BELL v.

HOOD
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
327 U.S. 678 (1946)

MR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

Petitioners brought this suit in a federal district court to recover damages in excess of $ 3,000 from the respondents
who are agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The complaint alleges that the court's jurisdiction is founded
upon federal questions arising under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. It is alleged that the damages were suffered as a
result of the respondents imprisoning the petitioners in violation of their constitutional right to be free from deprivation
of their liberty without due process of law, and subjecting their premises to search and their possessions to seizure, in
violation of their constitutional right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.
Respondents moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action for which relief could be granted
and for summary judgment on the grounds that the federal agents acted within the scope of their authority as officers of
the United States and that the searches and seizures were incidental to lawful arrests and were therefore valid.
Respondents filed affidavits in support of their motions and petitioners filed counter-affidavits. After hearing the
motions the district judge did not pass on them but, on his own motion, dismissed the suit for want of federal
jurisdiction on the ground that this action was not one that ". . . arises under the Constitution or laws of the United States
. . ." as required by 28 U. S. C. § 41 (1).
The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed on the same ground. 150 F.2d 96. At the same time it denied a motion made
by petitioners asking it to direct the District Court to give petitioners leave to amend their complaint in order to make it
still more clearly appear that the action was directly grounded on violations of rights alleged to stem from the Fourth
and Fifth Amendments. We granted certiorari because of the importance of the jurisdictional issue involved.

[In a footnote, the Court quoted from the complaint as follows:

"That on or about the 17th day of December, 1942, defendant R. B. Hood and each of the other defendants,
unlawfully conspired with each other to act beyond their authority as said Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
and police officer respectively, and agreed that they would abridge the Constitutional rights of the plaintiffs as
guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States to be free from the
deprivation of liberty and property without due process of law, and to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures, and agreed unlawfully to simultaneously, in the early morning of December 18th, 1942, search the
homes of the individual plaintiffs herein without any warrants of search or seizure, and unlawfully to seize the
papers, documents and effects of said plaintiffs and of 'Mankind United,' and falsely to imprison the individual
plaintiffs by unlawfully arresting some of the individual plaintiffs without a warrant of arrest and unreasonably
to delay the taking of all of the individual plaintiffs before a committing officer, in order to effectuate the
unlawful searches and seizures aforesaid.
"That thereafter, and on the 18th day of December, 1942, . . . the defendants and each of them, in order to
carry out the terms and conditions of the illegal conspiracy aforesaid, and solely for the purpose of carrying out
said terms and conditions, did arrest and imprison the individual plaintiffs herein, and did search the homes of
said plaintiffs, and seize and carry away books, papers and effects of said individual plaintiffs and of said
'Mankind United.'"
....
". . . by reason of the deprivation of . . . [their] Constitutional rights . . . [plaintiffs had] suffered damages."]
Respondents make the following argument in support of the District Court's dismissal of the complaint for want of
federal jurisdiction. First, they urge that the complaint states a cause of action for the common law tort of trespass made
actionable by state law and that it therefore does not raise questions arising "under the Constitution or laws of the
United States." Second, to support this contention, respondents maintain that petitioners could not recover under the
Constitution or laws of the United States, since the Constitution does not expressly provide for recovery in money
damages for violations of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments and Congress has not enacted a statute that does so provide.
A mere reading of the complaint refutes the first contention and, as will be seen, the second one is not decisive on the
question of jurisdiction of the federal court.
[1]
Whether or not the complaint as drafted states a common law action in trespass made actionable by state law, it is
clear from the way it was drawn that petitioners seek recovery squarely on the ground that respondents violated the
Fourth and Fifth Amendments. It charges that the respondents conspired to do acts prohibited by these amendments and
alleges that respondents' conduct pursuant to the conspiracy resulted in damages in excess of $ 3,000. It cannot be
doubted therefore that it was the pleaders' purpose to make violation of these constitutional provisions the basis of this
suit. Before deciding that there is no jurisdiction, the District Court must look to the way the complaint is drawn to see
if it is drawn so as to claim a right to recover under the Constitution and laws of the United States. For to that extent
"the party who brings a suit is master to decide what law he will rely upon and . . . does determine whether he will bring
a 'suit arising under' the . . . [Constitution or laws] of the United States by his declaration or bill." The Fair v. Kohler
Die Co., 228 U.S. 22, 25. Though the mere failure to set out the federal or constitutional claims as specifically as
petitioners have done would not always be conclusive against the party bringing the suit, where the complaint, as here,
is so drawn as to seek recovery directly under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the federal court, but for
two possible exceptions later noted, must entertain the suit. Thus allegations far less specific than the ones in the
complaint before us have been held adequate to show that the matter in controversy arose under the Constitution of the
United States. Wiley v. Sinkler, 179 U.S. 58, 64-65; Swafford v. Templeton, 185 U.S. 487, 491-492. The reason for this
is that the court must assume jurisdiction to decide whether the allegations state a cause of action on which the court can
grant relief as well as to determine issues of fact arising in the controversy.
[2]
Jurisdiction, therefore, is not defeated as respondents seem to contend, by the possibility that the averments might
fail to state a cause of action on which petitioners could actually recover. For it is well settled that the failure to state a
proper cause of action calls for a judgment on the merits and not for a dismissal for want of jurisdiction. Whether the
complaint states a cause of action on which relief could be granted is a question of law and just as issues of fact it must
be decided after and not before the court has assumed jurisdiction over the controversy. If the court does later exercise
its jurisdiction to determine that the allegations in the complaint do not state a ground for relief, then dismissal of the
case would be on the merits, not for want of jurisdiction. Swafford v. Templeton, 185 U.S. 487, 493, 494; Binderup v.
Pathe Exchange, 263 U.S. 291, 305-308. The previously carved out exceptions are that a suit may sometimes be
dismissed for want of jurisdiction where the alleged claim under the Constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to
be immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction or where such a claim is wholly insubstantial
and frivolous. The accuracy of calling these dismissals jurisdictional has been questioned. The Fair v. Kohler Die Co.,
supra, 228 U.S. at 25. But cf. Swafford v. Templeton, supra.
[3]
But as we have already pointed out the alleged violations of the Constitution here are not immaterial but form
rather the sole basis of the relief sought. Nor can we say that the cause of action alleged is so patently without merit as
to justify, even under the qualifications noted, the court's dismissal for want of jurisdiction. The Circuit Court of
Appeals correctly stated that "the complaint states strong cases, and if the allegations have any foundation in truth, the
plaintiffs' legal rights have been ruthlessly violated." Petitioners' complaint asserts that the Fourth and Fifth
Amendments guarantee their rights to be free from unauthorized and unjustified imprisonment and from unreasonable
searches and seizures. They claim that respondents' invasion of these rights caused the damages for which they seek to
recover and point further to 28 U. S. C. § 41 (1) which authorizes the federal district courts to try "suits of a civil nature"
where [***944] the matter in controversy "arises under the Constitution or laws of the United States," whether these
are suits in "equity" or at "law." Petitioners argue that this statute authorizes the Court to entertain this action at law and
to grant recovery for the damages allegedly sustained. Respondents contend that the constitutional provisions here
involved are prohibitions against the Federal Government as a government and that 28 U. S. C. § 41 (1) does not
authorize recovery in money damages in suits against unauthorized officials who according to respondents are in the
same position as individual trespassers.
Respondents' contention does not show that petitioners' cause is insubstantial or frivolous, and the complaint does
in fact raise serious questions, both of law and fact, which the District Court can decide only after it has assumed
[*684] jurisdiction over the controversy. The issue of law is whether federal courts can grant money recovery for
damages said to have been suffered as a result of federal officers violating the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. That
question has never been specifically decided by this Court. That the issue thus raised has sufficient merit to warrant
exercise of federal jurisdiction for purposes of adjudicating it can be seen from the cases where this Court has sustained
the jurisdiction of the district courts in suits brought to recover damages for depriving a citizen of the right to vote in
violation of the Constitution.
And it is established practice for this Court to sustain the jurisdiction of federal courts to issue injunctions to protect
rights safeguarded by the Constitution 4 and to restrain individual state officers from doing what the 14th Amendment
forbids the State to do. Moreover, where federally protected rights have been invaded, it has been the rule from the
beginning that courts will be alert to adjust their remedies so as to grant the necessary relief. And it is also well settled
that where legal rights have been invaded, and a federal statute provides for a general right to sue for such invasion,
federal courts may use any available remedy to make good the wrong done.
Whether the petitioners are entitled to recover depends upon an interpretation of 28 U. S. C. § 41 (1) and on a
determination of the scope of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments' protection from unreasonable searches and
deprivations of liberty without due process of law. Thus, the right of the petitioners to recover under their complaint will
be sustained if the Constitution and laws of the United States are given one construction and will be defeated if they are
given another. For this reason the District Court has jurisdiction. Gully v. First National Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 112-113;
Smith v. Kansas City Title Co., 255 U.S. 180, 199-200.
Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE REED joins in the opinion and the result.
MR. JUSTICE JACKSON took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE STONE and MR. JUSTICE BURTON dissenting.

The district court is without jurisdiction as a federal court unless the complaint states a cause of action arising under
the Constitution or laws of the United States. Whether the complaint states such a cause of action is for the court, not
the pleader, to say. When the provision of the Constitution or federal statute affords a remedy which may in some
circumstances be availed of by a plaintiff, the fact that his pleading does not bring him within that class as one entitled
to the remedy, goes to the sufficiency of the pleading and not to the jurisdiction. The Fair v. Kohler Die Co., 228 U.S.
22, 25; Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, 263 U.S. 291, 306-308, and cases cited. But where, as here, neither the
constitutional provision nor any act of Congress affords a remedy to any person, the mere assertion by a plaintiff that he
is entitled to such a remedy cannot be said to satisfy jurisdictional requirements. Hence we think that the courts below
rightly decided that the district court was without jurisdiction because no cause of action under the Constitution or laws
of the United States was stated.
The only effect of holding, as the Court does, that jurisdiction is conferred by the pleader's unfounded assertion that
he is one who can have a remedy for damages arising under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments is to transfer to the
federal court the trial of the allegations of trespass to person and property, which is a cause of action arising wholly
under state law. For even though it be decided that petitioners have no right to damages under the Constitution, the
district court will be required to pass upon the question whether the facts stated by petitioners give rise to a cause of
action for trespass under state law. See Hurn v. Oursler, 289 U.S. 238.