A.

Y : 2020-2021

TEXT BOOK OF
ENGINEERING
M A THEM A TICS - II
For I Year Polytechnic Students

VENKATA LAKSHMIPATHI
RAJU. V

https://rajeshviswanadhapalli.blogspot.com/
 (30022) ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II
( DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, CHENNAI )
M – SCHEME ( 2015 – 2019)
DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING
SECOND SEMESTER

ThiruV. VenkataLakshmipathi Raju

Lecturer / Mathematics
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Polytechnic College
Yanam – 533464
Ph.No. - 9848306210
mail: [email protected]
 Subject Code : 30022

No. of Weeks per Semester: 15 Weeks

Subject Instructions Examination

Hours / Hours /
Marks
Week Semester

Engineering Duration

Internal Semester
Mathematics - II Total
5 Hrs. 75 Hrs. Assessment Examination

25 75 100 3 Hrs

Rationale:

In many fields of Engineering, there are situations where in the effects due to
various factors can be calculated only in a smaller region. To calculate the total effect or
effect over a larger region the Integration concept is used. Integration plays vital role in
many fields of Engineering.

Objectives:
The student will be able to acquire knowledge of algebra of vectors and its
application in finding work done, moment, volumes , to acquire knowledge of
Integration principles and different methods of Integration.
 Board Examination - Question paper pattern

Time: 3 Hrs. Max.Marks: 75

PART A - 5 Questions to be answered out of 8 for 2 marks each.

PART B - 5 Questions to be answered out of 8 for 3 marks each.

PART C - All the 5 Questions to be answered

Each question in PART C will contain 3 Sub questions, out of these 3 Sub questions 2
Sub questions is to be answered for 5 marks each.

PART A 5 x 2 marks 10 Marks

PART B 5 x 3 marks 15 Marks

Short answer type questions

PART C 5 x 2 x 5 marks 50 Marks

Descriptive answer type questions

Each question in PART C will contain 3 Sub questions,

out of these 3 Sub questions 2 Sub questions is to be

answered for 5 marks each.

Total 75 Marks

Out of the 3 Sub questions in PART C, one sub question must be on

problem based to test the analytical ability/logical ability /diagnostic ability/conceptual
ability relevant to that subject content. Equal weightage is to be given to whole
syllabus.

Clarks table will not be permitted for the Board Examinations.

 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II

UNIT – I ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Chapter 1.1 EQUATION OF CIRCLE

Equation of Circle - given centre and radius. General Equation of circle – finding centre
and radius. Equation of circle on the line joining the points ( x1, y1) and ( x2, y2 ) as
diameter . Simple problems.

Chapter 1.2 FAMILY OF CIRCLES

Concentric circles, contact of two circles ( Internal and External ) - Simple problems.
Orthogonal Circles (results only). Problems verifying the condition.

Chapter 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTION

Definition of a Conic, Focus, Directrix and Eccentricity. General equation of a conic
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0 ( statement only). Condition for conic
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
( i ) for circle: a = b and h = 0 ( ii ) for pair of straight line: |ℎ 𝑏 𝑓| = 0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐

( iii ) for parabola h2 = ab (iv) for ellipse h2 – ab< 0 and

( v ) for hyperbola h2 – ab> 0. Simple problems.

1.1 EQUATION OF CIRCLE

Definition:
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point remains constant. The fixed point is called the
centre of the circle and the constant distance is called the radius of the
circle.
Equation of the circle with centre (h, k) and radius ‘r’ units.

CP = r P(x, y)

√(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = r (Using distance formula)

C(h, k)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Note:
The equation of the circle with centre (0, 0 ) and radius ‘r’ units is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

Example : Find the equation of the circle with centre (- 5, 7 ) and radius 5 units.[Oct’16]

Soln: We know that the equation of circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Here h = - 5, k = 7 (given) and r = 5

. . (𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = (5 )2

𝑥 2 + 10x + 25 + 𝑦 2 - 14y + 49 = 25

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 14y + 25 +49-25 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 14y + 49 = 0

Therefore the equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 14y + 49 = 0

General equation of the circle:𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Centre = (-g , -f ) and radius r = √𝑔2 + f 2 − 𝑐

Example : Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0 .

[Apri’16]
Soln: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0 .
We know the equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

2g = 2 2f = 2 c = -7
g = 1 f= 1

centre = ( -g , -f ) r = √𝑔2 + ( 𝑓 )2 − 𝑐
= (-1,-1) r = √( 1)2 + ( 1 )2 + 7
r=√ 9
r= 3

centre = (- 1 , - 1 ) & r= 3
Equation of circle on the line joining the points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) as diameter :
(x –x1) ( x –x2) + (y –y1) (y –y2) = 0

Example 1 : Find the equation of the circle described on the line joining the points( 2, 3)
and (-4, 5) as diameter.

Soln: (x –𝑥1 ) ( x–𝑥2 ) + (y –𝑦1 ) (y –𝑦2 ) = 0.

Here 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = 3 , 𝑥2 = -4 𝑦2 = 5
(x - 2) (x + 4) + (y - 3) (y - 5) = 0

𝑥 2 + 4 x - 2x - 8 + 𝑦 2 -5 y - 3y + 15 = 0

𝑥 2 + 2x + 𝑦 2 - 8y + 7 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x - 8y + 7 = 0

∴ The equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x - 8y + 7 = 0

Example 2 : Prove that the line 4x - y = 17 is a diameter of the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 2y - 10 = 0 [Oct’18]

Soln: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 2y - 10 = 0

We know the equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

2g = -8 2f = 2
g = -4 f= 1

centre = ( -g , -f )
= (4,-1)

Put x = 4 and y = 1 in

4x - y = 17

4 ( 4 ) – ( - 1 ) = 17

16 + 1 = 17

17 = 17

∴ ( 4 , - 1 ) lies on the line 4x - y = 17

∴ 4x - y = 17 is the diameter of the circle.

Example 3 : Find the equation of the circle, two of whose diameters are x + y = 6 and
x + 2y = 4 and whose radius is 10 units. [Oct’18]

Soln: x + y = 6 ––––– (1)

x + 2y = 4 ––––– (2)
(1) – (2) ⇒– y = 2 ∴ Y = -2

Substitute y = – 2 in (1)
x + (– 2) = 6
x=6+2
X=8
∴

Centre = (8, –2)

We know that the equation of circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Here h = 8, k = -2 and r = 10

(𝑥 − 8)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = (10)2

𝑥 2 – 16x + 64 + 𝑦 2 + 4y + 4 = 100

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 16x + 4y + 68 – 100 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 16x + 4y – 32 = 0

∴ The equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 16x + 4y – 32 = 0

Example 4 : Find the equation of the circle passing through the point A (2, - 3) and having
its centre at C ( - 5 , 1). [Apri’18]

Soln: r = √(−5 − 2)2 + ( 1 + 3 )2

= √(− 7)2 + ( 4 )2

= √ 49 + 16

r = √65

We know that the equation of circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Here h = -5, k = 1 (given) and r = √65

. (𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = (√65)2

𝑥 2 + 10x + 25 + 𝑦 2 - 2y + 1 = 65

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 2y + 26 – 65 = 0
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 2y - 39 = 0

Therefore the equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x - 2y - 39 = 0

Exercise 1.1
Part – A

1. Find the equation of the circle with centre (1, - 2) and radius 5 units. [Oct’17]

2. Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 . [Apri’18]
3. Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x + 8y +5 = 0 . [Apri’17]
4. Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4x + 4y - 1 = 0 . [Nov’19]

5. Find the equation of the circle described on the line joining the points (3, 2)
and (-1, 4) as diameter. [Oct’18]

Part – B
1. Show that 2x +3y + 9 = 0 is a diameter of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 6x + 10y - 1 = 0 [Apri’19]

Part – C
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point A (2, 3) and having its centre
at C ( 4 , 1). [Nove’19]

2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (- 7, 1 ) and having its
centre at ( - 4 , - 3). [Apri’19]

3. If the diameter of the circle is a line joining the points A( 2, - 1) and B(-4, 5), find
the equation of the circle. Also find the centre and radius of the circle. [Oct’17]

4. Find the equation of the circle, two of whose diameters are 2x - 3y + 1 =0 and
x + 2y -17 = 0 and its radius is 8 units. [Apri’17]
 1.2 ( FAMILY OF CIRCLES)
Concentric Circles:
Two or more circles having the same centre but differ in radii are called concentric
circles.

Note: Equation of concentric circles differ only by the constant term.

Example 1 : Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 2y +5 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 2y -8 = 0
are concentric circles. [Oct’17]

Soln: From the two given equations of the circles, we observe that the constant term
alone differs ∴The given circles are concentric circles.

Example 2 : Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (5 , 4 ) and
concentric to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 . [Oct’16]

Soln: Equation of concentric circle be 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 12y +k = 0 ………….. ( 1 )

Put x = 5, y = 4 in ( 1 )
( 52 ) + ( 42 ) - 8 ( 5 ) + 12 ( 4 ) + k = 0.
25 + 16 – 40 + 48 + k = 0.
89 – 40 + k = 0.
49 + k = 0
K = - 49
The required equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 12y - 49 = 0

Orthogonal Circles:
Two circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g1x + 2f1y+c1 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2g2x + 2f2y+c2 = 0 are said to be
Orthogonal Circles if 2g1g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
Example : Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y + 4 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 4y + 4 = 0 cut orthogonally. [Apri’19]

Soln: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y + 4 = 0 ––––– (1) and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 4y + 4 = 0 ––––– (2)

From ( 1 )
2 g1 = - 4 2 f1 = 6 c1 = 4
g1 = - 2 f1= 3

From ( 2 )
2 g2 = 2 2 f2 = 4 c2 = 4
g2 = 1 f2= 2

The condition for orthogonally is

2g1g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2

2(-2)(1) + 2(3)(2) = 4+ 4
-4 + 12 = 8
8 = 8

∴ The circles cut orthogonally

Contact of Circles:
Case ( i ) :
Two circles touch externally if the distance between their centres is equal to sum of
their radii.
i.e C1 C2 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐

Case ( ii ) :
Two circles touch internally if the distance between their centres is equal to difference
of their radii.
i.e C1 C2 = 𝒓𝟏 - 𝒓𝟐 or 𝒓𝟐 - 𝒓𝟏
Example : Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x - 4y -3 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 6y +7 = 0 touch each other. [Oct’17]

Soln: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x - 4y -3 = 0––––– (1) and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 6y +7 = 0––––– (2)

From ( 1 )
2g1 = 2 2f1 = - 4 c1 = -3
g1 = 1 f1= - 2

centre is C1 = ( - g1 , - f1 ) 𝑟1= √𝑔1 2 + (𝑓1 )2 − 𝑐1

= ( -1 , 2 ) 𝑟1= √( 1)2 + (−2 )2 + 3
𝑟1 = √ 1 + 4 + 3
𝑟1= √ 8 = 2√2

C1= (-1 , 2) &𝑟1= 2√2

From ( 2 )
2g2 = -8 2f2 = 6 c2 = 7
g2 = - 4 f2= 3

centre is C2 = ( - g2 , - f2 ) 𝑟2 = √𝑔2 2 + (𝑓2 )2 − 𝑐2

= ( 4 , -3 ) 𝑟2 = √( −4)2 + (3 )2 − 7
𝑟2 = √ 16 + 9 − 7
𝑟2 = √ 18 = √9 𝑥 2 = 3√2

C2= ( 4 , -3 ) &𝑟2 = 3√2

C1C2 = √(− 1 − 4 )2 + (2 + 3 )2

= √( −5 )2 + (5 )2
= √ 25 + 25
= √ 50 = √ 25 𝑥 2 = 5√2

C1C2 = 5√2

𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 2√2 + 3√2
 = 5√2= C1C2

∴ The circles touch each other externally.

Example : Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y - 112= 0 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 10x - 6y + 14 = 0 touch each other. [Oct’18]

Soln: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y - 112 = 0 ––––– (1) and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 10x - 6y + 14 = 0––––– (2)

From ( 1 )
2g1 = -4 2f1 = 6 c1 = -112
g1 = -2 f1= 3

centre is C1 = ( - g1 , - f1 ) 𝑟1= √𝑔1 2 + (𝑓1 )2 − 𝑐1

= ( 2 , -3 ) 𝑟1= √( 2)2 + (3 )2 + 112
𝑟1 = √ 4 + 9 + 112
𝑟1= √ 125 = √ 25 × 5 = 5√5

C1= ( 2 , -3 ) &𝑟1= 5√5

From ( 1 )
2 g2 = - 10 2 f2 = -6 c2 = 14
g2 = -5f2=- 3

centre is C2 = ( - g2 , - f2 ) 𝑟2 = √𝑔2 2 + (𝑓2 )2 − 𝑐2

= (5,3) 𝑟2 = √(−5)2 + (−3 )2 − 14
𝑟2 = √ 25 + 9 − 14
𝑟2 = √ 20 = √ 4 × 5 = 2√5

C2= ( 5 , 3 ) &𝑟2 =2√5

C1 C2 = √( 5 − 2)2 + (3 + 3 )2

= √( 3 )2 + (6 )2

= √9 + 36

C1 C2 = √ 45= √ 9 × 5 = 3√5

𝑟1 - 𝑟2 = 5√5 - 2√5
 = 3√5 = C1 C2

∴ The circles touch each other internally.

Exercise 1.2

Part – A

1. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2x + 4y - 3 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2x + 4y + 5 = 0 are

concentric circles. [Nove’19]

2. Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y + 4 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 4y + 4 = 0

cut orthogonally. [Apri’19]

Part – B
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (1 , 1 ) and concentric
to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4x + 6y - 15 = 0 . [Apri’16]

2. Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 6x + 10y - 1 = 0 and passing through the point (1 , 1 ). [Apri’17]

3. Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8x - 4y - 23 = 0 and having radius 3 units. [Oct’18]

Part – C
1. Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 6y - 23 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2x - 5y + 16 = 0
cut orthogonally. [Apri’16, Nov’19]

2. Show that the circles x 2 + 𝑦 2 - 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 10x - 6y +14 = 0 touch

each other. [Apri’19]

3. Show that the circles x 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2x + 6y +6 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 5x + 6y +15 = 0 touch

each other. [Apri’17]

4. Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 10x - 24y +120 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 400 touch
each other. [Oct’16, Apri’18]
 1.3 ( INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTION)

Conic: A conic is defined as the locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a
fixed point is always ‘e’ times its distance from a fixed straight line.

Focus: The fixed point is called the focus of the conic.

Directrix: The fixed straight line is called the directrix of the conic.
Eccentricity: The constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the conic.

General equation of a conic a𝐱 𝟐 + 2hxy + b𝐲 𝟐 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents

(i) a circle if a = b and h = 0.

(ii) a parabola if h2 = ab.
(iii) an ellipse if h2 < ab.
(iv) a hyperbola if h2 > ab.

Example : Prove that the equation x 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 + 4x + 12y - 5 = 0 is a parabola.

[Nove’19]
Soln: x 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 + 4x + 12y - 5 = 0 ----------------- ( 1 )
Condition for ( 1 ) to represent parabola is h2 = ab
From ( 1 ) a = 1, b = 9
2h = 6 ⇒ h = 3
h2 = ab
32 = 1 ( 9)
9 = 9. ∴ ( 1 ) represents a parabola.

Example : Show that the equation 𝑥 2 + 2xy + 3𝑦 2 + x - y + 1 = 0 represents an ellipse.

[Oct’18]
2 2
Soln: Given 𝑥 + 2xy + 3𝑦 + x - y + 1 = 0 –––– (1)

a𝑥 2 + 2hxy + b𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ––––– (2)

Comparing, we get

a=1 2h = 2 b=3
h=1

ℎ2 - ab = (1)2 - 1(3) = 1 – 3 = -2 < 0

Given equation ( 1 ) represents ellipse.

Equation of a Parobala with its focus at ( x1 , y1 ) and the directrix ax + by + c = 0
‘S’ denotes Focus M P ( x, y )
Line XM denotes Directrix

𝑆𝑃
=e S
𝑃𝑀
X ( x1 , y1 )

Note:
(i) If e < 1, the conic is called an ellipse.
(ii) If e = 1, the conic is called a parabola.
(iii) If e>1, the conic is called a hyperbola.

Let the focus be S (x1, y1) and directrix be the line ax + by + c = 0

P( x, y) be any point on it

SP = √(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2

PM = Perpendicular distance of P from the line ax + by + c = 0

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦+𝑐
= ±
√a2 + b2

Example : Find the equation of the parabola with focus at (1, - 1 ) and directrix
x-y=0. [Oct’16]

Soln: For parabola e = 1

Given: Focus is S ( 1, -1 ) and directrix is x - y = 0.
𝑆𝑃
Always = e =1
𝑃𝑀

√(𝑥−1)2 +(𝑦+1)2
𝑥− 𝑦 =1
±
√( 1 )2 +(− 1)2

𝑥− 𝑦
√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = ±
√2

(𝑥−𝑦 )2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 =
2
2
2 (𝑥 − 2x + 1 + 𝑦 + 2y + 1 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2xy
2

2 𝑥 2 − 4x + 2 + 2 𝑦 2 + 4y + 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2xy

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4x + 𝑦 2 + 4y + 2 = 0
General equation of a conic a𝐱 𝟐 + 2hxy + b𝐲 𝟐 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents pair of
straight lines if abc + 2fgh – a𝐟 𝟐 – b𝐠 𝟐 – c𝐡𝟐 = 0

Example : Prove that equation 6𝑥 2 + 13xy+ 6𝑦 2 + 8x + 7y + 2 = 0 represents a pair of

straight lines. [Oct’17, Apri’18]

Soln: Given 6𝑥 2 + 13xy+ 6𝑦 2 + 8x + 7y + 2 = 0––––– (1)

a𝑥 2 + 2hxy + b𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Comparing, we get
a=6 2h =13 b=6 2g = 8 2f = 7 c=2
13 7
h= 2 g=4 f=2
To claim equation ( 1 ) represents a pair of straight lines
∴i.e abc + 2fgh – a𝑓 2 – b𝑔2 – cℎ2 = 0.
L.H.S = abc + 2fgh – a𝑓 2 – b𝑔2 – cℎ2
7 13 7 2 13 2
= 6( 6 )( 2 ) + 2(2 )( 4 )( 2 ) - 6 (2) - 6 (4 )2 - 2 ( 2 )
364 49 169
= 72 + - 6 ( 4 ) – 6 ( 16 ) - 2 ( )
2 4
294 338
= 72 + 182 - – 96 -
4 4
294 + 338
= 158 - ( )
4
632
= 158 - 4

= 158 - 158
= 0 = R.H.S
∴The given equation ( 1 ) represents a pair of straight lines.

Example : Find ‘c’ if 2𝑥 2 + 3xy - 2𝑦 2 - 5x + 5y + c = 0 represents a pair of straight

lines. [Oct’16]
Soln: Given 2𝑥 2 + 3xy - 2𝑦 2 - 5x + 5y + c = 0––––– (1)

a𝑥 2 + 2hxy + b𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ––––– (2)

Comparing, we get
a=2 2h = 3 b = -2 2g = -5 2f = 5 c=c
3 −5 5
h=2 g= 2 f=2
Given that ( 1 ) to represents a pair of straight lines
∴ abc + 2fgh – a𝑓 2 – b𝑔2 – cℎ2 = 0.
5 −5 3 5 2 −5 2 3 2
2(-2)(c) + 2(2 )( )(2 ) - 2 (2) +2 ( 2 ) - c (2) = 0
2
75 25 25 9
-4c - - 2 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 4 ) – c (4 ) = 0
4
 −16𝑐 − 75 − 50 + 50 − 9𝑐
= 0
4
-25c - 75 = 0
25c = - 75

c=-3
∴

Exercise 1.3

Part – A
1. Define conic. [Apri’18]
2. Show that x 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 – 16 x - 12y + 22 = 0 represents a parabola.
[Apri’19]

3. Show that the equation 7𝑥 2 + 3xy + 2𝑦 2 - x + 2y - 1 = 0 represents an ellipse.

[Apri’17]

Part – B
1. Show that 4x 2 + 10 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 - 2x + 5y - 3 = 0 represents a hyperbola.
[Apri’18]
2. Find the equation of the parabola with its focus at ( -1, -2 ) and x + 2y = 0 as
its directrix. [Apri’16]

Part – C
1. Prove that the equation 2𝑥 2 − 7xy + 3𝑦 2 + 5x - 5y + 2 = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines. [Apri’19]

2. Prove that the equation 3𝑥 2 + 7xy + 2𝑦 2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0 represents a pair of

straight lines. [Nove’19]

3. For the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 + 7xy + 3𝑦 2 + 13x - y - 24 = 0 identify the conic.

[Apri’17]
2 2
4. Find ‘α’ such that the equation 3𝑥 + 7xy + α𝑦 - 4x - 13y - 7 = 0 represents a pair
of straight lines. [Oct’18]
 Unit – II VECTOR ALGEBRA – I

Chapter 2.1 VECTOR - INTRODUCTION

Definition of vector - types, addition, and subtraction of Vectors, Properties of
addition and subtraction. Position vector. Resolution of vector in two and three
dimensions. Direct cosines, Direct ratios, Simple problems.

Chapter 2.2 SCALAR PRODUCT OF VECTORS

Definition of Scalar product of two vectors – Properties – Angle between two vectors.
Simple problems.

Chapter 2.3 APPLICATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT

Geometrical meaning of scalar product . Work done by Force. Simple Problems.

2.1 VECTOR – INTRODUCTION

Vectors constitute one of the several Mathematical systems which can be usefully
employed to provide mathematical handling for certain types of problems in Geometry,
Mechanics and other branches of Applied Mathematics. Vectors facilitate mathematical
study of such physical quantities as possess Direction in addition to Magnitude. Velocity
of a particle, for example, is one such quantity.

Physical quantities are broadly divided in two categories viz (a) Vector Quantities& (b)
Scalar quantities.

( a ) Vector quantities :

Any quantity, such as velocity, momentum, or force, that has both magnitude and
direction

( b ) Scalar quantities :

A quantity, such as mass, length, time, density or energy, that has size or magnitude but
does not involve the concept of direction is called scalar quantity.

Mathematical Description of Vector:

A vector is a directed line segment. The length of the segment is called magnitude of the
vector. The direction is indicated by an arrow joining the initial and final points of the
line segment. The vector AB i.e, joining the initial point A and the final point B in the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
direction of AB is denoted as 𝐴𝐵
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝐵|
The magnitude of the vector 𝐴𝐵

Triangle Law of Addition of Two vectors:

If 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗ and 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 , 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ -
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
Position Vector:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is called the position vector of

If P is any point in the space and 0 is the origin, then 𝑂𝑃
the pointP.

Let P be a point in a Three dimensional Space. Let 0 be the origin and 𝑖 , 𝑗 and 𝑘 ⃗ the
unit vectors along the x , y and z axes . Then if P is (x, y, z) the position vector of the
point P is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ . The magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = x𝑖 + yj⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑂𝑃 is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2
OP =|𝑂𝑃| = √x + y + z 2 2

Distance between two points:

If A and B are two points in the space with co-ordinates A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ),
then the position vectors are
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖 + 𝑦1 j⃗ + 𝑧1⃗⃗⃗
𝑂A 𝑘 and 𝑂𝐵 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥2 𝑖 + 𝑦2 j⃗ + 𝑧2 𝑘
Then AB = |𝐴𝐵| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑂𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴| = √( 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 2

Example : ⃗ and 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘
If position vectors of the points A and B are 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ -𝑘 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
find |𝐴𝐵| [Oct’16]

Sol.: Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ and

OA = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ -𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA

= 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ - (3𝑖 + 2j⃗ -𝑘 ⃗)
= 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ - 3𝑖⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘
= - 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ +4𝑘 ⃗
 ∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ +4𝑘
𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √(22 ) + (−3)2 + (4)2

AB = |𝐴𝐵|
= √4 + 9 + 16
= √29

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √29
|𝐴𝐵|

Unit Vector: A vector of magnitude one unit is called an unit vector.

⃗
𝒂
⃗
Note: If 𝑎 is a vector, then Unit vector along 𝒂 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒂|
Example : ⃗
Find the unit vector along the vector 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 5𝑘

Sol.: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 5𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = √(32 ) + (4)2 + (−5)2

= √9 + 16 + 25
= √50

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = √50

𝑎⃗ ⃗
3𝑖 + 4j⃗ − 5𝑘
Unit vector along 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| √50

Condition for three position vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐎𝐀 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐎𝐁 & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑪 to be Collinear if ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐁𝐂 = k ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐁

⃗ , 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
Example : Show that the points whose position vectors 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ -5𝑘 ⃗ and
⃗ are collinear.
6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 7𝑘 [Oct’18]

Soln: Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ -5𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 7𝑘
𝑂𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
= 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘⃗ - (2𝑖 + 3j⃗ -5𝑘 ⃗)
= 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗ - 2𝑖 − 3j⃗⃗ + 5𝑘
⃗
= 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗
 ∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 - 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗ - (3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗)

= ⃗ - 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘
6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗

= 3𝑖 − 6 j⃗ + 9𝑘 ⃗
= 3 (𝑖 − 2 j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ )
= 3 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝐴𝐵
i.e, 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐵
∴ 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are are collinear.

Condition for three points whose position vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐎𝐀 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐎𝐁 & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑶𝑪 to be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑩𝑪|
i) Equilateral triangle if |𝑨𝑩| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑨𝑪| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑩𝑪|
ii) isosceles triangle if |𝑨𝑩| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ≠ |𝐀𝑪|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ or |𝐁𝐂|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝐀𝑪|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ≠ |𝑨𝑩|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
iii) right angled triangle if 𝐀𝐁 + 𝐁𝑪 = 𝑨𝐂 or 𝐁𝑪 + 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Examples :

1. ⃗ , 3𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Prove that the points 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ , 4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
4j + 2𝑘 ⃗ form an
equilateral triangle. [Nov’19]

Soln: Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗
4j + 2𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴
= 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗ - (4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗)
= 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗ - 4𝑖 − 2j⃗⃗ - 3𝑘
⃗
= ⃗
- 2 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐴𝐵 = - 2 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 3𝑖 + 4j⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ - (2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗)
= 3𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
4j + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ - 2𝑖 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
3j - 4𝑘
= 𝑖 + j⃗ - 2 𝑘 ⃗
 ∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + j⃗ - 2 𝑘
𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 3𝑖 + 4j ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ - (4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗)
= 3𝑖 + 4j ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ - 4𝑖 − 2 - 3𝑘
⃗⃗⃗
= - 𝑖 + 2 j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗

∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = - 𝑖 + 2 j⃗ - 𝑘
𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √(−2)2 + (1)2 + ( 2)2 = √4 + 1 + 4 =

AB = |𝐴𝐵|

∴
AB = √6

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √(1)2 + (1)2 + (−2)2 =

BC = |𝐵𝐶| √1 + 1 + 4 = √6

∴
BC = √6

AC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐶| = √(−1)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2 = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6

∴
AC = √6

AB = BC = AC = √6

∴ The given triangle is an equilateral triangle.

2. Prove that the points whose position vectors are ⃗ , 5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 7𝑘

3𝑖 − j⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ and
⃗ form a right angled triangle.
6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘 [Oct’16, Apri’17]

Soln: Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 6𝑘

⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 7𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘
𝑂𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴

= 5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗⃗ - (3𝑖 − j⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗)

= 5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ - 3𝑖 + j⃗⃗ - 6𝑘⃗
= 2𝑖 − j⃗ +𝑘 ⃗
 ∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 − j⃗ +𝑘
𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗ - (5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 7𝑘
⃗⃗⃗ )

⃗ - 5𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 7𝑘
= 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗
= 𝑖 − 3j⃗ -5𝑘

∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − 3j⃗ -5𝑘
𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
- 𝑂𝐴
= 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘 ⃗ - (3𝑖 − j⃗ + 6𝑘
⃗ )

= 6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
- 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 6𝑘
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗
3𝑖 − 4j⃗ - 4𝑘

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =3𝑖 − 4j⃗ - 4𝑘
𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √(22 ) + (− 1)2 + (1)2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6

AB = |𝐴𝐵|

∴
AB = √6

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √(12 ) + (− 3)2 + (− 5)2 = √1 + 9 + 25 = √35

BC = |𝐵𝐶|

∴
BC = √35

AC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐶| = √(32 ) + (− 4)2 + (−4)2 = √9 + 16 + 16 = √41

∴
AC = √41

𝐴𝐵 2 = 6 𝐵𝐶 2 = 35, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 41

AB2 + B𝐶 2 = 6 + 35 = 41 = 𝐴C2
∴ AB 2 + B𝐶 2 = 𝐴C2

∴ The given triangle is an right angled triangle.

Direction Cosines
When a directed line OP passing through the origin makes α, β and γ angles with
the x, yand zaxis respectively with O as the reference, these angles are referred as the
direction angles of the line and the cosine of these angles give us the direction cosines.
These direction cosines are usually represented as l, m and n.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑂𝑃 = x𝑖 + yj⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r
OP =|𝑂𝑃|

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Direction cosines are , ,
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Direction ratio are x, y, z

 Exercise 2.1
Part – A

1. ⃗
If 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ , find 3 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ [Nov’19]

2. ⃗
If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ , find 2 𝑎 + 3 𝑏⃗ [Apri’18]

3. ⃗ and 5 𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
If 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ are the position vectors of the points A and B,

find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠

𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵| [Oct’17]

4. ⃗
Find the unit vector along the vector direction 2𝑖 − j⃗⃗ - 𝑘 [Apri’16]

5. ⃗
Find the direction cosines of the vector 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 5𝑘

Part – B

1. ⃗ and 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
If the position vectors of the points A and B are 𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , Also find the direction ratio of 𝐴𝐵
find |𝐴𝐵| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . [Apri’19]

2. ⃗
Find the modulus and direction cosines of the vector 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 [Apri’16]

3. ⃗ , 3𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 𝑘
Show that the points whose position vectors 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ and
⃗ are collinear.
- 𝑖 + 11j⃗ + 9𝑘 [Apri’17]

Part – C

1. ⃗ , 3𝑖 + 4j
Prove that the points 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ , 4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗ form an
equilateral triangle. [Apri’19]

2. Prove that the points whose position vectors are ⃗ , 5𝑖 + j⃗ - 3𝑘

3𝑖 − j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ and

⃗ form an isosceles triangle.

6𝑖 − j⃗ - 𝑘 [Oct’18]

3. The position vectors of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑖 − 3j⃗ - 5𝑘

⃗⃗⃗ and 3𝑖 − 4j⃗ - 4 𝑘
⃗
respectively. Prove that the triangle is right angled. [Apri’18]
 2.2 SCALAR PRODUCT OF VECTORS
Definition: Let 𝑎and 𝑏⃗ be two non zero vectors inclined at an angle θ. Then the scalar
⃗ and is defined as 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
product of 𝑎with 𝑏⃗ is denoted by 𝑎 . 𝑏 |𝑎||𝑏|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ cos 𝜃

Properties of Scalar Product:

1. ⃗ = 0.
𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular vectors if and only if 𝑎 . 𝑏

2. ⃗ are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes respectively,

𝑖 , j⃗ and 𝑘
⃗ .𝑘
Then i) i . i = 𝑗 . 𝑗 = 𝑘 ⃗ =1
⃗ =𝑘
ii) 𝑖 . 𝑗 = 𝑗 . 𝑘 ⃗ .𝑖 , 𝑗 .𝑖 = 𝑘
⃗ .𝑗 = 𝑖 .𝑘
⃗ =0

𝑎⃗ .𝑏 ⃗
3. Projection of 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏|
⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏
4. cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎||𝑏|

If 𝑎 = a1 𝑖 + a2 j⃗ + a3 𝑘⃗ and 𝑏⃗ = b1 𝑖 + b2 j⃗ + b3 𝑘⃗ , Then

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 ( Using property 2 )

⃗.
Example : Find the scalar product of 𝑖 + j⃗ , 𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘

Soln: Let 𝑎 = 𝑖 + j⃗

𝑏⃗ ⃗.
= 𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘
𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖 + j⃗ ) . (𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ )
= 1 ( 1) + 1 ( 1 ) + 0 ( 3 )

= 1 + 1

= 2.

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 2
Example : ⃗ and 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 6𝑘
Show that the vectors 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗ are perpendicular to
each other.

Sol.: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 2𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 6𝑘
⃗

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (2𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 2𝑘
⃗ ) . (3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 6𝑘
⃗ )

= 2(3)+3(2)–2(6)

= 6 + 6 – 12

= 0

∴ The vectors 𝑎and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular vectors.

Example : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 3𝑖 + j⃗ + 4𝑘

Find the value of ‘ m ‘ If the vectors 2𝑖 + 𝑚 j⃗ - 3𝑘 ⃗ are
perpendicular. [Apri’16]

Sol: Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 𝑚 j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

3𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 + j⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗

Given 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other.

i.e 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗= 0

( 2𝑖 + 𝑚 j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗) =0
3𝑘 ) . (3𝑖 + j⃗ + 4𝑘

2(3)+m(1)–3(4) = 0

6 + m - 12 = 0

m- 6 =0 ⇒m = 6

∴ m = 6
 ⃗ , 4j⃗ + 2𝑘
Example : Prove that the vectors 𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗ and -10 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 4 𝑘
⃗ are
mutually perpendicular. [Oct’16]

Sol.: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 4j⃗ +2𝑘
⃗

⃗
𝑐 = -10 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 4𝑘

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗ ) . ( 4j⃗ +2𝑘
⃗ )

= 1 ( 0 ) − 1 (4) + 2 ( 2 )

= 0−4+4

= 0.

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 0

𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular vectors.

𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 = (4j⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗ ) . ( -10 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗ )

= 0(− 10) + 4(−2) + 2 (4 )

= 0−8+8

= 0.

𝑏⃗ . 𝑐= 0

𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are perpendicular vectors.

⃗ ) . ( 𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘
𝑐 . 𝑎 = (−10 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 4 𝑘 ⃗)

= −10 ( 1) − 2(−1) + 4 (2 )

= −10 + 2 + 8 = - 8 + 8

= 0.

𝑐 . 𝑎= 0
 𝑐 and 𝑎 are perpendicular vectors.
The three vectors are mutually perpendicular.

⃗ 𝒐𝒏 ⃗𝒃 :
Projection of 𝒂

⃗ on the vector 𝑖 + 2j⃗ +2𝑘

Example : Find the projection of the vector 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 5𝑘 ⃗

[Oct’16]

Sol.: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 5𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ +2𝑘
⃗

𝑎⃗ .𝑏⃗ (3𝑖 +4j − 5𝑘⃗ ) . (𝑖 +2j + 2𝑘⃗ )

Projection of 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
|𝑏| √(12 )+(2)2 +(2)2

3 ( 1 )+ 4 (2) −5 ( 2 )
=
√ 1+4 + 4

3 + 8− 10
=
√9

1
=
√9

∴ 1
Projection of 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ =
√9

⃗
⃗ .𝒃
𝒂
Angle between two vectors 𝐚⃗ and 𝐛 : 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒂||𝒃|

Example : Find the angle between the vectors 3𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑖 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
4j - 2𝑘 ⃗ .
3 j -5𝑘
⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 2𝑘
Soln: Let 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 4j

𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
3 j -5𝑘

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗= (3𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ) . (2𝑖 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

4j - 2𝑘 ⃗)
3 j -5𝑘

= 3(2)+4(-3)-2(-5)
 = 6 - 12 + 10

= 4

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 4

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = √(32 ) + (4)2 + (−2)2 = √9 + 16 + 4 = √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏| = √(22 ) + ( − 3)2 + (− 5)2 = √4 + 9 + 25 = √38

⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏
cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎||𝑏|

4
=
√29√38

4
𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
∴ √29√38

Example ⃗ on 7𝑖 + j⃗ + 2𝑘
Find the projection of the vector 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗ . Also find the
angle between them. [Oct’18]

Sol.: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 7𝑖 + j⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗

𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (3𝑖 + j⃗ − 2𝑘
⃗ ) . (7𝑖 + j⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗)

= 3 ( 7) + 1 (1 ) − 2 ( 2 )

= 21 + 1 − 4

= 18.

.
𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 18

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = √(32 ) + ( 1)2 + (−2)2 = √9 + 1 + 4 = √14

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏| = √(72 ) + ( 1)2 + ( 2)2 = √49 + 1 + 4 = √54

𝑎⃗ .𝑏 ⃗ 18
Projection of 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
|𝑏| √ 54

18
Projection of 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ =
√ 54
 ∴

𝑎⃗ .𝑏 ⃗
cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑏|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎|

18
=
√14√54

18
∴ 𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
√14√54

Exercise 2.2
Part – A

1. What are the values of i . j and ⃗k . ⃗k ? [Nov’19]

2. ⃗ and - 2𝑖 + 6j⃗ + 4𝑘
Show that the two vectors 𝑖 − 3j⃗ +5𝑘 ⃗ are mutually
perpendicular. [Oct’17, Nov’19]

3. Find the value of ‘p’ such that the vectors 2𝑖 + j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ are
5𝑘 and p𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 2𝑘
perpendicular. [Apri’19]

4. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎| |𝑏| = 4 and 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 12, find the angle
between them. [Apri’17]
Part – B

1. ⃗ on𝑖 − 2j⃗ - 2 𝑘
Find the projection of the vector 2𝑖 + j⃗ - 2 𝑘 ⃗ [Apri’18]

2. ⃗ on the vector 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘⃗
Find the projection of the vector 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 [Apri’17]

Part – C
1. ⃗ on the vector 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 2𝑘
Find the projection of the vector 8𝑖 + 4j⃗ - 3𝑘 ⃗ . Also find
the angle between them. [Apri’19]

2. ⃗ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 4j⃗ -6𝑘

If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + j⃗ + 3 𝑘 ⃗ , find the projection of 𝑎 on 𝑏⃗ . Also

find the angle between the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗. [Apr’18, Nov’19]

3. Prove that the vectors 𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , 𝑖 + j⃗ - 3𝑘

2j + 𝑘 ⃗ and 7 𝑖 − 4j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ are mutually
perpendicular. [Apri’16]

4. ⃗ ) 𝑘
Show that ( 𝑎 . 𝑖 ) 𝑖 + ( 𝑎 . 𝑗 ) 𝑗 + ( 𝑎 . 𝑘 ⃗ = 𝑎 , if 𝑎is any vector,
[Apri’17]
 2.3 APPLICATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT

Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 where 𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ -

𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴

Example : A particle acted on by the forces 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑖 + 7j⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ acting
on the particle displaces the particle from the point 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘 to the point
⃗
3𝑖 − 5j⃗ +4𝑘 Find the total work done by the forces. [Apri’16, Oct’18]

Sol: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗

𝐹1 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 = 𝑖 + 7j⃗ + 7𝑘
⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑖 + 7j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘 7𝑘
= 4𝑖 + 9j⃗ + 4𝑘⃗
∴
𝐹 = 4𝑖 + 9j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 − 5j⃗ +4𝑘
𝑂𝐵
𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ -
= 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴

⃗ - ( 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3 ⃗⃗⃗
= 3𝑖 − 5j⃗ +4𝑘 𝑘 )

⃗ - 𝑖 − 2j⃗ - 3 𝑘
= 3 𝑖 − 5j⃗ +4𝑘 ⃗
⃗
= 2 𝑖 − 7 j⃗ + 𝑘

∴ ⃗
𝑑 = 2 𝑖 − 7 j⃗ + 𝑘

⃗ ) . (2 𝑖 − 7 j⃗ + 𝑘
Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 = (4𝑖 + 9j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗)
 = 4 ( 2 ) + 9 ( -7) + 4 ( 1 )

= 8 - 63 + 4

= - 51

Work done = --51 units

Work done = 51 units (by taking positive value)

Exercise 2.3

Part – C

1. Find the work done by the force 𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗ when it displaces a particle from the
⃗⃗⃗ to the point 3𝑖 − j⃗ - 5𝑘
point 2𝑖 − 6j⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ . [Nov’19]

2. The forces 2𝑖 − 5j⃗ +6𝑘 ⃗ , −𝑖 + 2j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗

𝑘 and 2𝑖 + 7j⃗ act on a particle and displace it
⃗⃗⃗
from the point 4𝑖 − 3j⃗ - 2𝑘 to the point 6𝑖 + j⃗ -3𝑘⃗ Find the total work done
by the forces. [Apri’17]

3. A particle acted on by the forces 4𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ and 2𝑖 + 7j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗ is displaced from

the point ( 1, 1, 1 ) to the point ( 2, - 3, 5 ). Find the total work done. [Apri’19]

4. ⃗ and 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ - 5𝑘
The forces 3𝑖 + 5j⃗ - 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ displaces a particle from the point

( 1, 2, - 1 ) to the point ( 5, - 3, 4 ) . Find the total work done by the force.

[Oct’16, Apri’18]
 Unit – III VECTOR ALGEBRA – II

Chapter 3.1 VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Definition of vector product of two vectors. Geometrical meaning. Properties – Angle
between two vectors – unit vector perpendicular to two vectors. Simple problems.

Chapter 3.2 APPLICATION OF VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS &

SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
Definition of moment of a force. Definition of scalar product of three vectors –
Geometrical meaning – Coplanar vectors. Simple problems.

Chapter 3.3 VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT & PRODUCT OF MORE VECTORS

Definition of Vector triple product, Scalar and Vector product of four vectors Simple
problems

3.1 VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Definition: Let𝑎and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors and𝜃be the angle between them. The vector
product of 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ isdenoted as 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ and is defined as 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂
where 𝑛̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎and 𝑏⃗.

Properties of Vector Product:

1. If 𝑎and 𝑏⃗ are any two vectors, then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = - 𝑏⃗ × 𝑎

2. 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are parallel if and only if 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0

3. ⃗ are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes respectively,

𝑖 , j⃗ and 𝑘
 ⃗ ×𝑘
Then i) 𝑖 × 𝑖 = 𝑗 × 𝑗 = 𝑘 ⃗ =0
ii) 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘⃗; 𝑗×𝑘 ⃗ = 𝑖; 𝑘
⃗ ×𝑖= 𝑗
⃗ ; 𝑘
iii) 𝑗 × 𝑖 = - 𝑘 ⃗ ×𝑗=-𝑖; 𝑖×𝑘 ⃗ =-𝑗

4. Vector product in determinant from

⃗ and 𝑏⃗ = b1𝑖 + 𝑏2 j⃗ +𝑏3 𝑘
Let 𝑎 = a1𝑖 + 𝑎2 j⃗ +𝑎3 𝑘 ⃗
𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
⃗
Then 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

Example : Find 𝑎 x 𝑏⃗ if 𝑎 = 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 − j⃗⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗

Soln: Let ⃗
𝑎 = 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 − j⃗⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗

𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |1 1 1| = 𝑖 ( 3 + 1 ) - j⃗ ( 3 – 2 ) + 𝑘
⃗ ( -1 – 2)
2 −1 3

⃗ ( -3)
= 𝑖 ( 4 ) - j⃗ ( 1 ) + 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= 4𝑖 - j⃗ - 3 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= 4𝑖 - j⃗ - 3 𝑘

5. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two adjacent sides of a Parallelogram,

then Area of Parallelogram = |𝒂 ⃗ × ⃗𝒃|

Example : ⃗ and
Find the area of the Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 3𝑖 - 𝑘
⃗
𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘 [Apri’17]

Soln: : ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 3𝑖 - 𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗

Area of Parallelogram = |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|

 𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |3 0 −1| = 𝑖 ( 0 + 1 ) - j⃗ ( 3 + 1 ) + 𝑘
⃗ ( 3 - 0)
1 1 1

⃗ ( 3)
= 𝑖 ( 1 ) - j⃗ ( 4 ) + 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= 𝑖 - 4j⃗ + 3 𝑘

|a⃗ × ⃗b| = √(1)2 + (−4)2 + (3)2

= √1 + 16 + 9 = √26
Area of Parallelogram = √26 sq.units

6. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
d1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 are two diagonals of a Parallelogram,
1
then Area of Parallelogram = |⃗⃗⃗ d1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
d2 |
2

7. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two adjacent sides of a Parallelogram,

1
then Area of Triangle = |𝒂 ⃗ ×𝒃⃗|
2

8. Area of the triangle formed by the points whose position vectors

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 1 |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2

Example : Find the area of the triangle formed by the points whose position vectors
3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘⃗ , 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ and 5𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ [Apri’16, Oct’18]

Soln: Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘
𝑂𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
⃗ ⃗ )
= 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘 - (3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘

= ⃗ - 3𝑖 − 2j⃗⃗ + 𝑘
2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗
= - 𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2𝑘⃗

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐴𝐵 = - 𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ - (2𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘
= 5𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ )
 ⃗ - 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗
= 5𝑖 + j⃗ + 3𝑘 𝑘

⃗
= 3𝑖 + 4 j⃗ +2𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 + 4 j⃗ +2𝑘
𝐵𝐶

𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |−1 −5 2|
3 4 2

⃗ ( - 4 + 15 )
= 𝑖 ( -10 – 8 ) - j⃗ ( -2 - 6 ) + 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
= - 18𝑖 − 8 j⃗ + 11𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−18)2 + (−8)2 + (11)2
= √324 + 64 + 121 = √509

1
∴ Area of triangle = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2

√509
= sq. units.
2
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗|
8. sin 𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝑎⃗||𝑏

⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏
9. 𝑛̂ = ⃗|
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏

⃗ |= 7 and |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|= 7, find the angle between 𝑎and b

Example : If |𝑎|= 2, |b ⃗
[Oct’16]
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗|
Soln: We know that sin 𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝑎⃗||𝑏

7 1
= (2)( 7 )
=
2

𝜃 = 300

𝜃 = 300

⃗ and
Example : Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 2𝑖 + j⃗ +𝑘
⃗ . Also find the sine of the angle between the vectors.
𝑖 + 2 j⃗ +𝑘
[Oct’17]
Soln: ⃗
Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2j + 𝑘⃗

⃗
𝑖 j⃗ 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |2 1 1| = 𝑖 ( 1 – 2 ) - j⃗ ( 2 – 1 ) + 𝑘
⃗ ( 4 – 1)
1 2 1

⃗ ( 3)
= 𝑖 ( – 1 ) - j⃗ ( 1 ) + 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= - 𝑖 - j⃗ + 3 𝑘

|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|= √(− 1)2 + (−1)2 + ( 3)2 = √1 + 1 + 9 = √11

⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 − 𝑖− j⃗ + 3 j⃗
𝑛̂ = ⃗|
=
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 √11

− 𝑖− j⃗ + 3 j⃗
𝑛̂ =
√11

|𝑎|= √(2)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6

|𝑏⃗|= √(1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6

|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗| √11 √11

sin 𝜃 = ⃗
|𝑎⃗||𝑏|
= =
√6√6 6

√11
sin 𝜃 =
6
 Exercise 3.1
Part – A
1. What are the values of ( i ) 𝑖 . 𝑖 and ( ii ) 𝑖 x 𝑗 [Apri’16]

2. ⃗ and 𝑏⃗ = 2 𝑖 − j⃗⃗ - 3𝑘
Prove that the vectors 𝑎 = 4𝑖 − 2j⃗ - 6𝑘 ⃗ are parallel. [Apri’18]

3. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram. What is its area ? [Oct’17]

4. ⃗ |= 5 and |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|= 10, find the angle between 𝑎 and b

If |𝑎|= 3, |b ⃗ . [Nov’19]

Part – B

1. Find the area of the parallelogram, whose adjacent sides are 𝑖 + j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
3𝑘 and
⃗⃗ .
2𝑖 + j⃗ + 2 k [Apri’18]

2. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗

d1 = 4𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ are diagonals of a parallelogram, find its
d2 = 𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘
area. [Apri’19]

3. ⃗ and
Find the area of the triangle, whose adjacent sides are 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ − 𝑘
⃗⃗ .
𝑖 + 3j⃗ + k [Nov’19]

Part – C

1. ⃗ , 𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 2𝑘
The position vectors of the vertices of a triangle are 5𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 4 𝑘 ⃗ and
⃗ . Find the area of the triangle.
- 𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 [Apri’19]

2. ⃗ and
Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 3𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ .
2𝑖 − 5 j⃗ + 3𝑘 [Nov’19]

3. ⃗ and
Find the unit vector perpendicular to two vectors 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ . Also, find the angle between them.
2𝑖 + 3 j⃗ -𝑘 [Apri’17]

4. ⃗ and
Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 3𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗ . Also, find the sine angle between the vectors.
4𝑖 − 2 j⃗ + 𝑘 [Apri’18]
 3.2 APPLICATION OF VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS &
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

Definition :
Moment (or) Torque of a force about a point

Let A be any point and 𝑟 be the position vector relative to the point A of any point P
on the line of action of the force 𝐹 . The moment of the force about the point O is
⃗⃗ = 𝑟×𝐹 where 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
defined as 𝑀 𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 .

The magnitude of the moment = |𝑟 × 𝐹 |

The moment of the force is also called as Torque of the force.

Definition : Scalar triple Product

Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 be any three vectors, their scalar triple product is denoted by [𝑎 𝑏⃗ 𝑐]
and is defined as [𝑎 𝑏⃗ 𝑐] = 𝑎 . ( 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 )

Properties of Scalar triple Product:

1. ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = b1𝑖 + 𝑏2 j⃗ +𝑏3 𝑘
Let 𝑎 = a1𝑖 + 𝑎2 j⃗ +𝑎3 𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑐 = c1𝑖 + 𝑐2 j⃗ +𝑐3 𝑘
⃗

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Then [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 ] = |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

2. The three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 are coplanar if [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐] = 0

3. The position vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 lie on the same plane if
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
[𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ] = 0

Example : ⃗ acting through the point 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘

Find the Moment of the force 3𝑖 + 𝑘 ⃗
⃗
about the point 2𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘 [Oct’18]

Soln: ⃗
Given 𝐹 = 3𝑖 + 𝑘
⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘
𝑂𝑃

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
𝑂𝐴
 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴

⃗ ) - (2𝑖 + j⃗ - 2𝑘
= ( 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗ )

⃗ − 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘
= 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗

⃗
= -𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

⃗
𝑟 = -𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

∴ Moment = 𝑟 × 𝐹

𝑖 ⃗
⃗j 𝑘
= |− 1 1 1|
3 0 1

⃗ (0 - 3 )
= 𝑖 ( 1 – 0 ) - j⃗ ( -1 - 3 ) + 𝑘

𝑟 × 𝐹 = ⃗
𝑖 + 4 j⃗ - 3𝑘

Magnitude of Moment = |𝑟 × 𝐹 |
= √(1)2 + (4)2 + (−3)2

= √1 + 16 + 9
= √26

Magnitude of Moment = √26

Example : Find the value of [i+ ⃗j j + ⃗⃗k ⃗k + i] [Oct’16, Apri’17]

Soln: Let 𝑎 = 𝑖 + j⃗

𝑏⃗ = j + ⃗⃗k

𝑐 = ⃗k + i⃗

1 1 0
[i+ j⃗ ⃗⃗
j + k ⃗ + i] = | 0
k 1 1|
1 0 1

= 1 (1-0) -1(0-1) +0( 0-1)

 = 1 ( 1 ) -1 (- 1 ) + 0
= 1+1
= 2

⃗ , 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 𝑘
Example : Prove that the vectors 2𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ are coplanar.
[Oct’18]
⃗
Soln: Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗

⃗
𝑐 = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 𝑘

2 1 1
[𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 ] = |3 4 1|
1 −2 1

= 2 ( 4 + 2 ) - 1 (3 - 1 ) + 1 ( -6 - 4 )

= 2 ( 6 ) - 1 (2 ) + 1 ( - 10 )
= 12 - 2 - 10 = 10 - 10

[𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐] = 0

The given points are coplanar.

Example : ⃗ , 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘
Find the value of ‘m’ if the vectors 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ and
3 𝑖 + 𝑚j⃗ + 5 𝑘⃗ are coplanar. [Apri’18]
Soln: Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗

𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘
⃗

⃗
𝑐 = 3 𝑖 + 𝑚j⃗ + 5 𝑘

Given 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are coplanar . [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 ] = 0

2 −1 1
[𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 ] = |1 2 −3| = 0
3 𝑚 5

2 ( 10 + 3m ) + 1 ( 5 + 9 ) + 1 ( m - 6 ) = 0
 20 + 6m + 14 + m – 6 = 0

7m + 28 = 0
7m = -28
m= -4
⃗ , − j⃗ -𝑘
Example : Show that the points whose position vectors 4 𝑖 + 5j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗,
⃗
3𝑖 + 9⃗⃗j + 4𝑘 ⃗ lie on the same plane ( or Co-planar)
and -4 𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 4𝑘

Soln: Given 𝑂𝐴 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4 𝑖 + 5j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − j⃗ -𝑘
𝑂𝐵

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 + 9⃗⃗j + 4𝑘
𝑂𝐶

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = -4 𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 4𝑘
𝑂𝐷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ - ( 4 𝑖 + 5j⃗ + 𝑘
= − j⃗ -𝑘 ⃗ )

= ⃗ - 4 𝑖 − 5j⃗⃗ - 𝑘
− j⃗ -𝑘 ⃗
= ⃗
- 4 𝑖 − 6j⃗ - 2𝑘

∴ ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = - 4 𝑖 − 6j⃗ - 2𝑘
𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
⃗ - ( 4 𝑖 + 5j⃗ + 𝑘
= 3𝑖 + 9⃗⃗j + 4𝑘 ⃗ )

= ⃗ - 4 𝑖 − 5 j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗
3𝑖 + 9⃗⃗j + 4𝑘 𝑘

⃗⃗⃗
= − 𝑖 + 4 j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗
= − 𝑖 + 4 j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 𝑂𝐷 - 𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= -4 𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗ - ( 4 𝑖 + 5j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ )

= ⃗ - 4 𝑖 − 5j⃗ - 𝑘
-4 𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗

= ⃗⃗⃗
−8 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗
= −8 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘
 −4 −6 −2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
[𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷] = |−1 4 3|
−8 −1 3

= -4 ( 12 + 3) + 6 ( -3 + 24 ) - 2 ( 1 + 32 )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
[𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷] = -4 (15) + 6 (21) – 2 ( 33 )

= -60 + 126 - 66
= -126 + 126
= 0
The given points lie in the same plane.
Exercise 3.2
Part – A

1. Find the value of [𝑖, ⃗]

𝑗, 𝑘 [Apri’16]

2. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 3j⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + j + k
⃗⃗ , ⃗ , find [ 𝑎 𝑏⃗ c ]
𝑐 = 3𝑖 − k [Apri’19]

Part – B

1. Prove that the vectors 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ , 5𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗ and 4 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 4 𝑘⃗ are coplanar.
[Apri’16]
2. ⃗ , 𝑖 + 𝑚j⃗ - 3𝑘
Find ‘m’ if the vectors 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ and 3 𝑖 − 4j⃗ + 5 𝑘
⃗ are
coplanar. [Apri’19]

3. ⃗ , 2𝑖 + 𝑚j⃗ - 3𝑘
Find the value of ‘m’ if the vectors 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗ and 3𝑖 + j⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗ are
coplanar. [Nov’19]

Part – C

1. ⃗ acting through a point 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 5𝑘
Find the Moment of the force 3𝑖 + 4j ⃗
⃗.
about the point 4𝑖 − 3j⃗ + 𝑘 [Apri’19]

2. ⃗ acting through a point 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘

Find the Moment of the force 6𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗
⃗.
about the point - 𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘 [Nov’19]

3. Find the magnitude of the torque about the point ( 4, 3, -1) of the force
⃗ , acting through the point ( 0, 1, - 1 ).
represented by 6𝑖 + j⃗ - 𝑘
[Apri’17, Apri’18]
4. Prove that the points given by the position vectors ( 1, 3, 1 ), ( 1, 1, -1 ),
 ( - 1, 1, 1 ) and ( 2, 2, -1 ) are coplanar. [Oct’16]
3.3 VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT & PRODUCT OF MORE VECTORS

Definition : Vector Triple Product

Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐be any three vectors then the product 𝑎 x ⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 x 𝑐 ) &( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) × 𝑐 are called
vector triple product of 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐

Note: 𝑎 x ⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 x 𝑐) = ( 𝑎 . 𝑐 ) 𝑏⃗ - ( 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ ) 𝑐

Product of Four vectors

Definition :

Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 , 𝑑 be any four vectors, then the scalar product of these four vectors is
defined as ( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 )
⃗ )
Example : Find the value of 𝑖 × ( 𝑗 × 𝑘

⃗ ) = 𝑖 × ( 𝑖)
Sol: 𝑖 × (𝑗 × 𝑘

= 0

⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
Example : If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 5𝑘
⃗ , find
( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) × 𝑐 [Oct’16, Oct’17]

⃗
Soln: Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘

𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗

⃗
𝑐 = 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 5𝑘

𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |2 3 ⃗ ( -4 - 3)
1| = 𝑖 ( 9 + 2 ) - j⃗ ( 6 – 1 ) + 𝑘
1 −2 3

⃗ ( - 7)
= 𝑖 ( 11 ) - j⃗ ( 5 ) + 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= 11𝑖 - 5j⃗ -7𝑘

𝑖 ⃗j ⃗
𝑘
( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) × 𝑐 = |11 −5 −7|
3 −1 5
 ⃗ ( -11 +15)
= 𝑖 ( -25 – 7) - j⃗ ( 55 + 21 ) + 𝑘

⃗ ( 4)
= 𝑖 ( -32 ) - j⃗ ( 76 ) + 𝑘

( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) × 𝑐 = −32𝑖 - 76 j⃗ + 4 𝑘
⃗

Example : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑏⃗ =𝑖 + ⃗⃗j + 𝑘

If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑐 = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3k
⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗𝑑 = 𝑖 − j⃗ − 𝑘
⃗

find ( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 ) [Apri’16]

Soln: Given 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗

2𝑘

𝑏⃗ ⃗
= 𝑖 + ⃗⃗j + 𝑘

⃗⃗
𝑐 = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3k

⃗
𝑑= 𝑖 − j⃗ − 𝑘

𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |2 − 1 2| = 𝑖 ( - 1 - 2 ) - j⃗ ( 2 – 2 ) + 𝑘
⃗ ( 2 + 1)
1 1 1

⃗ ( 3)
= 𝑖 ( - 3 ) - j⃗ ( 0 ) + 𝑘

𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ⃗
= - 3𝑖 - 0 j⃗ + 3 𝑘 ⃗
= - 3𝑖 + 3 𝑘

𝑖 j⃗ ⃗
𝑘
𝑐 × 𝑑 = |1 2 ⃗ ( - 1 - 2)
3 | = 𝑖 ( -2 + 3 ) - j⃗ ( -1 – 3 ) + 𝑘
1 −1 −1

⃗ ( - 3)
= 𝑖 ( 1 ) - j⃗ ( -4 ) + 𝑘

𝑐 × 𝑑 ⃗
= 𝑖 + 4 j⃗ - 3𝑘

( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 ) = (- 3𝑖 + 3 𝑘
⃗ ) . ( 𝑖 + 4 j⃗ - 3𝑘
⃗ )

= -3 ( 1 ) + 3 ( - 3 )

= -9 -9

= - 18
 ( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 ) = - 18

Exercise 3.3

Part – B

1. Evaluate: ⃗
(i) (𝑖 × 𝑗 ).𝑘 ⃗
( ii ) ( 𝑖 × 𝑗 ) × 𝑘 [Oct’17]

2. Prove that 𝑎 x ⃗⃗⃗

(𝑏 x 𝑐 ) + 𝑏⃗ x ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ x 𝑏⃗) = 0
(𝑐 x 𝑎) + 𝑐 x (𝑎 [Apri’17, Oct’18]

Part – C

1. ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 + 2j⃗ -𝑘
If 𝑎 = 4𝑖 + j⃗ - 𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑐 = - 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ − 𝑘
⃗ , find
𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) [Apri’18]

2. ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 𝑘
If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗𝑑 = 𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗

find ( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 ) [Nov’19]

3. ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = − 𝑖 + 𝑘
If 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 3j⃗ − 𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑐 = 2𝑖 + j⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗𝑑 = 3𝑖 − 4j⃗ − 7𝑘
⃗

find ( 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ ) . ( 𝑐 × 𝑑 ) [Apri’19]

4. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ − 5𝑘

⃗ verify that
𝑎 x ( 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = ( 𝑎 . 𝑐) 𝑏⃗ - ( 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗) 𝑐 [Apri’17]
 Unit – IV INTEGRAL CALCULUS – I

Chapter 4.1 INTEGRATION - DECOMPOSITION METHOD

Introduction – Definition of Integration – Integral values using reverse process of
differentiation – Integration using decomposition method. Simple problems

Chapter 4.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

𝑓! ( 𝑥 )
Integrals of the form ∫[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ]𝑛 𝑓 ! ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥, n ≠ - 1, ∫ f ( x ) 𝑑𝑥 and

∫[ 𝐹 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ))] 𝑓 ! ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 Simple problems

Chapter 4.3 STANDARD INTEGRALS

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎2 ± , ∫ 2 and ∫ 2 Simple problems
𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑎2 √𝑎 − 𝑥2

4.1 INTEGRATION - DECOMPOSITION METHOD

Sir SardarVallabhai Patel, called the Iron Man of India integrated several princely
states togetherwhile forming our country Indian Nation after independence. Like that in
Maths while finding areaunder a curve through integration, the area under the curve is
divided into smaller rectangles and thenintegrating (i.e) summing of all the area of
rectangles together. So, integration means of summation ofvery minute things of the
same kind.

Integration as the reverse of differentiation:

Integration can also be introduced in another way, called integration as the

reverse of differentiation
dy
Ex: Suppose we differentiate the function y = 𝑥 4 ⇒ = 4 𝑥3
dx
3 𝑥4
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 = 𝑥4
4

The symbol for integration is ∫, known as integral sign. Along with the integral
sign there is a termdx which must always be written and which indicates the name of
the variable involved, in this case 'x'.

Technically integrals of this sort are called indefinite Integrals.

List of Formulae:
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑛+1

2. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = x + c
1
3. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +c
2 √𝑥
1
4. ∫ x 𝑑𝑥 = log x + c

5. ∫ ex 𝑑x = ex + c
6. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cos x + c

7. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin x + c

8. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + c

9. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cot x + c

10. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec x + c

11. ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cosec x + c

1
12. ∫ sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - a cos ax + c

1
13. ∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = a
sin ax + c

Examples :
1. Evaluate:∫(𝑥 2 − 3x + 1) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥2
Soln: ∫(𝑥 2 − 3x + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = - 3 + x + c.
3 2

100
2. Evaluate: ∫( + 100 ) 𝑑𝑥
x
100 1
Soln: ∫( + 100 ) 𝑑𝑥= 100 ∫ x dx + 100 ∫ 1 dx
x
= 100 log 𝑥 + 100𝑥+ c

3
3. Evaluate:∫(𝑥 2 + x) 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’17]
 3 𝑥3
Soln: ∫(𝑥 2 + x) 𝑑𝑥 = + 3 log x + c
3

4. Evaluate: ∫(x 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ( x 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥. [Oct’16]

Soln: ∫(x 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ( x 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(x 4 − x 3 + x 2 + x 3 − x 2 + x + x 2 − x + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(x 4 + x 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 𝑥3
= + +x+c
5 3

Trigonometry related formulae:

1. sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1
1 + cos 2x
2. cos 2 x =
2

2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥

4. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

5. cos 3x = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 – 3 cos x

6. sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A – B ) = 2 sin A cos B

1
sinA cos B = [sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A – B )]
2

1
7. cos A cos B = [cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A – B )]
2

Examples

1. Evaluate: ∫ cos 2 x 𝑑𝑥

1 + cos 2x
Soln: ∫ cos 2 x 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
= [x + sin 2x] + c
2 2

2. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Soln: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥- ∫ 𝑑𝑥
 = -cot x - x+ c

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’17]
1 + cos 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
Soln: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥

( 1 + cos 𝑥) ( 1− cos 𝑥 )
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥

= ∫( 1 − cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= x - sin x + c

4. Evaluate: ∫ sin 5𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
Soln: ∫ sin 5𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(sin (5𝑥 + 2𝑥 ) + sin ( 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥
1
=
2
∫ (sin (7𝑥 ) + sin ( 3𝑥 ) )𝑑𝑥
1 − cos 7𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
= [ + ]+c
2 7 3
 Exercise 4.1

Part – A
2 1
1. Evaluate: ∫(5𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 + x − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]

2. Evaluate: ∫( 𝑥2 + cos x ) 𝑑𝑥 [Nov’19]

2. Evaluate: ∫( 𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’16]

3. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’16]

Part – B

1. Evaluate: ∫(x 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ( x + 5) 𝑑𝑥. [Nov’19]

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]
1− sin x

dx
3. Evaluate: ∫ [Apri’19]
1− sin x

4. Evaluate:∫ √1 + sin 2x dx [Apri’17, Oct’18]

Part – C

1
1. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ ( √x + ) 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ cos 𝑥 cos 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]
√x

2. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫(𝑥 − 1) ( 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Nov’19]

3. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫(𝑥 + 1) ( 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ cos3 x dx [Apri’18]

3
4. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 x + cot 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ sin x dx [Apri’17]
 4.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
So far we have dealt with functions, either directly integrable using integration
formula (or) integrable after decomposing the given functions into sums & differences.

sin (log 𝑥 ) 2x + 3
But there are functions like , which cannot be ecomposed
𝑥 x2 + 3x + 5
into sums (or)differences of simple functions.

In these cases, using proper substitution, we shall reduce the given form into
standard form, whichcan be integrated using basic integration formula.

When the integrand (the function to be integrated) is either in multiplication or

in division form andif the derivative of one full or meaningful part of the function is
equal to the other function then theintegration can be evaluated using substitution
method as given in the following examples.

sin (log 𝑥 ) 1
1. ∫ dx = ∫ sin (log 𝑥 ) dx
𝑥 𝑥

d 1
Here ( log x ) =
dx 𝑥

The above integration can be evaluated by taking u = log x

2x + 3 d
2. ∫ dx since ( x 2 + 3x + 5 ) is 2x + 3 it can be integrated by
x2 + 3x + 5 dx
taking u = x 3 + 3x + 5.

𝑓! ( 𝑥 )
Integrals of the form∫[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ]𝑛 𝑓 ! ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥, n ≠ - 1, ∫ f ( x ) 𝑑𝑥 and
∫[ F ( f ( x ))] f ! ( x ) dxare all, more or less of thesame type and the use of substitution
u = f(x) will reduce the given function to simple standard formwhich can be integrated
using integration formulae.

2𝑥
Example : Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’17]
1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥
Soln: I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + x2
Put u = 1 + x2
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
du = 2𝑥 dx

𝑑𝑢
I=∫
𝑢
= log u + c
 = log (1 + x 2 ) + c

2𝑥
∫1+ 𝑑𝑥 = log (1 + x 2 ) + c
x2
(2𝑥+1 ) sec2 (log 𝑥 )
Example : Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥2 +𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’17]
𝑥

(2𝑥+1 )
Soln: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥2+𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

Put u = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
du =2𝑥 + 1dx

(2𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢

= log u + c

= log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + c

sec2 (log 𝑥 )
( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Put u = log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
du = dx
𝑥

sec2 (log 𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= ∫ sec2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= tan u + c
= tan ( log x ) + c.
 Exercise 4.2

Part – A
𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate: ∫ [Apri’17]
𝑥 log 𝑥

2. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]

Part – B

1. .Evaluate: ∫ cos3 7x dx [Apri’17]

(2𝑥 −1 )
2. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]
√𝑥 2 − 𝑥−1

3
3. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’17]

(tan−1 𝑥)3
4. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’16]
1+ x2

Part – C
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫(𝑥 2 + x + 1)5 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’16]
1 + tan 𝑥

x+ 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ x2 + 2x−1 𝑑𝑥( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’17]
5 + tan 𝑥

(2𝑎𝑥+b ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
3. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫
√𝑎𝑥2 + b𝑥 +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 (ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’18]
5 + 4 tan 𝑥

6 x2 − 1 sin √x
4. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 2 x3− x +5 𝑑𝑥( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’16, Nov’19]
√x

−1 𝑥
cos x etan
5. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]
( 3 − 5 sin x ) 1+ x2

ex
6. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 1 + ex 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18, Nov’19]
 4.3 STANDARD INTEGRALS
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrals of the form ∫ , ∫ 2 and ∫ 2
𝑎2 ± 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑎2 √𝑎 − 𝑥2

List of Formulae:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑎2 + .= tan−1 ( ) + c (or) ∫ = tan−1 ( ) + c
𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1 a+𝑥
2. ∫ a2 − x2 = log ( )+c
2𝑎 a− x

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = 2𝑎
log (
𝑥+ 𝑎
)+c

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = sin−1 (𝑎) + c

Examples :
𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate: ∫ .
𝑥2 + 16
𝑑𝑥
Soln: ∫ .
𝑥2 + 16
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
W.K.T ∫ 2 = tan−1 ( ) + c
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥2 + = ∫ 2
16 𝑥 + 42
1 𝑥
= tan−1 ( ) +c
4 4

𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate: ∫ . [Oct’16]
4𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
Soln: ∫ . = ∫ 9 . = ∫ 3
4𝑥 2 + 9 4 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥2 + ( )2
4 2

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
W.K.T ∫ 2 = tan−1 ( ) + c
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
 𝑑𝑥 1 3 𝑥
∫ 4𝑥 2 + = × tan−1 ( 3 ) + c
9 4 2
2

3 2
= tan−1 ( ) + c
8 3
𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate: ∫ . [Apri’16]
√ 4 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Soln: ∫ = ∫ 2 = sin−1 + c
√4 − 𝑥2 √2 − 𝑥2 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ . ( ii ) ∫ [Oct’18]
9 − (3𝑥 − 2) 2 √5 − 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Soln: ( i ) 𝐼 = ∫
9 − (3𝑥 − 2) 2

Put u = 3x − 2
𝑑𝑢
= 3
𝑑𝑥
1
dx = du
3

1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ 2 2
3 3 −u

𝑑𝑥 1 a+𝑥
W.K.T ∫ 2 2 = log ( )+c
a −x 2𝑎 a− x

1 1 3+𝑢
I = ( log ( )) + c
3 2×3 3− u

1 3+ (3𝑥−2)
= log ( )+c
18 3− (3𝑥−2)

1 3+ 3𝑥 −2
= log ( )+c
18 3− 3𝑥 +2

1 1+ 3𝑥
= log ( )+c
18 5− 3𝑥

𝑑𝑥
( ii ) I = ∫
√5 − 4𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ = ∫
2 5 2
√ − 𝑥2 √(√5 )2 − 𝑥 2
4 2
 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
W.K.T ∫ 2 2 = sin−1 ( ) + c
√𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑎

1 𝑥
I = sin−1 ( √5 ) + c
2
2
1 2𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) +c
2 √5

𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥
∫ √5 − 4𝑥 2 = sin−1 ( ) + c
2 √5

Exercise 4.3
Part – A

𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate: ∫ [Apri’18]
9 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate: ∫ . [Apri’19]
3 +2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate: ∫ . [Apri’17]
√ 9 − 𝑥2

Part – B
𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate: ∫ (3𝑥+ [Oct’18]
2) 2 + 16
𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate: ∫ . [Nov’19]
√ 36 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate: ∫ . [Apri’19]
4𝑥 2 − 49
Part – C

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ . ( ii ) ∫ [Oct’17]
16 + 𝑥 2 √ 4 − (𝑥+1 )2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ ( ii ) ∫ [Apri’18]
64 − x2 √ 36 − (5𝑥 + 1 )2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ . ( ii ) ∫ [Apri’17]
25 − 9 x2 (2𝑥+ 3) 2 + 9
 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate: ∫ . [Apri’19]
3−2x − x2

Unit – V INTEGRAL CALCULUS – II

Chapter 5.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑥 sin nx 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑥 enx 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑥 n log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Chapter 5.2 BERNOULLLI’S FORMULA

Evaluation of the integrals ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑥𝑚 𝑒 n𝑥 𝑑𝑥

where m ≤2 using Bernoulli’s formula. Simple problems

Chapter 5.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of definite integral. Properties of definite integrals – Simple
problems.
5.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Introduction:

When the integrand is a product of two functions and the method of

decomposition or substitutioncannot be applied, then the method of by parts is used.

Integraiton by parts formula:

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

The above formula is used by taking proper choice of 'u' and 'dv'. 'u' should be
chosen based on the following order of Preference . Simply remember ILATE

1. Inverse trigonometric functions

2. Logarithmic functions
3. Algebraic functions
4. Trigonometric functions
5. Exponential functions

Example: Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’18]

Soln: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ILATE
u = log x dv = 𝑥 n dx
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥n+1
= v = ∫ 𝑥 n 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 n+1
1
du = dx
𝑥
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑥n+1 𝑥 n+1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 - ∫ n+1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
n+1

𝑥n+1 1
= log 𝑥 - ∫ 𝑥 n 𝑑𝑥+ c
n+1 n+1

𝑥n+1 1 𝑥n+1
= log 𝑥 - +c
n+1 n+1 n+1

𝑥n+1 𝑥n+1
= log 𝑥 - +c
n+1 (𝑛+1)2

( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ILATE
u =x dv = cos 5𝑥dx
𝑑𝑢 sin 5𝑥
=1 v = ∫ cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 5
du = dx

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
sin 5𝑥 sin 5𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 - ∫ 5
𝑑𝑥
5
sin 5𝑥 1 cos 5𝑥
= 𝑥 - (- )+c
5 5 5
sin 5𝑥 cos 5𝑥
= 𝑥 + +c
5 25
 Exercise 5.1

Part – A
1. Evaluate:∫ 𝑥 sin x 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]

2. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’16, Oct’17]

3. Evaluate: ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’18, Apri’19]

Part – B

1. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]

2. Evaluate: ∫ x sec 2 x dx [Oct’16]

Part – C
1. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18]

2. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri16, Apri’17]

3. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 dx ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Nov’19]

4. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 3 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 𝑒−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]

 5.2 BERNOULLLI’S FORMULA
If u and v are functions x, then Bernoulli's form of integration by parts formula is

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - u1v1 + u11v2 - u111v3 + ……………

Where u΄, u΄΄,u΄΄΄..... are successive differentiation of the function u and v, v1, v2, v3, .............
the successive integration of the function dv.

Note:

The function 'u' is differentiated upto constant.

Example : Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’16]

Soln: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ILATE
u = 𝑥2 dv = sin 3𝑥dx
cos 3𝑥
u1 = 2x v = -
3
sin 3𝑥
u11 =2 v1 = −
9
cos 3𝑥
v2 =
27

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - u1v1 + u11v2
cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (− 3
) - 2x ( − )+2( )+c
9 27
cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
= -𝑥 2 + 2x +2 +c
3 9 27
2 cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
= -𝑥 3
+ 2x +2 +c
9 27
( ii ) ∫ 𝑥2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ILATE
u = 𝑥2 dv = 𝑒 5𝑥 dx
𝑒 5𝑥
u1 = 2x v =
5
𝑒 5𝑥
u11 =2 v1 =
25
𝑒 5𝑥
v2 =
125

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv - u1v1 + u11v2
𝑒5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
∫ 𝑥2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 5
- 2x
25
+2
125
 Exercise 5.2

Part – A
1. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Oct’18]

Part – C

1. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥2 𝑒 − 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]

2. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥2 𝑒 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apr’18]

3. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥2 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Nov’19]

4. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’17]

 5.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of Definite Integrals:
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a)
𝑎 𝑎
Note: ∫0 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) dx = ∫0 𝑓 ( 𝑎 − 𝑥 ) dx .

2
Example : Evaluate: ∫1 𝑥 2 dx [Apri’16]
2
2 𝑥3 23 13
Soln: ∫1 𝑥 2 dx = [ ] = [ − ]
3 1 3 3
8 1 8−1 7
= - = =
3 3 3 3

2
Example : Evaluate: ∫0 𝑥2 √1 + 𝑥3 dx [Oct’18]

Soln: Put u = 1 + 𝑥3
𝑑𝑢
= 3 x2
𝑑𝑥
1
x 2 dx = du
3

2 1 2 1
∫0 𝑥2 √1 + 𝑥3 dx = 3
∫0 𝑢 2 du
3 2
1 𝑢2
=
3
[ 3 ]
2 0
3 2
1 2
= × [𝑢 2 ]
3 3 0
3 2
2
= [( 1 + 𝑥3 ) 2 ]
9
0
3 3
2
= [ (1 + 2 ) 2 - ( 1 + 03 ) 2 ]
3
9
3 3
2
= [ 92 - 12 ]
9
2 52
= [ 27 - 1 ] =
9 9
2 52
∫0 𝑥2 √1 + 𝑥3 dx =
9

𝜋
cos2 x
Example : Evaluate: ∫02 dx [Oct’16, Nov’19]
1+ sin x
 𝜋 𝜋
cos2 x 1− sin2 x
Soln: ∫0
2
1+ sin x
dx = ∫0 2
1+ sin x
dx

𝜋
( 1 +sin x ) ( 1−sin x )
= ∫0 2 dx
1+ sin x
π
= ∫02 ( 1 − sin x )dx

π
𝜋 𝜋
= [ x + cos x]02 = [( + cos ) − ( 0 + cos 0)]
2 2

𝜋
= [( + 0) − ( 0 + 1 )]
2

𝜋
= − 1
2
𝜋
Example : Evaluate: ∫0 ( 2 + sin 𝑥 )3 cos x dx
2 [Apri’16]

𝜋
Soln: ∫02 ( 2 + sin 𝑥 )3 cos x dx

Put u = 2 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= cos x
𝑑𝑥
du = cos x dx
𝜋 𝜋
∫0 ( 2 + sin 𝑥 )3 cos x dx = ∫02 ( 𝑢 )3 du
2

𝜋/2
𝑢4
=[ ]
4 0
𝜋
( 2+sin 𝑥 )4 2
=[ ]
4 0
𝜋 4
(2 +sin ) (2 +sin 0 )4
=[ 2
− ]
4 4
(2 +1 ) 4 (2 +0 )4
= [ − ]
4 4

(3 ) 4 (2 )4
= [ − ]
4 4

81 16
= [ − ]
4 4

81 − 16
=
4

65
=
4
 𝜋
sin 𝑥 𝜋
Example : Prove that ∫02 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 dx = [Oct’17, Oct’18]
4
𝑎 𝑎
Soln: Use the property ∫0 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) dx = ∫0 𝑓 ( 𝑎 − 𝑥 ) dx

𝜋
sin 𝑥
Let I = ∫02 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 dx ------------ ( 1 )

𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 2 − 𝑥 )
= ∫02 𝜋 𝜋 dx
sin ( 2 − 𝑥 ) + cos (
2
− 𝑥)
𝜋
cos 𝑥
= ∫02 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ------------ ( 2 )

Adding ( 1 ) & ( 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2I = ∫02 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 dx +∫02 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= ∫02 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 dx
𝜋
= ∫02 1 dx
𝜋
2
= [x]0
𝜋
= - 0
2

𝜋
=
2

𝜋
I =
4
𝜋
sin 𝑥 𝜋
∫0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 dx
2 =
4
 Exercise 5.3

Part – A
2
1. Evaluate: ∫1 ( x + 𝑥 2 )dx [Oct’16, Nov’19]

1
2. Evaluate: ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 2x + 7) dx [Apri’17]

3
3. Evaluate: ∫1 ( 4 x − 5𝑥 2 ) dx [Apri’18]
𝜋
4. Evaluate: ∫04 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’19]

Part – B
2
1. Evaluate: ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ) dx [Oct’17]

1 𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate: ∫0 [Apri’18]
√1 − 𝑥 2

𝜋
3. Evaluate: ∫02 ( 2 + sin 𝑥 )2 cos x dx [Apri’17]

𝜋
4. Evaluate: ∫02 sin3 x dx [Apri’19]

Part – C

𝜋
sin2 x
1. Evaluate: ∫02 dx [Apri’19]
1−cos x

𝜋
2. Evaluate: ∫04 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Apri’18, Nov’19]

𝜋
1
3. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫0 ( 2 x + 3 )3 dx ( ii ) ∫02 cos 2 𝑥 dx [Oct’16]

𝜋
4. Evaluate: ∫02 log(tan 𝑥 ) dx [Apri’17]
 DR .B. R AMBEDKAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, YANAM
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - I
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II
Time – 2 hours (Maximum Marks: 50)
Date: 19-1-2018
PART – A
(Marks : 4 x 2 = 8)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks]

1. Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0 .

2. Write down the condition for two circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
2g1x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0 to cut orthogonally.
⃗
3. Find the unit vector along the vector direction 2𝑖 − j⃗⃗ - 𝑘
4. Find the value of ‘ m ‘ If the vectors 2𝑖 + 𝑚 j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ are perpendicular.
3𝑘 and 3𝑖 + j⃗ + 4𝑘

PART-B
(Marks : 4 x 3 = 12)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks.]
5. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (1 , 1 ) and concentric
to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4x + 6y - 15 = 0.

6. Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 6y - 23 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 2x - 5y + 16 = 0 cut

orthogonally.

7. Find the equation of the parabola with its focus at ( -1, -2 ) and x + 2y = 0 as
its directrix.
8. ⃗
Find the modulus and direction cosines of the vector 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 4𝑘

PART-C
(Marks : 6 x 5 = 30)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks.]

1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point A (1, 2) and having its centre
at C ( 4 , 6).
2. Prove that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2x - 4y -3 = 0and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 8x + 6y +7 = 0 touch each
other.
3. Find ‘k’ such that the equation 2𝑥 2 + 3xy - 2𝑦 2 - 5x + 5y + k = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines.

4. Prove that the points whose position vectors are ⃗ , 4𝑖 + j⃗ - 4𝑘

2𝑖 + 4j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗ and
⃗ form a right angled triangle.
6𝑖 + 5j⃗ - 𝑘

5. Prove that the vectors 𝑖 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , 𝑖 + j⃗ - 3𝑘

2j + 𝑘 ⃗ and 7 𝑖 − 4j⃗ + 𝑘
⃗ are mutually
Perpendicular.

6. ⃗ and 𝑖 + 7j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

A particle acted on by the forces 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ - 3𝑘 7𝑘 is displaced from
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
the point𝑖 + 2j⃗ + 3 𝑘 to the point 3𝑖 − 5j⃗ +4𝑘 Find the total work done by the
forces.
 DR .B. R AMBEDKAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, YANAM
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT - II
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II
Time – 2 hours (Maximum Marks: 50)
Date: 27-02-2018
PART – A
(Marks : 4 x 2 = 8)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks]

1. What are the values of ( i ) 𝑖 . 𝑖 and ( ii ) 𝑖 x 𝑗

2. Evaluate:[𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘⃗]
3. Evaluate: ∫( 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate: ∫
𝑥 log 𝑥

PART-B
(Marks : 4 x 3 = 12)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks.]

1. ⃗ and
Find the area of the Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 3𝑖 - 𝑘
⃗
𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘
2. Prove that 𝑎 x ⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 x 𝑐 ) + 𝑏⃗ x ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ x 𝑏⃗) = 0
(𝑐 x 𝑎) + 𝑐 x (𝑎
3. Evaluate:∫ √1 + sin 2x dx
4. Evaluate: ∫ cos3 7x dx
 PART-C
(Marks : 6 x 5 = 30)
[N.B:- (1) Answer all questions
(2) All questions carry equal marks.]

⃗ and
1. Find the unit vector perpendicular to two vectors 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ . Also, find the angle between them.
2𝑖 + 3 j⃗ -𝑘

2. Find the magnitude of the torque about the point ( 4, 3, -1) of the force
⃗ , acting through the point ( 0, 1, - 1 ).
represented by 6𝑖 + j⃗ - 𝑘

3. If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ − 5𝑘

⃗ verify that
⃗⃗⃗𝑎 x ( 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = ( 𝑎 . 𝑐) 𝑏⃗ - ( 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗) 𝑐

dx
4. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 1 + sin 𝑥
( ii ) ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 x + cot 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

x+ 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
5. Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ x2 + 2x−1 𝑑𝑥( ii ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 + tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ 2
. ( ii ) ∫
25 − 9x (2𝑥+ 3) 2 + 9
 DR B R AMBEDKAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, YANAM

MODEL EXAM

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – II

Time – 3 hours (Maximum Marks: 75)

[N.B:- (1) Answer any Five questions in each of Part-A & Part-B and any two divisions
divisions of each question in Part-C.
(2) Each question carries 2(two) marks in Part-A , 3(three) marks in Part-B and
5 (five ) marks for each division in Part-C]

PART – A

1. Find the centre and radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10x + 8y +5 = 0.

2. Show that the equation 7𝑥 2 + 3xy + 2𝑦 2 - x + 2y - 1 = 0 represents an ellipse.

3. If 𝑎and 𝑏⃗are two vectors such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

|𝑎| = 6, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏| = 4 and 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 12, find the angle
between them.
4. Find the value of [i+ j⃗ j + ⃗⃗k ⃗k + i] .

𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥 log 𝑥

6. Evaluate: ∫ cos3 7x dx
𝑑𝑥
7. Evaluate: ∫ √ 9 − 𝑥2

1
8. Evaluate: ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 2x + 7) dx

PART-B

9. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (1 , 1 ) and concentric
to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4x + 6y - 15 = 0 .

10. Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 - 6x + 10y - 1 = 0
and passing through the point (1 , 1 ).

11. Show that the points whose position vectors 2𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ , 3𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 𝑘⃗ and
 - 𝑖 + 11j⃗ + 9𝑘⃗ are collinear.

12. Find the projection of the vector2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘⃗ on the vector 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 𝑘⃗.

13. Find the area of the Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 3𝑖 - 𝑘⃗ and 𝑖 + j⃗ + 𝑘⃗ .

14. Prove that 𝑎 x ⃗⃗⃗

(𝑏 x 𝑐) + 𝑏⃗ x ⃗⃗⃗
(𝑐 x 𝑎) + 𝑐 x ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑎 x 𝑏⃗) = 0

15. Evaluate:∫ √1 + sin 2x dx.

𝜋
16. Evaluate: ∫02 ( 2 + sin 𝑥 )2 cos x dx

PART-C
17 (a) Find the equation of the circle, two of whose diameters are 2x -
3y + 1 =0 and x + 2y -17 = 0 and its radius is 8 units.

(b) Show that the circles x 2 + 𝑦 2 -2x + 6y +6 = 0and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 -5x + 6y +15 = 0

touch each other.

(c) For the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 + 7xy + 3𝑦 2 + 13x - y - 24 = 0 identify the

conic.

18 (a) Prove that the points whose position vectors are 3𝑖 − j⃗ + 6𝑘⃗ , 5𝑖 − 2j⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑘 and
6𝑖 − 5j⃗ + 2 𝑘⃗ form aright angled triangle.

(b) Show that ( 𝑎 . 𝑖 ) 𝑖 + ( 𝑎 . 𝑗 ) 𝑗 + ( 𝑎 . 𝑘⃗ ) 𝑘⃗ = 𝑎 , if 𝑎is any vector.

(c) The forces 2𝑖 − 5j⃗ +6𝑘⃗, −𝑖 + 2j⃗ - ⃗⃗⃗𝑘 and 2𝑖 + 7j⃗ act on a particle and
displace it from the point 4𝑖 − 3j⃗ - 2𝑘 to the point 6𝑖 + j⃗ -3𝑘⃗ Find the
⃗⃗⃗
total work done by the forces.

19. (a) Find the unit vector perpendicular to two vectors 𝑖 − j⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ and
2𝑖 + 3 j⃗ -𝑘⃗ . Also, find the angle between them.

(b) Find the magnitude of the torque about the point ( 4, 3, -1) of the force
represented by 6𝑖 + j⃗ - 𝑘⃗ , acting through the point ( 0, 1, - 1 ).

(c) If 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3j⃗ + 𝑘⃗ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 2j⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 2j⃗ − 5𝑘⃗ verify

that 𝑎 x ( 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = ( 𝑎 . 𝑐) 𝑏⃗ - ( 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗) 𝑐

dx
20 (a) Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 1 + sin 𝑥 ( ii ) ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 x + cot 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

x+ 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
(b) Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ x2 + 2x−1 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 5 + tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(c) Evaluate: ( i ) ∫ 25 − 9 x2
. ( ii ) ∫ (2𝑥+ 3) 2 + 9
21 (a) Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(b) Evaluate: ( 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ii ) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
(c) Evaluate: ∫02 log(tan 𝑥 ) dx