.E is (m - 4m + 4) = 0

(m - 2) 2 =0 then m=2,2

C.F= (c1 + c 2 x)e 2x

x 2sinx + e2x + 3 1 1 1
P.I= 2
= 2
(x 2sinx) + 2
e2x + (3)
(D - 2) (D - 2) (D - 2) (D - 2)2

1 1 ix
Now 2
(x 2sinx) = 2
(x 2 ) (I.P of e )
(D - 2) (D - 2)

1
= I.P of 2
(x 2 )eix
(D - 2)

ix 1
= I.P of (e ) (x 2 )
(D + i - 2)2

1
I.P of (eix ) 2
(x 2 )
(D + i - 2)

On simplification, we get

1 1
2
(x 2sinx) = (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx 
(D + i - 2) 625

1 2x x 2 2x
and e = e ,
(D - 2)2 2

1 3
2
(3) =
(D - 2) 4

1 x2 3
P.I= (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx  + e2x +
625 2 4

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 y=yc+yp

1 x 2 2x 3
y = (c1 + c2 x)e2x +  (220x + 244)cosx + (40x + 33)sinx  + e +
625 2 4

LINEAR EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS

d2 y dy
An equation of the form 2
+ P  x  + Q(x)y = R (x), where P(x), Q(x), R(x) are real valued
dx dx
functions of ‘x’is called linear equation of second order with variable coefficients.

Variation of Parameters :

This method is applied when P,Q in above equation are either functions of ‘x’ or real constants but R is a
function of ‘x’.

Working Rule :

1. Find C.F. Let C.F= y c = c1u(x) + c2 u(x)

vRdx uRdx
2. Take P.I= y p =Au+Bv where A= -  and B = 
uv' - vu' uv' - vu'
3. Write the G.S. of the given equation y = yc + y p
d2 y
1. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve + y = cosecx
dx 2
2
Sol : Given equation in the operator form is (D +1)y = cosecx …(1)

2
A.E is (m +1) = 0

 m = ±i
The roots are complex conjugate numbers.

C.F is yc = c1cosx + c2sinx

Let yp=Acosx+Bsinx be P.I. of (1)

dv du
u -v = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
dx dx

A and B are given by

vRdx sinxcosecx
A= -  uv' - vu' = - 1
dx = - dx = -x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 uRdx
B=  uv1
- vu1 
= cosx.cosecxdx =  cotxdx = log(sinx)

 y p = -xcosx + sinx.log(sinx)

 General solution is y=yc+yp.

y = c1cosx + c2sinx - xcosx + sinx.log(sinx)

2. Solve (D2 - 2D + 2)y = extanx by method of variation of parameters.

Sol : A.E is m 2 - 2m + 2 = 0

2 ± 4 -8 2 ± i2
m = = = 1± i
2 2

We have yc = e x (c1cosx + c 2sinx) = c1e x cosx + c 2e x sinx

= c1 (u) + c2 (u)

x x
where u = e cosx, v = e sinx

du dv
= e x (-sinx) + e x cosx, = e x cosx + e x sinx
dx dx
dv du
u -v = e x cosx(e x cosx + e x sinx) - e x sinx(e x cosx - e x sinx)
dx dx
= e2x (cos2 x + cosxsinx - sinxcosx + sin 2 x) = e2x

Using variation of parameters,

vR e x tanx x
A = - = - 2x (e sinx)dx
dv du e
u -v
dx dx

 sin 2 x  (1- cos 2 x)

= - tanxsinxdx =   dx  =  dx
 cosx  cosx
=  (secx - cosx)dx = log(secx + tanx) - sinx

uR
B = dx
dv du
u -v
dx dx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 e x cosx.e x tanx
= dx =  sinxdx = -cosx
e2x

General solution is given by

i.e y = c1e x cosx + c 2e x sinx +[log(secx + tanx) - sinx]e x cosx - e x cosxsinx

or y = c1e x cosx + c 2e x sinx +[log(secx + tanx) - 2sinx]e x cosx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

Applications of Differential Equations:

The differential equation satisfying a beam uniformly loaded ( w kg/meter) with one end fixed and the
second end subjected to tensile force p is given by

d2 y 1
EI 2
= py - wx 2
dx 2

dy
1. Show that the elastic curve for the beam with conditions y=0= at x=0 is given by
dx
w wx2 p
y= 2
(1- coshnx) + where n 2 =
np 2p EI

Sol : The given differential equation can be written as

d2 y p 1
2
- y=- wx 2
dx EI 2EI
2
d y -w 2
(or) 2 - n 2 y = x
dx 2EI

-w 2
(or)(D 2 - n 2 )y = x …(1)
2EI

The auxiliary equation is (m2 - n 2 ) = 0  m = n and m = -n

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 C.F= yc = c1e nx + c 2e-nx

1  -w 2 
2 
P.I = x 
(D - n )  2EI 
2

w  1 2
  2 2 x 
2EI  (n - D ) 
 
 
w  1 2
= x
2EI   2  D 2   
  n 1- 2   
 
   n  
-1
w  D2  2
= 1-  x
2EI.n 2  n 2 

w  D2  2
=  1+ +…x
2EI.n 2  n 2 

w  2 2 
= x + 2 
2EI.n 2  n 

 The general solution of equation (1) is given by y= C.F + P.I

w  2 2 
y = c1e nx + c 2e-nx x + 2 
2EI.n 2  n 

2. A condenser of capacity ‘C’ discharged through an inductance L and resistance R in series and
d 2q dq q
the charge q at time t satisfies the equation L 2 + R + = 0 . Given that L=0.25H, R =
dt dt c
250ohms, c = 2x10-6 farads, and that when t =0, change q is 0.002 coulombs and the current
dq
=0, obtain the value of ‘q’ in terms of t.
dt

Sol : Given differential equation is

d 2q dq q d 2q R dq q
L 2 + R + = 0 or 2 + + =0 …(1)
dt dt c dt L dt Lc

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Substituting the given values in (1), we get

d 2q 250 dq q
2
+ + = 0 or
dt 0.25 dt 0.25x2x10-6

d 2q dq
2
+1000 + 2x106 q = 0 or
dt dt

(D2 +1000D + 2x106 )q = 0

2 6
Its A.E is (m +1000m + 2x10 ) = 0

-1000 ± 106 -8×106 -1000 ±1000i 7

m = =
2 2

= -500 1323i

Thus the solution is q = e-500t (c1cos1323t + c 2sin1323t)

When t=0, q=0.002 since c1= 0.002

dq
Now = -500e-500t  c1cos1323t + c 2sin1323t  + e-500t ×1323  -c1sin1323t + c2cos1323t 
dt

dq
When t = 0, =0
dt

Therefore c2=0.0008

Hence the required solution is q = e-500t  0.002cos1323t + 0.0008sin1323t 

3. A particle is executing S.H.M, with amplitude 5 meters and time 4 seconds. Find the
time required by the particle in passing between points which are at distances 4 and 2 meters from
the Centre of force and are on the same side of it.

d2x
Sol : The equation of S.H.M is = -μ 2 x …(1)
dt 2

2π π
Give time period = =4μ=
μ 2
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 We have the solution of (1) is x = acosμt

π π
a =5, μ=  x = 5cos t …(2)
2 2

Let the times when the particle is at distances of 4 meters and 2 meters from the centre of motion respectively be
t1 sec and t2 sec

2 4  Π 
 t1 = cos -1    4  5cos 2 t1 
π 5

2 2  Π 
and t 2 =
π
cos -1  
5  2  5cos 2 t 2 

time required in passing through these points

2  -1  2   4 
t 2 - t1 =  cos   - cos -1    = 0.33sec
π 5  5 

Differentiating (2) w.r.t ‘t’

dx -5π π
= sin t
dt 2 2
-5π x2
= 1-
2 25
-π
= 25 - x 2
2

π 2 2 π
When x=4 meters v = 5 - 4 = 4.71 m/sec, when x=2 meters v= 21 m/sec
2 2

4. A body weighing 10kgs is hung from a spring. A pull of 20kgs will stretch the spring
to 10cms. The body is pulled down to 20cms below the static equilibrium position and then
released. Find the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position at time t seconds the
maximum velocity and the period of oscillation.

Sol : Let O be the fixed end and A be the other end of the spring. Since load of 20kg attached to A stretches the
spring by 0.1m.

Let e(AB) be the elongation produced by the mass ‘m’ hanging in equilibrium.
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 If ‘k’ be the restoring force per unit stretch of the spring due to elasticity, then for the equilibrium at B

mg = T =ke

20 = T0 = k( 0.1)

k= 200kg/m

Let B be the equilibrium position when 10kg weight is attached to A,then

10
10 = TB= k (AB) ⟹AB= = 0.05m
200

Now the weight is pulled down to C, where BC=0.2. After any time t of its release from C, let the weight be at P,
where BP=x.

Then the tension T = k (AP)

= 200(0.05+x) = 10 + 200x

W d2x
 The equation of motion of the body is = W - T where g =9.8 m / sec 2
g dt 2

10 d 2 x
=
9.8 dt 2
= 10 - (10 + 200x)

d2 x
 2
= -μ 2 x where   14
dt

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 O

A
0.05m
B

P
0.2m
0.2m
W
C

This shows that the motion of the body in simple harmonic about B as centre and the period of oscillation
2π
= = 0.45sec
μ

Also the amplitude of motion being BC=0.2m, the displacement of the body from B at time t is given by x =
0.2cosect = 0.2cos14t m.

Maximum velocity = μ  amplitude  = 14x0.2 = 2.8m / sec

5. If a voltage of 20cos5t is applied to a series circuit consisting of 10 ohm resistor and 2

Henry inductor , then determine the current at any time t.

d 2Q dQ
Sol : The differential equation governing the given problem is L 2
+R =E
dt dt

dQ di
Since i = , the differential equation becomes L + Ri = E where L ,R ,E ,Q , i have the usual nomenclature.
dt dt
di
Incorporating the values of L, R & E the D.E is  5i  10 cos 5t; (linear equation of 1st order)
dt

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 I.F: e 5t


Solution is i.e5t = 10 e5t cos5t + c

e5t
= 10 (5cos5t + 5sin5t) + c
50

 i = cos5t + sin5t + ce-5t , i=0 when t=0 (initially).

0=1+c c = -1

The current at time ‘t’ is

i = cos5t + sin5t - e-5t .

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 UNIT-III

MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS(integration)
Double Integral:-

1. When y 1 ,y 2 are the functions of x & x1 & x2 are constants. f  x,y  is first integrated w.r.t ‘y’ keeping ‘x’
fixed between limits y 1 ,y 2 and then the resulting expression is integrated w.r.t ‘x’ within the limits x1 ,y 2
i.e.,

x2 2  x 

 f  x,y  dx dy    f  x,y  dy dx
x  x1 y 1  x 

2. When x1 ,x 2 are functions of y & y 1 ,y 2 are constants, f  x,y  is first integrated w.r.t ‘x’. keeping ‘y’ fixed,
between limits x1 ,x 2 & then the resulting expression is integrated w.r.t ‘y’ within the limits y 1 ,y 2 i.e.,

y2 2  y 

 f  x,y  dx dy    f  x,y dx dy

y  y1 x 1  y 

y 2 x2 x2 y 2

3. When x1 ,x2 ,y 1 ,y 2 are all constants. The  f  x,y  dx dy    f  x,y  dx dy    f  x,y  dy dx

y 1 x1 x1 y 1

Problems:

1 3

 xy dx dy
2
1. Evaluate
1 1

2 2 3
2
3 2  2 x 
2 2
y
Sol. 1  1 xy dx dy  1 y  2   dy  1 2 9  1dy
 1

2
8
  y 2dy
21

2
8  y3  4 28
    8  1 
2  3 1 3 3

5 x2

  xx 
 y 2 dx dy
2
2. Evaluate
0 0

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 5 x2 5 x2
 3 xy 3 
Sol.  2 2

  x x  y dy dx  x0 x y  3  dx
x 0 y 0 0

   
3
5 x x2

  xx 3 2  dx
x 0
 3 
 
5
 2 x7 
  x  x  dx
x 0 

5
 x 6 1 x 8  56 58
  .   
 6 3 8  0 6 24


29 56  
24

 x  y  dx dy
2 2

3. Evaluate  e
00

 
  x2 
Sol.  e x 2

 y 2
dx dy   ey 2
  e dx  dy
0 0 0 0 



  ey .
2
dy
0
2


 y2
2 0
e dy

  
 . 
2 2 4
 /2 

Alter:  e
 x  y dx dy 
2 2

rdrd  x2  y 2  r2 
 e
r2

00 0 r 0

(changing to polar coordinates by taking x  rcos ,y  rsin 


/2
 e r  /2
2
0  1
 2 d  1 / 2  0
/2
 2
0 

0
d  
0  


Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  xydxdy where R is the region bounded by x-axis & x = 2a and the curve x  4ay
2
4. Evaluate
R

Sol. The line x =2a & the parabola x2 = 4ay intersect at B(2a,a)

 Given integral  xy dx dy
R

x 2  4ay
B  2a,a 

P Q
x
O A
x  2a

Let us fix ‘y’

For a fixed y, x varies from 2 ay to 2a. The ‘y’ varies from o to a

a 2a a  2a 
Hence the given integral can also written as   xy dx dy    
y 0 
xy dx  dy

y 0 x 2 ay  x 2 ay

a 2a a
 x2 
    y dy   2a 
 2ay ydy
2

y 0 
2 2 ay y 0

a
 2 y2 y3 
 2a  2a 
 2 3 0

2a 4
 a4 
3

3a 4  2a 4

3

a4

3

Double integrals in polar coordinates:

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 2 r2

1. To evaluate   f  r,   drd over the region bounded by the lines    ,   

1 r1
1 2 and the curves

r  r1 ,r  r2 . We first integrate w.r.t ‘r’ between limits r  r1 ,r  r2 keeping  fixed. The resulting
expression is integrated w.r.t  from 1 to 2 . In this integration r1 ,r2 are functions of  & 1 , 2 are
constants

Problems

/4 asin 
r dr d
1. Evaluate  
0 0 a 2  r2

 /4 asin  /4
r dr d asin  r 
Sol.  
0 0 a2  r2
 
0
  dr  d
 0 a2  r2 

 /4
1 

asin 
2r 


2 
0
 

 0 a r
2 2
dr  d



 
/4
1 asin 

2 
0
2 a2  r2
0
d

 
/4
1
 a2  a2 sin2   a2  0 d
2 0

/4

  a   cos   1 d   a sin   
/4
0
0

   
  a   sin     sin   0 
 4 4 

 1   1 
  a     a  
 2 4 4 2

Change of variables in Double Integral:-

The variables x, y in  f  x,y dx dy are changed to u, v with the help of the relations
R

x  f1  u,v  ,y  f2  u,v  the double integral is transferred into

  r x,y
 f f  u,v  ,f  u,v  r  u,v  du dv
R
1 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Where R 1 is the region in uv plane, corresponding to the region R in the xy plane.

Changing from Cartesian to polar coordinates.

x  rcos ,y  xsin 

rx rx
  x,y   rr r cos  rsin 
r  
 r,   ry ry sin  rcos 
rr r

  f  x,y  dxdy   f  rcos ,rsin   rdrd

R R1

Note: In polar form dx dy is replaced by rdr d

Problems:

a a2  y 2

  x 
 y 2 dx dy
2
1. Evaluate the integral by changing to polar coordinates
0 0

Sol. The limits for x are x  0 to x  a 2  y 2

 The given region is the first quadrant of circle

By changing to polar coordinates

x  rcos ,y  rsin ,dx dy  rdrd

Here ‘r’ varies from 0 to a &  varies from 0 to  / 2

a a2  y 2 /2 a

  x 
 y 2 dx dy    r .rdrd
2 2

0 0 0 r 0

0 r 0

/2 a
 r4 
 
0
  d
4
/2
a4 a4 a4
 0 
/2

4 
0
d 
4 8

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 4a y
x2  y 2 2  5
2. Show that 0 2 x2  y 2 dxdy  8a  2  3 
y /4a

y2
Sol. The region of integration is given by x  ,x  y,y  0 & y  4a i.e, the region is bounded by parabola
4a
y 2  4ax and the straight line y =x

Let x  rcos ,y  rsin ,dxdy  rdrd

4acos 
The limits for ‘r’ are r = 0 at 0 and for P on the parabola r sin   4a  rcos   r 
2 2

sin2 


For the line y  x, slope m  1 i.e, Tan  1,  
4

 
The limits for  : 
4 2


Also x2  y 2  r2 cos2  sin2  & x 2  y 2  r2 
4acos 
4a y  /2 sin2 
x y
2 2
  dx dy     cos 
  sin2  rdrd
2

0 y 2 /4a
x2  y 2  r 0

4

/2 4acos 
   cos   sin  r / 2   d
2 2 2 sin2 

/4

/2
cos2 
 8a 
/4
cos2   sin2   sin4 
d

/2
 3  8  
 8a   cos   cot 2  8a2     1
4

/4  12 4 

  5
 8a2   
 2 3

Change of order of integration:

b f x

Working rule for change of order of integration for   f  x,y  dxdy.

x a y  f  x 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 Draw the region of integration by drawing the curves y  f1  x  ,y  f2  x  and the lines x  a,x  b .

If these curves and lines intersect then draw straight lines parallel to x-axis to get various sub-regions. In
such of these sub-regions draw elementary strips parallel to x-axis and obtain limits for ‘x’ in terms of y and
the limits for ‘y’ as constants.

Change of order of integration implies that the change of limits of a integration. If the region of integration
consists of a vertical strip and slide along x-axis then in the changed order a horizontal strip and slide along
y-axis to be considered and vice versa

Problems:

4a 2 ax
1. Change the order of integration & evaluate   2
0 x /4a
dy dx

x4
Sol. In the given integral for a fixed x, y varies from to 2 ax and then x varies from o to 4a
4a

x2
Let us draw the curves y  and y  2 ax
4a

The region of the integration is the shaded region in figure

4a 2 x
The given integral is  
x 0 2
dy dx
x
y
4a

x2  4ay
A  4a,4a 

x
O
0,0
y 2  4ax

y2
Changing the order of integration, we must fix y first, for a fixed y, x varies from to 4ay and then y
4a
varies from o to 4a

Hence the integral is equal to

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 4a 2 ay
 2 ay 
4a
 
y 0  2 dx dy  y0   2 dx  dy
x
y x y 
4a  4a 
4a 4a
 y2 
 x
2 ay
y 2 /4a
dy    2 ay   dy
y 0 0 
4a 

4a
 y 3/2 1 y 3 
 2 a.  . 
 3 / 2 4a 3  0

4 1
 a.4a 4a  64a3
3 12a
1 2 x
2. Change the order of integration in   xy dx dy and hence evaluate the double integral.
0 x2

Sol. In the given integral for a fixed x, y varies from x 2 to 2-x and then x varies from 0 to 1.

Hence we shall draw the curves y  x2 & y  2  x

The line y = 2-x passes through 0,2 , 2,0

Solving y  x2 ,y  2  x

We get x2  2  x

y
xy 2
y  x2
B
0,2
C A1,1
O x  12,0 x
0,0

x2  x  2  0
x2  2x  x  2  0
x  x  2  1  x  2  0

 x  1 x  2  0
Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II
 kx  1, 2

y
y=x2
B
(0,2) x+y=2
A(1,1)

(2,0) x
O

If x  1,y  1

If x  2,y  4

Hence the points of intersection of curves are  2,41,1

The shaded region in the figure is the region of intersection

Change the order of integration we must fix y, for the region within oA  0 for a fixed y, x varies from 0 to
y

Then y varies from 0 to 1

For the region within <ABC, for a fixed y, x varies from 0 to 2  y , then y varies from 1 to 2

1 2 x

  xy dxdy    xy dx dy    xy dxdy
0 x2 OA CO CA BC

1  y  2 
 y 0 x0 
 xdx  ydy    xdx  ydy
 y 1 
 

1 y 2 y
 x2  2
 x2 
    ydy     ydy
0
2 0 1
2 0

2  y  ydy
1 2 2
y
  .ydy  
0
2 1
2

1 2
1 2 1
 
20

y dy   4y  y 2  y 3 dy
21


Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1 2
1  y 3  1  y 2 4y 3 y 4 
    4   
2  3 0 2  2 3 4 1

1 1 1 4 1 
 .  2.4  2.1   8  1   16  1  
2 3 2 3 4 

1 1 5  3
  
6 2  12  8

1 1 x2
3. By changing the order of integration, evaluate   0 0
y 2 dy dx.

Sol. The area of integration lies b/w

y  0 which is x-axis and y  1  x2

 x2  y 2  1

B x 0 y 1

x2  y 2  1
 1,0 O A1,0 x

y  1

x 1

If represents a circle. The limits of x are 0 & 1. Hence the region of integration is OAB and is divided into
vertical strips.

For change of order of integration, we shall divide the region into horizontal strips.

New limits becomes x =0 to y = 1

1 1  x2 1 1 y 2

  y dy dx 
2
 y dy. 
2
dx
0 0 y 0 x 0

1
  y 2dx.  x 0
1 y 2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1

y 1  y 2 dy
2

To change into polar coordinates

Put y  sin  dy  cos d y  0    0

/2

I   sin  cos2  d 
2

0
16

Triple integrals:-

If x1 ,x 2 are constants y 1 ,y 2 are functions of x& z1 ,z2 are functions of x & y then
f  x,y,z  is first integrated w.r.t ‘z’ between limits z1 & z2 keeping x & y fixed. The resulting expression is
integrated w.r.t y between the limits y 1 & y 2 keeping x as constant. The resulting expression is integrated
w.r.t ‘x’ from x1 to x 2 i.e.,

b g2  x  f2  x ,y 

 f  x,y,z  dxdydz   

v

x 0 y  g  x  z  f1  x ,y 
f  x,y,z  dzdy dx
1

Problems:

2 2
1 1  x2 1 x  y
1. Evaluate  
0 0

0
xyz dzdy dx

2 2 1 x2  y 2
1 1 x2 1 x  y 1 1 x2
 z2 
Sol.  
0 0

0
xyz dzdy dx  
0

0
xy  
 2 0
dy dx

1 1 x2
xy
  2

1  x2  y 2 dy dx 
0 0

1 1 x2
1  xy 2 x3y 2 xy 4 
     dx
2 0 2 2 4 0

1
1 
  
x 1  x2  x3 1  x2  x 1  x2  dx   
2
 
4 0  

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1 
1
x x5 
   x  x  x  x    x3  dx
3 3 2

4 0 2 2 

1 1
1  x 3 5 1  x2 x 4 x6  1
    x   dx      
4 02 2 4  4 4 12 0 48

1 23
2. Evaluate I   xyzdxdy dz
01 2

1 2
 x2 
Sol. I   yz   dy dx
01 2

1 1
5  y2  15  z2  15
  z   dz    
20  2  4  2 0 8

e log y ex e log y

 zlogz  z1
ex
3. Evaluate 
1 1
 logz dz dxdy  
1 1 1
dxdy

e log y ex e log y

 zlogz  z1
ex
Sol. 
1 1
 logz dx dxdy  
1 1 1
dx dy

e log y
   xex  ex  1 dx dy
1 1

e log y

   xe  e  e  x 
x x x
dy
1 1

e
log y
   x  2 ex  x  dy
1
1

e
   y log y  log y  2y  e  1 dy
1

e
 y 2   y2  
   y  log y    y   y 2   e  1 y 
 2   4  1

e2 13
  2r 
4 4

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1 2

4

e 8e  13 
4. Evaluate   xy  yz  zx  xy dy dz where v is the region of space bounded by
v

x  0,x  1,y  0,y  2,z  0,z  3

3 2 1
Sol.   xy  yz  zx  dxdy dz      xy  yz  zx dxdy dx
v x 0 y 0 x 0

3 2 1
 x2 x2 
    y  xyz  z.  dy dz
z 0 y 0 
2 2 0

3 2
 y2 z
 z0 y0  2
  yz   dy dx
2

2 2
 y 2 y 2z yz 
     dz
z 0 
4 2 2 0

3 3
  1  2z  z  dx   1  3z  dx
x 0 z 0

3
 3  33
  z  z2  
 2 0 2

Applications of Multiple Integrals:

 Area enclosed by a plane curve:

Consider the area enclosed by the curves y  f  x  y  g  x  ,x  a,x  b in xy  plane

The area of the region R bounded by the given curves is given by

b g x 

 dxdy or  dy dx     dy dx
R R x a y  f x

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 y
y=g(x)

y=f(x)
O x=a x=b x

If the region is represented through polar coordinates

Then the area is given by  rdrd

R

Problems:

1. Find the area enclosed by Parabolas x2  y & y 2  x

Sol. Given curves are x2  y  1 ,y 2  x  2

To find the points of intersection,

Solve (1) & (2)

Squaring on both sides of (1)

x4  y2  x

 
 x x3  1  0  x  0,1

y
x2  y
P
1,1
x
O
0,0
y2  x

Given parabolas intersect at 0 0,0 & P 1,1

1 y 1
 Required area   
y 0 x  y 2
dx dy  
y 0

y  y 2 dy

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1
 2 3 y3 
  y2  
3 3 0

2 1 1
   sq. units
3 3 3

2. Find the double integration , the area lying b/w the parabola y  4x  x2 and the line y =x.

Sol. Given parabola y  4x  x2  1 and line y  x  2

Sub (2) in (1) we get, x  4x  x2

 3x  x2  0  x 3  x   0

 x  0,3

If x  0 then y  0

If x  3 then y  3

 Points of intersection are (0, 0) & (3, 3)

3 4x  x2 3
 Required area     
dy dx   4x  x2  x dx
0 x 0


  3x  x2 dx 
0

3
 x3 

 3 x / 2  
2

3 0


27 27 9
  
2 3 2

 4.5 sq units

3. Find the whole area of the lemniscates r2  a2 cos2

Sol. The curve r2  a2 cos2 is symmetrical about both coordinate axes, and it passes through the pole 0. If
intersects the initial line at A(a,0) and B(-a,0).

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 y  2
 4

P
R 0
B x
 a,0 A  a,0

Thus two symmetrical loops are formed by the curve Also each loop is symmetrical abut the initial
line.

 Whole area of lemniscates  4x area enclosed by one of loops above initial line

i.e., A  4   rdrd
R

Where R is region bounded by lemniscates in the first quadrant to determine polar limits imagine a

radius vector 0 through R which leaves it at P where r  a cos2 . Since r2  0 for   in first quadrant,
4

such radii vectors can be drawn in between lines   0 &  
4

/4 a cos2 /4 a cos2

 r2 
A  4   rdrd  4    d
0 r 0 0 
2 0

/4
4
 a cos2 d
2

2 0

/4
 sin2 
 2a  2

 2 0

 a2 sin  / 4  0  a2

 Volume as Double Integral:-

Let z  f  x,y  be a surface above xy plane

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 z

O y

s
x

Let its projection on xy plane be the area S. Suppose we divide the entire S into elementary rectangular of
area x y drawing lines parallel to x and y axes. Consider a representative elemental rectangle as base
and erect a prism having its length parallel to z-axis. The volume of prism between xy plane and given
surface

z  f  x,y  , v  z x y

f  x,y  x y

The volume of cylinder with  as base, bounded by given surface with generators parallel to z-axis is

 z dx dy or  f  x,y  dxdy integrated over the region  .

Note: If the base area is represented through polar coordinates, the required volume will be

 f  x,y  rdrd where x  rcos 

y  rsin 

Problems:

1. Find the volume bounded by cylinders x2  y 2  4, y  z  4 and z  0

Sol. Equation of the cylinder is x2  y 2  4, x  0

x   4  y2

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 z

r=2
O y

Now x  0  4  y 2  0  y  2

The base is a circle in xy plane with centre at origin and radius 2 units.

Equation of plane in the space is given

y z 4

z 4y

Limits of x are given by x   4  y 2 and x  0  y  2

 Required volume   zdx dy

2 x  4y2

= 
y 2 x  4  y 2
  4  y  dx dy

2 4 y2

2    4  y  dx dy
y 2 x 0

  4  y  x 0
4 y2
2 dy
y 2

2
2   4  y   4  y  dy
2

y 2

2 2

 
 8  4  y 2 dy  2  y 4  y 2 dy  
2 2

2
2  y 4  y 2 4 1 
 8  2   
4  y dy  16 
2

2
 sin  y / 2 
2
0  

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 
 16  0  2sin 1 1  0  32  som 1 1   32   16
2

2. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the cardiod r  a 1  cos  about its x-axis.

Sol. Required volume, V   2ydxdy changing into polar coordinates by putting x  rcos , y  rsin  ,
A
 a 1cos  
we have dxdy  rdrd V   
0 r 0
2rsin .rdrd

 a 1cos  
 2   r2 sin drd
0 r 0

 a 1cos  
 r3  a3
1  cos  sin d
3
 2    sin d  2 
0 
3 0 3 0


a3  1  cos   
4

 2  
3 4  0


8a3

3

Volume as a Triple Integral:

 Suppose a three dimensional solid is cut into elemental rectangular parallelepipeds by drawing planes
parallel to corresponding coordinates planes. The volume of an elemental parallelepiped
v is x y z . Hence the total volume of solid is  dv  dx dy dz where integration is carried
V V

over entire volume.

Problems:

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x y z
1. Find the volume of tetrahedron bounded by the planes x  0, y  0, z  0 and   1
a b c

Sol. The required volume   dxdydz

v

x y z
On the plane   1
a b c

 x y 
 z  c1  
 a b 

O B y

 x y
Hence for a fixed (x, y) on the xy-plane within OAB, x varies from O to C  1   within the
 a b 
 x
solid. Then for a fixed x within OAB, y varies from O to b  1  . X varies from O to a.
 a 

 Required volume of tetrahedron

x y
 1
a b

O x

 x  x y
b 1  c 1  
a  a  a b
  
x 0 y 0

z 0
dzdydx

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  x
b 1 
a  a
 x y
  
x 0 y 0
C  1   dydx
 a b

a
 x y
  C  1  a  b  dydx
x 0

 x
a b 1 
 x  c  y2   a
  Cy  1      dx
x 0  a  b  2 0

a  2
x  cb  x 
2

  Cb  1     1   dx
 
x 0 
a 2 a  

a
 
 cb  x
3
1  abc
  1   .   cubic units
2 a   1   6
3 
  a   0

2. Evaluate   x  y  z  dz dy dx where R is the region bounded by the planes

R

x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, x  1

1 1 1
Sol.   x  y  z  dz dy dx      x  y  z dzdy dx
R x 0 y 0 z 0

1 1 1
 z2 
   xz  yz   dy dx
0 0
2 0

11
 1
   xz  yz  dy dx
0 0
2

1 1
 y2 y 
   xy    dx
0
2 2 0

1 1
 1 1
   x   dx    x  1dx
0
2 2 0

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 1
 x2  1 3
   x  1
2 0 2 2

3. Given the volume common to cylinders x2  y 2  a2 and x2  z2  a2

Sol. Given cylinders are x2  y 2  a2 and x2  z2  a2

 y 2  a2  x 2

 y   a2  x 2

x2  z2  a2  z   a2  x2

Required volume can be covered as

z : a2  x2 to a2  x2

y : a2  x2 to a2  x2

x : a to a

a a2  x 2 a a2  x 2

 z 
a2  x 2
V   
 a  a2  x 2
dz dy dx  2 
 a  a2  x 2
0
dy dx

 
a a2  x2 a
a2  x2 dy dx 4  a2  x2  y 0
a2  x2
 4  dx
a 0 a


 8 a2  x2 dx 
0

a
 x3 
 8  a2x  
 3 0

a3
 16 cubic unis
3

 Change of variables in Triple Integrals:

 Let the functions x  1  u,v,w  , y  2  u,v,w  , z  3  u,v,w  be the transformations from

Cartesian to curvilinear coordinates u, v, w Jacobian for this transformation is given by

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

   x,y,z 
J
  u,v,w 

Then  f  x,y,z dz dy dx   f   ,  ,   | J| du, dv, dw where v is corresponding domain.
v v
1 2 3

a) Change of variables from Cartesian to spherical polar coordinates:

Polar Coordinates:

In problems having symmetry w.r.t a point O, it would be convenient to use spherical coordinates.

The relations between Cartesian coordinates x, y, z and spherical polar coordinates P,  ,  are given by:

x  Psin cos or rsin  cos 

y  Psin sin  or rsin  sin 

z  Psin or rcos 

dx dy dz | J| de d d

x x x
p  
sin  cos  pcos  cos  psin  sin 
y y z
Where  sin  sin  pcos  sin  psin  sin 
p  
cos  psin  0
z z z
p  

J  P2 sin 


  f  x,y,z  dx dy dz   f Psin  cos , Psin p,Pcos P2 sin d d d 
v v

b) Change of variables from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinate system:

The relations between the Cartesian coordinates x, y, z and cylindrical coordinates P, ,z
 i.e, u  P, v  ,, w  z  given by x  Pcos , y  Psin , z  x
cos  Psin  0
  x,y,z 
J  sin  Pcos  0  P
  P, ,z 
0 0 1

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

   f  x,y,z dxdy dz   f  Pcos , Psin , z P.dp d dz
v v1

Problems:


x2
1. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate the integral  dxdy
x 
3/2
0 0
2
y 2

Sol. Put x  rcos , y  rsin  then dxdy  rdrd and x2  y 2  r2

The region of integration being the first quadrant of my plane, r varies from 0 to  ,  varies from 0 to
/2

  /2 
x2 r2 cos2 
Hence,  dxdy    rdrd
   
3/2 3/2
0 0 x2  y 2 0 r 0 r2

/2 

   cos  dr d
2

0 0

 /2 2


    cos  ddr
0 0 

1  
 /2
    1  cos2  d dr
20 0 

  /2
1  sin2 
   dr
2 0 2 0

 P
1 
  / 2  dr  Lt  dr
2 0
4 P 0

 
Lt  r 0      
P

4 P 4

2. Using cylindrical, coordinates, find the volume of the cylinder with base radius ‘a’ and height ‘h’.

Sol. The region of integration is bounded by x2  y 2  a2 , 0  z  h

The same region in cylindrical coordinates will be as follows:

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 r :0  a,  :0  2, z :0  h

 Required volume   dx dy dz

2

h 2 a
    r dr d dz
z 0 0 r 0

h 2 a
 r2 
     d dz
z 0 0 
2 0

h
1 2
2 0
 a d dz

h
a2
 0 dz
2

20 
h
2a2
dz  a2  z 0
h

2 0 
 a2h

 Center of gravity:

 Mass of a plane lamina: Let P (x, y) be the density at any point P (x, y) of a plane lamina in xy plane. The
elemental mass of an elemental area around P is given by dm  P x,y  dx dy and the total mass of the

lamina is given by  dm   e x,y dx dy

Integrated over the area of the lamina centre of mass of a plane lamina:

The center of mass  x,y  of the lamina is given by

x
 xdm   xP x,y  dx dy
 dm  e  x,y  dx dy

y
 ydm   yP x,y  dx dy
 dm  e  x,y  dx dy
 Mass of a solid: Let P (x, y,z) be the density at any point e (x, y, z) of a solid of mass. The elemental
mass of an elemental volume around P is given by

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

  dm   e  x,y,z  dxdy dz
Centre of mass of a solid: The centre of mass  x,y, z  of the solid is given by

x
 xdm   xPdx dy dz
 dm  e dx dy dz
y
 ydm   yPdx dy dz
 dm  e dx dy dz

z
 zdm   zPdx dy dz
 dm  e dx dy dz
Problems:

1. Find the centroid of the area enclosed by the parabola y 2  4ax, the x-axis and its latus rectum

Sol. The latus rectum of the parabola y 2  4ax, is given by x = a.

Let  x,y  be the centroid of the region. Since the region is symmetric about x-axis, y  0 .

y
L  a,2a 

O  a,0 x

L' a, 2a 

We have x 
 xdxdy _______________ 1
 dxdy
Consider  xdxdy   x dxdy
2a a
  2
y 2a x  y /4a
x dx dy

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 2a a
 x2 
    dy
y 2a 
2 y2 /4a

2a
 a2 y4 
   2 32a2 dy
y 2a 


2a 2a
 a2 y4   a2y y5 
 2   dy  2   5 
0
2 32a2   2 160a 0

 2a3 32a3   3 a3 
 2    2 a  
 2 160   5

 8a3 /5_______________ 2

Consider

2a a

 dx dy   
y 2a x  y 2 /4a
dx dy

2a
 y2 
   a   dy
2a 
4a 

2a
 y3 
 2 ay  
 12a 0

 8a2 
 2 2a2  
 12 

2
 1  8a
 4a2  1    _______________ 3
 3 3

Using 1, 2 and 3, we get

8a3 /5 3a
x 
8a2 /3 5

 3a 
Hence, the centroid of the area under consideration   x  y    ,0 
 5 

2. Find the centre of gravity of the area of the cardiod r  a 1  cos 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

Sol. Let  x  y  be the centre of gravity of the lamina. The cardiod r  a 1  cos  is symmetric about the
initial line   0

4a3  1 3 1 
 3  . /2
3  2 4 2 

5a3

4

 a 1cos   1cos 
 r2 
And  dx dy  

r 0
r.dr. d    
 
2 0
d

 
a2 a2
  .2 1  cos   d
2 2
 
2 
1  cos  d 
2 0


a  1  2cos   cos  d
2 2


 1  cos2 
 a2   1   d
0
2 

3
 a 2 . .
2
2
3pa

2

5a3 / 4 5a
x  
3a / 2
2
6

 5a 
Hence  x,y    ,0 
 6 

Hence, the centre of gravity lies on x-axis. Hence y  0 .

The x-coordinate is given by

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

 x
 x dxdy ____________ 1
 dx dy
 a 1cos  

Now,  x dxdy   


r 0
rcos rdrd

 a 1cos 
 r3 
    cos d
 
3 0


a3
1  cos  cos d
3
 
3 


2a3
1  cos  cos d
3
 
3 0


2a3
 
3 0

1  3cos   3cos2   cos3  cos d 

2a3

3 0 
3cos2   cos4  d 

2a3 .2

3 0  
3cos2   cos4  d 

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II

Dept of ECE MA201BS-Mathematics-II