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Chapter4 IP Services

The document discusses several IP services including DHCP for dynamic IP address assignment, FHRP protocols for gateway redundancy, NAT for addressing private networks, NTP for time synchronization, SNMP for network monitoring, syslog for logging, QoS for traffic prioritization, SSH for secure remote access, and FTP for file transfer. These services provide essential network functions like IP addressing, gateway failover, internet access for private networks, timekeeping, monitoring, logging, traffic management, remote management, and file sharing.

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123 views12 pages

Chapter4 IP Services

The document discusses several IP services including DHCP for dynamic IP address assignment, FHRP protocols for gateway redundancy, NAT for addressing private networks, NTP for time synchronization, SNMP for network monitoring, syslog for logging, QoS for traffic prioritization, SSH for secure remote access, and FTP for file transfer. These services provide essential network functions like IP addressing, gateway failover, internet access for private networks, timekeeping, monitoring, logging, traffic management, remote management, and file sharing.

Uploaded by

Bara' Alqam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

CHAPTER 4: IP SERVICES

4.1 Dynamic Host-Configuration Protocol (DHCP)


- A Dynamic/Automatic method to assign IP Addresses
- Not only IP Addresses:
- Subnet Masks
- Gateways
- DNS!!

- What’s a DNS!?
- Domain Name Server: resolve a URL to an IP Address and vice-versa
- works on UDP port 53
- also, there is a reverse DNS (for that vice-versa thing)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Again, DHCP’s assigns informations for all your devices dynamically


- Assignment will be for a specific amount of time (default 24 hrs.)
- after 50% of assignment time begins, some checks will happen for each
Client, and again after 87.5% of the assignment time, another check
Will take place.

- to achieve DHCP Service, some negotiation will happen:

www.poweradmin.com

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- what if the first router (Gateway) wasn’t a DHCP Server!!??


- there will be a “Helper-Address”
- known as “DHCP Relay”
- help redirecting the broadcast message from the first Gateway to the
Correct DHCP Server

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.2 First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP)


- what if the gateway went down!!!!!!!!
- a redundant gateway must be there
- but how to redirect the requests from one to another?
- how many back-ups can there be?
- What protocols will do this:

Hot-Standby Redundancy Protocol Virtual-Router Redundancy Protocol Gateway Load-Balancing Protocol


(HSRP) (VRRP) (GLBP)

- Cisco Only - Open Standard - Cisco Only

- 2 Gateways - 2 Gateways - 4 Gateways

- No Load-Balancing - No Load-Balancing - Load-Balancing

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.3 Network Address Translation (NAT)


- Private IP Addresses don’t carry Internet!
- Public IP Addresses can’t be assigned to private devices!
- Then!!!, NAT will translate Private to Public and vice-versa
*NAT is done ONLY ONLY by Routers, no Switches, no MLS’s

- it can be:
Static: one-one translating
Dynamic: Group-Group Translating
- also, this did not solve everything, IP exhaustion still there
- so here comes PAT (Port Address Translation)
- also called NAPT, or NAT-Overload
- PAT will do a one-65535 Translation!!!

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.4 Network Time Protocol (NTP)


- we have to stay synchronized
- give a precise information, with real timing and date
- either by setting an inner clock manually
- or asking someone to inform us about timing
- uses UDP = 123

- each network device can either be a Server or a Client


- Stratum is needed:
- how preferred and accurate this source is
- starts from 0 – 15
- the closest, the better
- by default: a cisco router = 8

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.5 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)


- Monitor Networks from a single point of view
- Server/Agent Relationship
- uses UDP 161
- the server is thee requester (and recorder)

- at the agent side:


- MIB Object (The Factory)
- Agent (The Messenger)
- SNMP versions:
- v1: obsolete
- v2c: enhanced
- v3: supports Authentication & Encryption

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.6 System Loggings (Syslog)


- stay aware of “everything”
- know all what’s happening behind the scenes (or even in front of)
- starts from the obvious informations up to “Emergencys” 0 = Emergency
1 = Alert
- Server/Client Relationship
2 = Critical
3 = Error

- Server can be a Normal Server that collects all the loggings 4 = Warning
5 = Notification
- Server can use the “Syslog” or “Splunk” Software
6 = Information
- client is the networking device that generates logs 7 = Debug

- Quote: “Every Awesome Cisco Engineer Will Need Ice-Cream Daily”

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.7 Quality of Service (QoS)


- if traffic was more than bandwidth!
- if congestion WILL happen,
can some traffic be more preferred than another!?
- Generally, UDP will be preferred over TCP (TCP will automatically do
A retransmission)
- QoS will prefer based on Variety of Factors, some are:
(Classification, Marking, Queuing, Shaping, and Policing)

- Classification & Marking:


classifying the traffic according to its importance
(Very High, High, Med, Low)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Queueing:
- giving a specific priority to every type of packet
(giving the priority of "very high" to the "UDP" traffic)
- dividing the Transmission capacity with respect to the priority
(giving 40% to the very high, 20% to the high, etc.)

- Policing & Shaping:


- Policing is counting the traffic before transmitting it, and limiting it
(limit the FTP traffic to be transmitted at maximum of only
2Mbps)
*counting the desired traffic, and dropping all that exceeds
- Shaping limits the Queued traffic to a certain amount of traffic, and
what EXCEEDS, wait at the queue

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.8 Secure Shell (SSH)


- A secured and trusted method to log in a device remotely
- uses TCP 22
- encrypt the transmitted information
- uses the server/client relationship
- a replacement for Telnet
- needs an application for (Microsoft Windows Users)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4.9 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)


- can devices transfer data between them?
- data like Files, Software Images, Configs saved as Texts
- FTP uses TCP 20,21!
- 2 TCP ports for 2 reasons:
- TCP 21 (Control Channel): to establish connection between
Server and Client
- TCP 20 (Data Channel): to transfer Data between
Server and Client

- there is a relative:
- Trivial FTP (TFTP)
- uses UDP 69
- UDP so, unreliable, but still has it’s uses
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