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Dam Design PDF

This document analyzes reservoir sedimentation over 100 years for a reservoir in Ethiopia. It calculates: 1) The reservoir's weighted density and classification as a Type III reservoir. 2) Trap efficiency and annual sediment deposition using the Brune method. 3) Resulting reductions in reservoir area and capacity over 25, 50, 75, and 100 years due to sediment accumulation. 4) Sediment deposition reaches 41.38 cubic meters after 100 years, reducing the reservoir's original capacity.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

216 views70 pages

Dam Design PDF

Uploaded by

Sileshie Mesfin

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Reservoir sedimentation

Sileshie Mesfin
Operation Type
When we find the slope The following graph has been developed that shows the relation of capacity and
depth.

M=1/0.363 =2.76

The reservoir m is 2.76 and thus it is classified as flood plane, foothill reservoir type (lower end of type II
reservoir). The reservoir is expected to have a considerable drawdown- that is at the beginning of rainy
season the reservoir is nearly empty – in this case According to USBR it is classified as type III and
weighted reservoir type is taken as type III

So that the analysis will be computed on Type III.

1. Weighted density

W = WcPc +WmPm +WsPs

=560.15 +11400.65 +1550*0.2

=1135.15

K = KcPc +KmPm +KsPs

=K is 0 for type three dams so the density of the sediment will not change with time.
So WT is equal to W =1135.15

Annual total sediment is = Average annual sediment + bed load

Trap efficiency
Inflow is 190 Mm3

Out flow = 181.094

Capacity inflow method (Brune) is used to calculate the trap efficiency for calculation.

E = 100*0.97**0.19**log (C/I)

Average Net
Annual River reservoir
Sediment inflow Trap Sediment capacity
Discharge, Capacity Discharge, Efficiency, Sediment Cumulative for N
Year Vt (Mm3) , C(Mm3) I (Mm3) C/I 0.19^(Log(C/I)) E Dep. deposition years
0 0 181.094 190 0.953126 1.035232 0.96896 0
5 2.149985 178.944 190 0.941811 1.044188 0.968695 2.08268
10 4.29997 176.794 190 0.930495 1.053331 0.968426 4.164201
15 6.449954 174.644 190 0.919179 1.062668 0.96815 6.244525
20 8.599939 172.4941 190 0.907863 1.072204 0.967869 8.323615
25 10.74992 170.3441 190 0.896548 1.081948 0.967582 10.40143 10.40143 170.6926
30 12.89991 168.1941 190 0.885232 1.091905 0.967288 12.47793
35 15.04989 166.0441 190 0.873916 1.102084 0.966989 14.55308
40 17.19988 163.8941 190 0.862601 1.112492 0.966682 16.62681
45 19.34986 161.7441 190 0.851285 1.123138 0.966369 18.6991
50 21.49985 159.5942 190 0.839969 1.134031 0.966048 20.76989 20.76989 160.3241
55 23.64983 157.4442 190 0.828654 1.145179 0.96572 22.83912
60 25.79982 155.2942 190 0.817338 1.156592 0.965384 24.90674
65 27.9498 153.1442 190 0.806022 1.16828 0.965041 26.9727
70 30.09979 150.9942 190 0.794706 1.180254 0.964689 29.03693
75 32.24977 148.8442 190 0.783391 1.192526 0.964328 31.09937 31.09937 149.9946
80 34.39976 146.6942 190 0.772075 1.205106 0.963959 33.15995
85 36.54974 144.5443 190 0.760759 1.218008 0.96358 35.21861
90 38.69973 142.3943 190 0.749444 1.231244 0.963192 37.27526
95 40.84971 140.2443 190 0.738128 1.244829 0.962793 39.32983
100 42.9997 138.0943 190 0.726812 1.258777 0.962384 41.38224 41.38224 139.7118
Sediment volume after 25 years =10.40143 Mm3

Sediment volume after 50 years= 20.76989 Mm3

Sediment volume after 75 years= 31.09937 Mm3

Sediment volume after 75 years=41.38224 Mm3

Modified accumulated sediment is prepared by taking the above values by summing the sediment
volume in each year obtained above in trap efficiency and the sediment volume in each elevation.
See the excel for detail. Finally the reservoir area and capacity for different elevation will be as follows.
a. Reservoir Area

Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir

Water area area area area
surface Original after 25 after 50 after 75 after 100
elevation area years years years years
No (m) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)
9 1947 801.346 801.346 801.346 801.346 801.346
10 1946 776.371 776.359 776.3448 776.3267 776.3003
11 1945 751.824 751.763 751.6945 751.6053 751.4757
12 1944 727.705 727.551 727.3779 727.1534 726.8269
13 1943 704.014 703.717 703.3866 702.9564 702.3307
14 1942 680.750 680.261 679.7157 679.006 677.974
15 1941 657.914 657.181 656.3626 655.2982 653.7501
16 1940 635.506 634.476 633.3265 631.8313 629.6569
17 1939 613.526 612.146 610.6079 608.6064 605.6955
18 1938 591.974 590.193 588.2083 585.6258 581.8699
19 1937 570.849 568.618 566.13 562.8934 558.1864
20 1936 550.152 547.421 544.376 540.4145 534.6532
21 1935 529.882 526.605 522.9501 518.1953 511.2802
22 1934 510.041 506.171 501.8565 496.2429 488.0788
23 1933 490.627 486.122 481.0998 474.5652 465.0615
24 1932 471.641 466.461 460.6853 453.1709 442.2423
25 1931 453.083 447.190 440.6185 432.0693 419.6359
26 1930 434.953 428.311 420.9052 411.2704 397.2581
27 1929 417.250 409.827 401.5517 390.7846 375.1255
28 1928 399.975 391.743 382.5644 370.6228 353.2557
29 1927 383.128 374.060 363.9502 350.7965 331.6667
30 1926 366.709 356.783 345.7159 331.3175 310.3773
31 1925 350.717 339.914 327.8689 312.1979 289.407
32 1924 335.153 323.457 310.4166 293.4503 268.7756
33 1923 320.017 307.416 293.3665 275.0874 248.5036
34 1922 305.309 291.794 276.7265 257.1226 228.6119
35 1921 291.028 276.596 260.5046 239.569 209.1218
36 1920 277.175 261.824 244.7087 222.4404 190.055
37 1919 263.750 247.484 229.3471 205.7507 171.4336
38 1918 250.753 233.578 214.4283 189.5138 153.2799
39 1917 238.183 220.111 199.9604 173.744 135.6165
40 1916 226.042 207.086 185.9522 158.4556 118.4663
41 1915 214.328 194.509 172.4123 143.6632 101.8525
42 1914 203.042 182.383 159.3491 129.3813 85.79815
43 1913 192.183 170.711 146.7716 115.6247 70.32679
44 1912 181.752 159.499 134.6885 102.4082 55.46191
45 1911 171.749 148.751 123.1085 89.74651 41.2271
46 1910 162.174 138.470 112.0404 77.65456 27.646
47 1909 153.027 128.661 101.4932 66.14718 14.74229
48 1908 144.307 119.327 91.47554 55.23925 2.539577
49 1907 136.015 110.474 81.99626 44.94556 0
50 1906 128.151 102.105 73.06411 35.28086 0
51 1905 120.715 94.224 64.68779 26.25982 0
52 1904 113.706 86.836 56.87592 17.89698 0
53 1903 107.125 79.944 49.63703 10.20675 0
54 1902 100.972 73.552 42.97958 3.203337 0
55 1901 95.247 67.665 36.91186 0 0
56 1900 89.950 62.286 31.44204 0 0
57 1899 85.080 57.419 26.57811 0 0
58 1898 80.638 53.068 22.32784 0 0
59 1897 76.624 49.235 18.69879 0 0
60 1896 73.037 45.926 15.69823 0 0
61 1895 69.878 43.142 13.33313 0 0
62 1894 60.287 34.027 4.749339 0 0
63 1893 55.641 29.963 1.332191 0 0
64 1892 50.950 25.959 0 0 0
65 1891 46.212 22.018 0 0 0
66 1890 41.428 18.143 0 0 0
67 1889 36.599 14.336 0 0 0
68 1888 31.723 10.596 0 0 0
69 1887 26.801 6.926 0 0 0
70 1886 21.834 3.325 0 0 0
71 1885 16.820 0.000 0 0 0
72 1884 13.444 0.000 0 0 0
73 1883 10.445 0.000 0 0 0
74 1882 7.823 0.000 0 0 0
75 1881 5.578 0.000 0 0 0
76 1880 3.709 0.000 0 0 0
77 1879 2.216 0.000 0 0 0
78 1878 1.101 0.000 0 0 0
79 1877 0.361 0.000 0 0 0
80 1876 0.000 0.000 0 0 0

b. Reservoir capacity curve is calculated as follows in the following table and graph

reservoir reservoir reservoir reservoir

Water capacity capacity capacity capacity
surface Original after 25 after 50 after 75 after 100
elevation capacity years years years years
(m) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
1947 181.094 170.6921 160.3238 149.9944 139.7116
1946 173.205 162.8039 152.4359 142.1071 131.8251
1945 165.564 155.164 144.7973 134.47 124.1903
1944 158.166 147.7686 137.4044 127.0804 116.8055
1943 151.008 140.614 130.2541 119.9358 109.6692
1942 144.084 133.6963 123.3432 113.0338 102.78
1941 137.391 127.0118 116.6685 106.3719 96.13679
1940 130.923 120.5567 110.2269 99.94776 89.73808
1939 124.678 114.3273 104.0152 93.75894 83.58259
1938 118.651 108.3199 98.03011 87.80296 77.66892
1937 112.837 102.5306 92.26847 82.07731 71.99562
1936 107.232 96.95564 86.727 76.57943 66.56112
1935 101.832 91.59121 81.40242 71.30668 61.36377
1934 96.632 86.43347 76.29136 66.25637 56.40179
1933 91.629 81.47855 71.39044 61.42569 51.67327
1932 86.817 76.72258 66.6962 56.81177 47.17616
1931 82.194 72.16163 62.20513 52.41163 42.90825
1930 77.753 67.79178 57.91368 48.22218 38.86716
1929 73.492 63.60904 53.81821 44.24026 35.05037
1928 69.406 59.60941 49.91503 40.46255 31.45515
1927 65.491 55.78886 46.20037 36.88565 28.07859
1926 61.742 52.14333 42.67039 33.50602 24.91762
1925 58.154 48.66869 39.32118 30.32 21.96893
1924 54.725 45.36083 36.14877 27.32381 19.22903
1923 51.449 42.21555 33.14908 24.51354 16.69423
1922 48.323 39.22866 30.31798 21.88514 14.36062
1921 45.341 36.39589 27.65125 19.43442 12.22407
1920 42.500 33.71296 25.14458 17.15708 10.28024
1919 39.795 31.17554 22.79359 15.04864 8.524559
1918 37.223 28.77927 20.59381 13.10452 6.952244
1917 34.778 26.51973 18.54069 11.31997 5.558273
1916 32.457 24.39247 16.62959 9.690095 4.337401
1915 30.255 22.39301 14.85579 8.209871 3.284147
1914 28.168 20.51681 13.21446 6.874117 2.392798
1913 26.192 18.75931 11.70071 5.677507 1.657409
1912 24.322 17.11589 10.30956 4.614565 1.071796
1911 22.555 15.5819 9.035925 3.679669 0.62954
1910 20.885 14.15264 7.874644 2.867048 0.323986
1909 19.309 12.82336 6.820465 2.170781 0.148241
1908 17.823 11.5893 5.868048 1.584799 0.050486
1907 16.421 10.44563 5.011967 1.102887 0
1906 15.100 9.387482 4.246705 0.718681 0
1905 13.856 8.40996 3.566662 0.425673 0
1904 12.684 7.508117 2.96615 0.217207 0
1903 11.580 6.676969 2.439397 0.086487 0
1902 10.539 5.911493 1.980548 0.011079 0
1901 9.558 5.206626 1.583665 0 0
1900 8.632 4.557266 1.242728 0 0
1899 7.757 3.958275 0.951639 0 0
1898 6.928 3.40448 0.704225 0 0
1897 6.142 2.890669 0.494236 0 0
1896 5.394 2.411601 0.315353 0 0
1895 4.679 1.962 0.161189 0 0
1894 4.028 1.570864 0.059595 0 0
1893 3.449 1.244572 0.006249 0 0
1892 2.916 0.95754 0 0 0
1891 2.430 0.709126 0 0 0
1890 1.992 0.498665 0 0 0
1889 1.602 0.32548 0 0 0
1888 1.260 0.188881 0 0 0
1887 0.967 0.088176 0 0 0
1886 0.724 0.021641 0 0 0
1885 0.531 0 0 0 0
1884 0.380 0 0 0 0
1883 0.260 0 0 0 0
1882 0.169 0 0 0 0
1881 0.102 0 0 0 0
1880 0.055 0 0 0 0
1879 0.026 0 0 0 0
1878 0.009 0 0 0 0
1877 0.002 0 0 0 0
1876 0.000 0 0 0 0
Summery

The summery of the sediment distribution is put as follows.

Parameters 25yr 50yr 75yr 100yr

Sediment Cumulative deposition
(Mm3) 10.40143 20.76989 31.09937 41.38224
Net reservoir capacity for N years
(Mm3) 170.6926 160.3241 149.9946 139.7118
New Zero Level (masl) 1885.056 1892.608 1901.484 1907.818
Modified Sediment Area at New Zero
level (Mm3) 0 0 0 0
Modified Capacity, (Mm3) at New Zero
level 0 0 0 0
Reservoir bed elevation (masl) 1876 1876 1876 1876
Height of New Zero from Bed (m) 9.056 16.608 25.484 31.818
new zero
a 16.967 level Ao 17.100
c 1.15 Ap 1.157
m 2.32 K 14.7796024

reservoir
Water Reservoir capacity
surface Original Original Relative Sediment Accumulated Modified area after after 25
No elevation area capacity Depth depth Ap type III area Sediment volume sediment accumulated 25 years years

[No
] [m] [ha] [Mm3] [m] [m] [Max dept] [ha] [Mm3] [Mm3] [Mm3] [ha] [Mm3]
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [3]-[8] [4]-[11]
1 1955 1016.543 253.629
2 1954 988.146 243.606
3 1953 960.177 233.864
4 1952 932.636 224.400
5 1951 905.522 215.209
6 1950 878.837 206.288
7 1949 852.579 197.631
8 1948 826.748 189.234 10.4014314
9 1947 801.346 181.094 71 1 0 0 6.2551E-05 10.2298 10.4013689 801.346 170.692
10 1946 776.371 173.205 70 0.985915 0.000846 0.0125102 0.000369762 10.22974 10.4009991 776.359 162.804
11 1945 751.824 165.564 69 0.971831 0.004157 0.06144229 0.001081099 10.22937 10.399918 751.763 155.164
12 1944 727.705 158.166 68 0.957746 0.010472 0.15477753 0.002256872 10.22829 10.3976611 727.551 147.769
13 1943 704.014 151.008 67 0.943662 0.020068 0.29659686 0.003928989 10.22603 10.3937321 703.717 140.614
14 1942 680.750 144.084 66 0.929577 0.0331 0.48920093 0.006114877 10.2221 10.3876173 680.261 133.696
15 1941 657.914 137.391 65 0.915493 0.049648 0.73377448 0.008822414 10.21599 10.3787948 657.181 127.012
16 1940 635.506 130.923 64 0.901408 0.069739 1.03070828 0.012052472 10.20717 10.3667424 634.476 120.557
17 1939 613.526 124.678 63 0.887324 0.093357 1.37978603 0.015800455 10.19511 10.3509419 612.146 114.327
18 1938 591.974 118.651 62 0.873239 0.120457 1.78030498 0.020057323 10.17931 10.3308846 590.193 108.320
19 1937 570.849 112.837 61 0.859155 0.150962 2.23115967 0.024810314 10.15926 10.3060743 568.618 102.531
20 1936 550.152 107.232 60 0.84507 0.184775 2.73090322 0.030043486 10.13445 10.2760308 547.421 96.956
21 1935 529.882 101.832 59 0.830986 0.221778 3.27779392 0.03573813 10.1044 10.2402927 526.605 91.591
22 1934 510.041 96.632 58 0.816901 0.261836 3.869832 0.041873106 10.06866 10.1984196 506.171 86.433
23 1933 490.627 91.629 57 0.802817 0.304798 4.50478915 0.048425111 10.02679 10.1499944 486.122 81.479
24 1932 471.641 86.817 56 0.788732 0.350499 5.18023299 0.055368903 9.978367 10.0946255 466.461 76.723
25 1931 453.083 82.194 55 0.774648 0.398762 5.89354758 0.062677493 9.922998 10.031948 447.190 72.162
26 1930 434.953 77.753 54 0.760563 0.4494 6.64195093 0.070322306 9.86032 9.96162574 428.311 67.792
27 1929 417.250 73.492 53 0.746479 0.502213 7.4225102 0.078273326 9.789998 9.88335242 409.827 63.609
28 1928 399.975 69.406 52 0.732394 0.556994 8.23215503 0.086499222 9.711725 9.7968532 391.743 59.609
29 1927 383.128 65.491 51 0.71831 0.613527 9.06768936 0.094967457 9.625225 9.70188574 374.060 55.789
30 1926 366.709 61.742 50 0.704225 0.671588 9.92580205 0.103644393 9.530258 9.59824135 356.783 52.143
31 1925 350.717 58.154 49 0.690141 0.730945 10.8030765 0.112495381 9.426614 9.48574596 339.914 48.669
32 1924 335.153 54.725 48 0.676056 0.791361 11.6959996 0.121484845 9.314118 9.36426112 323.457 45.361
33 1923 320.017 51.449 47 0.661972 0.852592 12.6009694 0.130576365 9.192633 9.23368475 307.416 42.216
34 1922 305.309 48.323 46 0.647887 0.914389 13.5143035 0.139732744 9.062057 9.09395201 291.794 39.229
35 1921 291.028 45.341 45 0.633803 0.976498 14.4322452 0.148916081 8.922324 8.94503593 276.596 36.396
36 1920 277.175 42.500 44 0.619718 1.038659 15.350971 0.158087838 8.773408 8.78694809 261.824 33.713
37 1919 263.750 39.795 43 0.605634 1.100611 16.2665966 0.1672089 8.61532 8.61973919 247.484 31.176
38 1918 250.753 37.223 42 0.591549 1.162087 17.1751833 0.176239634 8.448111 8.44349956 233.578 28.779
39 1917 238.183 34.778 41 0.577465 1.222817 18.0727436 0.185139956 8.271872 8.2583596 220.111 26.520
40 1916 226.042 32.457 40 0.56338 1.282528 18.9552476 0.193869379 8.086732 8.06449022 207.086 24.392
41 1915 214.328 30.255 39 0.549296 1.340945 19.8186281 0.202387076 7.892862 7.86210315 194.509 22.393
42 1914 203.042 28.168 38 0.535211 1.39779 20.658787 0.210651936 7.690475 7.65145121 182.383 20.517
43 1913 192.183 26.192 37 0.521127 1.452786 21.4716002 0.21862262 7.479823 7.43282859 170.711 18.759
44 1912 181.752 24.322 36 0.507042 1.505651 22.2529238 0.226257617 7.261201 7.20657097 159.499 17.116
45 1911 171.749 22.555 35 0.492958 1.556104 22.9985997 0.233515306 7.034943 6.97305567 148.751 15.582
46 1910 162.174 20.885 34 0.478873 1.603863 23.7044616 0.240354013 6.801428 6.73270166 138.470 14.153
47 1909 153.027 19.309 33 0.464789 1.648647 24.3663409 0.24673207 6.561074 6.48596959 128.661 12.823
48 1908 144.307 17.823 32 0.450704 1.690172 24.9800731 0.252607886 6.314342 6.2333617 119.327 11.589
49 1907 136.015 16.421 31 0.43662 1.728159 25.5415041 0.257940008 6.061734 5.97542169 110.474 10.446
50 1906 128.151 15.100 30 0.422535 1.762327 26.0464975 0.262687195 5.803794 5.7127345 102.105 9.387
51 1905 120.715 13.856 29 0.408451 1.792399 26.4909414 0.26680849 5.541107 5.44592601 94.224 8.410
52 1904 113.706 12.684 28 0.394366 1.818097 26.8707565 0.270263304 5.274298 5.1756627 86.836 7.508
53 1903 107.125 11.580 27 0.380282 1.83915 27.1819043 0.273011502 5.004035 4.9026512 79.944 6.677
54 1902 100.972 10.539 26 0.366197 1.855286 27.4203961 0.275013494 4.731023 4.62763771 73.552 5.911
55 1901 95.247 9.558 25 0.352113 1.866241 27.5823027 0.276230343 4.45601 4.35140736 67.665 5.207
56 1900 89.950 8.632 24 0.338028 1.871753 27.6637658 0.276623876 4.17978 4.07478349 62.286 4.557
57 1899 85.080 7.757 23 0.323944 1.871567 27.6610093 0.276156813 3.903156 3.79862668 57.419 3.958
58 1898 80.638 6.928 22 0.309859 1.865433 27.5703532 0.274792908 3.626999 3.52383377 53.068 3.404
59 1897 76.624 6.142 21 0.295775 1.85311 27.3882284 0.272497112 3.352206 3.25133666 49.235 2.891
60 1896 73.037 5.394 20 0.28169 1.834366 27.111194 0.269235757 3.079709 2.9821009 45.926 2.412
61 1895 69.878 4.679 19 0.267606 1.808977 26.7359573 0.264976769 2.810473 2.71712413 43.142 1.962
62 1894 60.287 4.028 18 0.253521 1.776732 26.2593964 0.259689917 2.545496 2.45743421 34.027 1.571
63 1893 55.641 3.449 17 0.239437 1.737434 25.6785871 0.253347109 2.285806 2.2040871 29.963 1.245
64 1892 50.950 2.916 16 0.225352 1.6909 24.9908346 0.245922735 2.032459 1.95816437 25.959 0.958
65 1891 46.212 2.430 15 0.211268 1.636966 24.1937123 0.237394099 1.786537 1.72077027 22.018 0.709
66 1890 41.428 1.992 14 0.197183 1.575489 23.2851075 0.227741936 1.549143 1.49302833 18.143 0.499
67 1889 36.599 1.602 13 0.183099 1.506352 22.2632796 0.21695106 1.321401 1.27607727 14.336 0.325
68 1888 31.723 1.260 12 0.169014 1.429466 21.1269323 0.205011193 1.10445 1.07106608 10.596 0.189
69 1887 26.801 0.967 11 0.15493 1.344779 19.8753063 0.191918037 0.899438 0.87914804 6.926 0.088
70 1886 21.834 0.724 10 0.140845 1.252287 18.5083012 0.176641628 0.70752 0.70250642 3.325 0.022
71 1885 16.820 0.531 9 0.126761 1.152036 16.8200243 0.151320682 0.530879 0.53087868 0.000 0.000
72 1884 13.444 0.380 8 0.112676 1.044148 13.4441121 0.119447754 0.379558 0.379558 0.000 0.000
73 1883 10.445 0.260 7 0.098592 0.928836 10.4454388 0.091343861 0.26011 0.26011024 0.000 0.000
74 1882 7.823 0.169 6 0.084507 0.806439 7.82333352 0.067005649 0.168766 0.16876638 0.000 0.000
75 1881 5.578 0.102 5 0.070423 0.677479 5.57779635 0.046433118 0.101761 0.10176073 0.000 0.000
76 1880 3.709 0.055 4 0.056338 0.542752 3.70882725 0.029626267 0.055328 0.05532762 0.000 0.000
77 1879 2.216 0.026 3 0.042254 0.403505 2.21642624 0.016585098 0.025701 0.02570135 0.000 0.000
78 1878 1.101 0.009 2 0.028169 0.26185 1.1005933 0.007309609 0.009116 0.00911625 0.000 0.000
79 1877 0.361 0.002 1 0.014085 0.122002 0.36132845 0.001806642 0.001807 0.00180664 0.000 0.000
80 1876 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000
River Bed Level 1876
Dam Height, H 79
Reservoir New Zero Level, K = Ao/ap 20.832916

Modified
Realtive Sediment Accumulated Modified Sediment Modified
Area, Ao Volume, V Volume, V Depth, D Relative Sediment area, As Sediment Volume, increament, Vs = sediment, Vs accululation Area, Asm Capacity,
Elevation (mamsl) (ha) (MMC) (ha-m) (m) Depth, P Area, ap =K*ap 1/2(El1-El2)*(As1+As2)/100 (ha-m) (ha-m) (ha-m) (ha) (ha-m) Remark
ha 1861.2964
1955 1016.543 253.629 25362.9 79 1.00 0.00 0.00 4.29 1643.16 1857.01 1016.54 23505.89
1954 988.146 243.606 24360.6 78 0.99 0.41 8.58 9.94 1638.87 1847.07 979.57 22513.53
1953 960.177 233.864 23386.4 77 0.97 0.54 11.31 12.28 1628.93 1834.78 948.87 21551.62
1952 932.636 224.4 22440 76 0.96 0.64 13.26 14.03 1616.64 1820.75 919.38 20619.25
1951 905.522 215.209 21520.9 75 0.95 0.71 14.80 15.45 1602.61 1805.30 890.72 19715.60
1950 878.837 206.288 20628.8 74 0.94 0.77 16.10 16.66 1587.16 1788.64 862.74 18840.16
1949 852.579 197.631 19763.1 73 0.92 0.83 17.21 17.70 1570.50 1770.94 835.36 17992.16
1948 826.748 189.234 18923.4 72 0.91 0.87 18.19 18.63 1552.80 1752.31 808.55 17171.09
1947 801.346 181.094 18109.4 71 0.90 0.92 19.06 19.46 1534.17 1732.86 782.28 16376.54
1946 776.371 173.205 17320.5 70 0.89 0.95 19.85 20.20 1514.72 1712.65 756.52 15607.85
1945 751.824 165.564 16556.4 69 0.87 0.99 20.55 20.87 1494.51 1691.78 731.27 14864.62
1944 727.705 158.166 15816.6 68 0.86 1.02 21.20 21.49 1473.64 1670.29 706.51 14146.31
1943 704.014 151.008 15100.8 67 0.85 1.05 21.78 22.05 1452.15 1648.24 682.23 13452.56
1942 680.75 144.084 14408.4 66 0.84 1.07 22.32 22.56 1430.10 1625.68 658.43 12782.72
1941 657.914 137.391 13739.1 65 0.82 1.09 22.80 23.03 1407.54 1602.65 635.11 12136.45
1940 635.506 130.923 13092.3 64 0.81 1.12 23.25 23.46 1384.51 1579.20 612.25 11513.10
1939 613.526 124.678 12467.8 63 0.80 1.14 23.66 23.85 1361.06 1555.35 589.86 10912.45
1938 591.974 118.651 11865.1 62 0.78 1.15 24.04 24.21 1337.21 1531.14 567.94 10333.96
1937 570.849 112.837 11283.7 61 0.77 1.17 24.38 24.54 1313.00 1506.60 546.47 9777.10
1936 550.152 107.232 10723.2 60 0.76 1.19 24.69 24.84 1288.46 1481.76 525.46 9241.44
1935 529.882 101.832 10183.2 59 0.75 1.20 24.98 25.11 1263.62 1456.66 504.90 8726.54
1934 510.041 96.632 9663.2 58 0.73 1.21 25.24 25.35 1238.52 1431.30 484.81 8231.90
1933 490.627 91.629 9162.9 57 0.72 1.22 25.47 25.57 1213.16 1405.73 465.16 7757.17
1932 471.641 86.817 8681.7 56 0.71 1.23 25.68 25.77 1187.59 1379.96 445.97 7301.74
1931 453.083 82.194 8219.4 55 0.70 1.24 25.86 25.94 1161.82 1354.02 427.22 6865.38
1930 434.953 77.753 7775.3 54 0.68 1.25 26.02 26.09 1135.88 1327.93 408.93 6447.37
1929 417.25 73.492 7349.2 53 0.67 1.26 26.17 26.23 1109.79 1301.70 391.08 6047.50
1928 399.975 69.406 6940.6 52 0.66 1.26 26.29 26.34 1083.56 1275.36 373.69 5665.24
1927 383.128 65.491 6549.1 51 0.65 1.27 26.39 26.43 1057.22 1248.94 356.74 5300.16
1926 366.709 61.742 6174.2 50 0.63 1.27 26.47 26.50 1030.80 1222.43 340.24 4951.77
1925 350.717 58.154 5815.4 49 0.62 1.27 26.53 26.56 1004.29 1195.88 324.18 4619.52
1924 335.153 54.725 5472.5 48 0.61 1.28 26.58 26.59 977.74 1169.29 308.58 4303.21
1923 320.017 51.449 5144.9 47 0.59 1.28 26.60 26.61 951.15 1142.68 293.41 4002.22
1922 305.309 48.323 4832.3 46 0.58 1.28 26.61 26.61 924.54 1116.07 278.69 3716.23
1921 291.028 45.341 4534.1 45 0.57 1.28 26.61 26.59 897.93 1089.47 264.42 3444.63
1920 277.175 42.5 4250 44 0.56 1.28 26.58 26.56 871.33 1062.91 250.59 3187.09
1919 263.75 39.795 3979.5 43 0.54 1.27 26.54 26.51 844.77 1036.40 237.21 2943.10
1918 250.753 37.223 3722.3 42 0.53 1.27 26.48 26.45 818.26 1009.95 224.27 2712.35
1917 238.183 34.778 3477.8 41 0.52 1.27 26.41 26.36 791.81 983.59 211.77 2494.21
1916 226.042 32.457 3245.7 40 0.51 1.26 26.32 26.27 765.45 957.33 199.72 2288.37
1915 214.328 30.255 3025.5 39 0.49 1.26 26.21 26.15 739.19 931.17 188.12 2094.33
1914 203.042 28.168 2816.8 38 0.48 1.25 26.09 26.02 713.03 905.15 176.95 1911.65
1913 192.397 26.245 2624.5 37 0.47 1.25 25.95 25.87 687.01 879.28 166.45 1745.22
1912 181.752 24.322 2432.2 36 0.46 1.24 25.80 25.71 661.14 853.57 155.96 1578.63
1911 171.749 22.555 2255.5 35 0.44 1.23 25.63 25.53 635.43 828.04 146.12 1427.46
1910 162.174 20.89 2088.5 34.00 0.43 1.22 25.44 25.34 609.90 802.70 136.73 1285.80
1909 153.027 19.309 1930.9 33 0.42 1.21 25.24 25.13 584.56 777.57 127.79 1153.33
1908 144.307 17.823 1782.3 32 0.41 1.20 25.02 24.90 559.43 752.67 119.29 1029.63
1907 136.015 16.421 1642.1 31 0.39 1.19 24.78 24.66 534.53 728.01 111.23 914.09
1906 128.151 15.1 1510 30 0.38 1.18 24.53 24.39 509.87 703.62 103.62 806.38
1905 120.715 13.856 1385.6 29 0.37 1.16 24.26 24.12 485.48 679.50 96.45 706.10
1904 113.706 12.684 1268.4 28 0.35 1.15 23.97 23.82 461.36 655.68 89.73 612.72
1903 107.125 11.58 1158 27 0.34 1.14 23.67 23.51 437.54 632.17 83.46 525.83
1902 100.972 10.539 1053.9 26 0.33 1.12 23.35 23.18 414.03 609.00 77.62 444.90
1901 95.247 9.558 955.8 25 0.32 1.10 23.01 22.83 390.86 586.17 72.24 369.63
1900 89.95 8.632 863.2 24 0.30 1.09 22.65 22.46 368.03 563.71 67.30 299.49
1899 85.08 7.757 775.7 23 0.29 1.07 22.27 22.07 345.57 541.64 62.81 234.06
1898 80.638 6.93 692.8 22.00 0.28 1.05 21.87 21.66 323.50 519.98 58.77 172.82
1897 76.624 6.142 614.2 21 0.27 1.03 21.45 21.23 301.84 498.75 55.17 115.45
1896 73.037 5.394 539.4 20 0.25 1.01 21.01 20.78 280.61 477.98 52.03 61.42
1895 69.878 4.679 467.9 19 0.24 0.99 20.54 20.30 259.84 457.68 49.33 10.22 100yr
1894 60.287 4.028 402.8 18.00 0.23 0.96 20.06 19.80 239.54 437.88 40.23 -35.08
1893 55.641 3.449 344.9 17 0.22 0.94 19.54 19.27 219.74 418.60 36.10 -73.70
1892 50.95 2.916 291.6 16 0.20 0.91 19.00 18.72 200.46 399.88 31.95 -108.28
1891 46.212 2.43 243 15 0.19 0.88 18.44 18.14 181.74 381.75 27.78 -138.75
1890 41.428 1.992 199.2 14 0.18 0.86 17.84 17.52 163.61 364.23 23.59 -165.03
1889 36.599 1.602 160.2 13 0.16 0.83 17.21 16.87 146.09 347.35 19.39 -187.15
1888 31.723 1.26 126 12.00 0.15 0.79 16.54 16.19 129.21 331.16 15.18 -205.16 50 yr
1887 26.801 0.967 96.7 11 0.14 0.76 15.84 15.46 113.02 315.70 10.96 -219.00
1886 21.834 0.724 72.4 10 0.13 0.72 15.09 14.69 97.56 301.01 6.74 -228.61
1885 16.82 0.53 53.1 9.00 0.11 0.69 14.29 13.87 82.87 287.14 2.53 -234.04
1884 13.444 0.38 38 8 0.10 0.65 13.44 12.99 69.00 274.15 0.00 -236.15
1883 10.445 0.26 26 7 0.09 0.60 12.53 12.04 56.01 262.11 -2.09 -236.11
1882 7.823 0.169 16.9 6 0.08 0.55 11.54 11.00 43.97 251.11 -3.72 -234.21 25 yr
1881 5.578 0.102 10.2 5 0.06 0.50 10.46 9.86 32.97 241.25 -4.88 -231.05
1880 3.709 0.055 5.5 4 0.05 0.44 9.26 8.58 23.11 232.67 -5.55 -227.17
1879 2.216 0.026 2.6 3 0.04 0.38 7.90 7.11 14.53 225.56 -5.69 -222.96
1878 1.101 0.009 0.9 2 0.03 0.30 6.31 5.29 7.42 220.28 -5.21 -219.38
1877 0.361 0.002 0.2 1 0.01 0.21 4.27 2.14 2.14 218.14 -3.91 -217.94
1876 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 218.14 0.00 -218.14
1. INTRODUCION

General back ground

Godebe micro earth dam study is carried out at small scale irrigation level for the purpose of self-food
sufficiency and to increase per house hold income of the local farmers.

The dam can impound around 86.48ha.m of water to irrigate a total command area of 68ha at
reservoir full supply level (3198.00masl). The impound water can inundate around 13.37ha of land.
The project has a number of hydraulic structures to be constructed for its feasibility.

Location and its accessibility

Godebe Micro earth project is located in ANRS, in North Showa Zone in Menze Gera-Meder woreda, in
Arganoo 03 and Charee 06 peasant Kebeles. Specifically the headwork site is named locally as Godebe
or Dukusoo or Bahir Meda. The site is located at UTM coordinates of 1142000 to 1145000mN and
577000 to 585000mE.

The headwork site is found at about 5Km north east of Mehal Meda town (woreda capital city).

Hydrology

Catchment Features
The catchment has a shape of fern leaf type with a total size of about 4.91km2. The whole catchment
area geology is made up of volcanic rocks. The dominant soil types of the catchment are silty loam and
clay loam.

The main stream has a total length of 5.9km and an overage slope of 2.37%. The estimated runoff
coefficients of the catchment area are 0.37 and 0.52 with and without catchment treatment
respectively

Available Hydro meteorological data

There is no metrological station in the project site. But there is a near by metrological station at Mehale
Meda. For the analysis of the hydrology, this metrological station is used.

There is no recorded stream discharge of the project area. As the study team information, there is no
river flow. The nearby station for the proposed project site is Mehale Meda meteorological station,
which has an air distance of about 27km. From this station 20 years of monthly rain fall, 10 years of
heaviest rainfall and certain years’ of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours.

Check for Data consistency

Daily heaviest rainfall is used to compute the design peak flood to determine the spillway capacity. 10
years of daily heaviest rainfall is obtained as shown on the Table below.

Table 0-1: Daily heaviest rainfalls at Mehale Meda metrological station.

Year Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec MAX
1992 15.0 4.0 5.8 51.2 9.0 5.7 33.8 34.6 14.0 27.0 5.0 5.0 51.2
1994 0.0 0.0 20.8 14.1 3.9 5.7 28.9 50.1 25.5 3.0 4.1 0.0 50.1
1995 0.0 10.6 12.7 10.3 20.0 9.0 46.4 28.1 16.0 6.5 0.0 9.3 46.4
1996 12.7 0.0 25.0 3.2 15.8 19.5 40.3 42.5 8.7 1.7 7.8 0.0 42.5
1997 15.7 0.0 6.2 9.8 5.0 17.3 43.0 20.5 16.1 10.9 10.2 0.0 43.0
1998 8.6 5.2 21.1 39.5 23.8 5.2 52.8 54.8 13.2 8.3 0.0 0.0 54.8
1999 11.6 0.0 13.6 15.3 9.7 14.6 62.3 24.4 17.3 22.5 0.0 1.2 62.3
2000 0.0 0.0 3.9 28.9 13.2 18.7 47.0 39.2 23.9 5.7 6.3 6.8 47.0
2001 0.0 9.2 19.0 14.0 23.4 9.2 68.5 47.3 12.3 1.8 0.0 1.9 68.5
2002 14.6 13.7 30.4 14.6 3.9 4.9 53.2 35.1 5.4 3.4 0.0 9.8 53.2

Table 0-2 Computation of data consistency

Sr. No.
Y Y_  Y Y_ 
2 3
Max.
Year R.F Y=log(max)    
1 1992 51.2 1.709 0.000 -1.62311E-09
2 1994 50.1 1.700 0.000 -1.19353E-06
3 1995 46.4 1.667 0.002 -8.47618E-05
4 1996 42.5 1.628 0.007 -0.000552503
5 1997 43.0 1.633 0.006 -0.000456119
6 1998 54.8 1.739 0.001 2.27503E-05
7 1999 62.3 1.794 0.007 0.000593612
8 2000 47.0 1.672 0.001 -5.63904E-05
9 2001 68.5 1.836 0.016 0.001964651
10 2002 53.2 1.726 0.000 3.69975E-06
Sum 519.0 17.104 0.040 0.001
Average 51.9 1.710 0.004 0.000

Lower outlier

YlY Kn*Sy
kn -Depends on the number of data, form Applied Hydrology, the value is 2.036 for 10 data.
Sy- Is the standard deviation and is given by the equation below:

Sy 1 (yi y)2 

n _ 1/ 2

 n 1 n1 
=0.067
Then, Yl1.712.036
*0.0671.57
Minimum rainfall X 10Yl
101.57 34.153mm
The lower limit for the series is 34.153mm, but there is no data in our record less than this value.
Hence there is no lower outlier in our record.

Higher Outlier

YmY Kn*Sy
=1.71+2.036*0.067=1.846

X 10Ym
=101.846 = 70.212mm,
All the data in the series is less than the higher value and hence, there is no outlier data.

Catchment yield Determination

There is 20 years monthly rainfall data at Mehale meda metrological station and from this data, 80%
dependable rainfall is calculated as shown the table below.

Table 0-3: Average monthly Rainfall at Mehale Meda Metrological station

Year Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sum
1983 0.00 24.80 130.10 116.20 32.80 13.00 197.00 311.00 33.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 862.90
1984 0.00 0.70 55.00 3.20 43.50 72.40 103.30 211.30 46.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 536.00
1985 11.20 2.80 0.00 46.50 85.90 0.00 169.50 353.00 52.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 722.50
1987 0.00 74.80 106.90 81.40 102.70 0.00 333.80 249.20 28.90 22.20 0.00 2.80 1002.70
1988 17.10 63.10 13.20 101.30 0.60 27.80 378.90 239.90 90.20 17.30 0.00 0.00 949.40
1989 3.50 75.30 110.70 63.60 5.50 19.90 192.70 252.80 46.60 22.30 0.00 26.90 819.80
1992 43.50 6.60 14.00 74.40 16.40 13.60 232.10 264.00 58.10 36.00 8.50 5.70 772.90
1993 2.20 34.00 75.70 54.50 75.50 3.30 231.80 170.50 67.60 40.60 0.00 0.00 755.70
1994 0.00 34.00 75.70 54.50 38.20 25.80 299.60 303.50 83.70 3.00 8.70 0.00 926.70
1995 0.00 13.90 29.00 75.20 26.50 30.60 349.20 235.30 63.40 8.60 0.00 0.00 831.70
1996 53.40 0.00 127.40 4.30 75.20 91.90 294.60 306.40 37.00 2.30 21.30 0.00 1013.80
1997 41.50 0.00 9.60 33.20 14.20 100.70 269.40 104.60 30.70 55.90 23.40 0.00 683.20
1998 26.90 23.00 48.70 73.40 51.30 12.90 448.20 296.60 54.70 14.50 0.00 0.00 1050.20
1999 18.50 0.00 21.70 15.30 22.30 30.50 425.30 279.00 49.20 72.00 0.00 1.20 935.00
2000 0.00 0.00 11.00 96.00 18.50 32.90 337.60 314.20 83.00 10.80 13.40 9.30 926.70
2001 0.00 19.10 146.20 32.30 54.40 14.70 449.10 286.80 34.60 3.60 0.00 3.40 1044.20
2002 37.30 27.10 98.60 27.30 11.80 7.60 266.40 229.60 33.30 5.80 0.00 22.20 767.00
2003 23.90 32.30 43.40 60.90 6.60 73.80 322.40 247.50 84.10 0.10 5.40 8.90 909.30
2004 20.30 22.50 75.50 94.50 6.00 59.70 240.20 244.90 62.80 9.30 7.30 7.40 850.40
2005 54.30 1.00 63.90 96.60 108.60 54.50 243.20 198.30 67.40 3.70 1.40 0.00 892.90
Mean 21.55 25.63 70.08 54.83 37.30 33.90 309.62 262.49 64.23 27.41 5.84 5.81

Table 0-4: Dependable Rainfall Determination

Relative Probability, Probability

Sr. No Year Annual R.F Decreasing order Rank , M (M/(N+1)) percentage, %
1 1983 862.9 1050.2 1 0.048 4.762
2 1984 536.0 1044.2 2 0.095 9.524
3 1985 722.5 1013.8 3 0.143 14.286
4 1987 1002.7 1002.7 4 0.190 19.048
5 1988 949.4 949.4 5 0.238 23.810
6 1989 819.8 935.0 6 0.286 28.571
7 1992 772.9 926.7 7 0.333 33.333
8 1993 755.7 926.7 8 0.381 38.095
9 1994 926.7 909.3 9 0.429 42.857
10 1995 831.7 892.9 10 0.476 47.619
11 1996 1013.8 862.9 11 0.524 52.381
12 1997 683.2 850.4 12 0.571 57.143
13 1998 1050.2 831.7 13 0.619 61.905
14 1999 935.0 819.8 14 0.667 66.667
15 2000 926.7 772.9 15 0.714 71.429
16 2001 1044.2 767.0 16 0.762 76.190
17 2002 767.0 755.7 17 0.810 80.952
18 2003 909.3 722.5 18 0.857 85.714
19 2004 850.4 683.2 19 0.905 90.476
20 2005 892.9 536.0 20 0.952 95.238

The 80% dependable rainfall is obtained by interpolation and is found to be 755.7mm.

The main water potential for this project is the surface runoff during the rainy season. To calculate the
Catchment yield, the following equation is used:
Catchment yield, Y R*A*C
Where R= Dependable rainfall (mm), for this project 80% dependable is assumed
A= Catchment area= 4.91Km2
C= Runoff coefficient= 0.56 (as calculated by the Catchment expert, with out the treatment)
As experience shows that, the run off coefficient will be reduced by 50% after catchment treatment,
i.e., it becomes 0.28 when the catchment is treated as planned.
The catchment yield is then calculated using the treated condition as follows:
Y= (755.7/1000)*4.91*1000*1000*0.28
= 1,038,936.36m3
= 103.89ha.m

Design Rainfall and Design flood Estimation

Design Rainfall
The table above shows the daily heaviest rainfall at Mehale Meda Metrological station.
Using this data, the design point rainfall is calculated based on Gamble’s extreme value method.
Rf  Rn1 *k
Where: R- average of all values of annual heaviest rainfall, 51.9mm
K- is a constant depends on the data number,
n1- Standard deviation, 8.296

K  YtYn
Sn
For 10 data size, Yn=0.4952, and Sn= 0.9496 (from gamble’s extreme distribution table)

Yt ln(ln(
T /(t 1))
T- The return period, 100years
Yt = 4.6
Using the above values, the value of k is 4.323

There fore the design point rainfall for 100 years return period is calculated as:
Rf = 51.9+8.296*4.323 = 87.76mm

Arial design rainfall = design point rainfall * ARF

Where: ARF- Area reduction factor=1-0.044*A0.275, and
A=4.91km2, is the area of the Catchment.
ARF=1-0.044*4.910.275=0.932
Arial design rainfall= 87.76*0.932
=81.79mm

Design Flood Estimation

Time of concentration (TC)
The time of concentration is calculated using the following formula:
 Li3 
0.385
Tc0.948 
 Hi , In hours
Where: L = Maximum length of flow (kms)
H= the difference in elevation between the outlet and the Remote point (m)

Table 0-5: Time of concentration computation

Height Time of
Elevation Difference Length concentration
Sr.No. (m) (m) (m) (hr) Remark
1 3380 0 0 Remote point
2 3360 20 827.371 0.240356
3 3300 60 907.000 0.175088
4 3260 40 630.237 0.134413
5 3240 20 918.822 0.271296
6 3200 40 863.157 0.193285
7 3180 20 902.283 0.265664
8 3170 10 305.890 0.099457 Outlet point
Sum 1.379561

The time of concentration is around 1.4hr. Therefore, the time increment is half hour (0.5hr) and the
arrangements are shown below.

Design Rain fall Arrangement

Design Arial rain fall = 81.79mm (as calculated on section 2.51)

Table 0-6: Design Rain fall arrangement

Time Rainfall Accumulative Incremental Descen Re- Re-
Profile Rain fall (mm) Rain fall ding arranged arranged
(%) (mm) order order Rainfall
0 – 0.50 34 27.809 27.809 1 6 2.454
0.50 -1.0 45 36.806 8.997 2 4 4.089
1.0 -1.5 54 44.167 7.361 3 3 7.361
1.5 - 2.0 59 48.256 4.089 4 1 27.809
2.0 - 2.5 63 51.528 3.272 5 2 8.997
2.5 - 3.0 66 53.981 2.454 6 5 3.272
3.0 - 24 100 81.790 27.809

Hydrologic Soil – Cover complex Number (CN)

Estimation of hydrologic soil cover complex number is made from the top map and during filed trip to
the watershed by the watershed experts and the estimated wet antecedent moisture condition II (AMC
II) is 77.56.

Estimation of Direct runoff

The wet antecedent moisture condition three (CNIII) of the project is 90. The Maximum potential
difference between rainfall and runoff starting at the storm begin is
S  25400
 254
CN
Where, CN Soil cover complex curve = 77.56
S  25400
 254 28.22
90
Therefore, the direct surface runoff, Q (mm) is

Q I  0.2 * S2

I  0.8*S
 I  0.2*28.22  I 5.644
2 2

I  0.8*28.22 I  22.576

Table 0-7: Direct runoff corresponding to incremental rainfall

Time Incremental Accumulative Direct runoff, Q (mm)
Rainfall (mm) Rain fall (mm)
Accumulative Incremental
0 – 0.5 2.454 2.454 0.000 0.000
0.5 - 1.0 4.089 6.543 0.028 0.028
1.0 - 1.5 7.361 13.904 1.870 1.870
1.5 - 2.0 27.809 41.713 20.236 20.236
2.0 - 2.5 8.997 50.710 27.712 7.476
2.5 - 3.0 3.272 53.981 30.520 2.807

Determination of peak Discharge

Peak time, Tp= D /2+ 0.6*Tc = 0.5/2 +0.6x1.38=1.078hr  1.10hr
Base time, Tb = 2.67*Tp =2.67x1.078hr =2.878hr

Peak discharge, Qp 0.21* A*Q

Tp
Where; A= Catchment area =4.91km2
Q= 1mm runoff depth
0.21*4.91*1  0.956m3 / s.mm
1.078

Table 0-8: Computation of the Peak for each incremental runoff

Time Increment Qp for 1mm Qp for Incremental Hydrograph
al runoff runoff Increment
(mm) (m3/S.mm) al runoff Begin Peak end time
3
(m /s) time (hr) time (hr) (hr)
0-0.5 0.000 0.956 0.000 0 1.1 2.88
0.5-1.0 0.028 0.956 0.027 0.5 1.6 3.38
1.0-1.5 1.870 0.956 1.788 1 2.1 3.88
1.5-2.0 20.236 0.956 19.346 1.5 2.6 4.38
1.0-2.5 7.476 0.956 7.147 2 3.1 4.88
2.5-3.0 2.807 0.956 2.684 2.5 3.6 5.38

Using the above discharge values, the expected maximum flood is computed and tabulated on the
table below.
Table 0-9: Synthesis of Complex Hydrograph
Time H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 HTotal
(hr)
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.500 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.012
1.100 0.000 0.014 0.163 0.177
1.500 0.000 0.024 0.813 0.000 0.837
1.600 0.000 0.027 0.975 1.759 2.761
2.000 0.000 0.021 1.626 8.794 0.000 10.440
2.100 0.000 0.019 1.788 10.552 0.650 13.009
2.500 0.000 0.013 1.386 17.587 3.249 0.000 22.235
2.600 0.000 0.012 1.286 19.346 3.898 0.244 24.786
2.880 0.000 0.007 1.005 16.303 5.718 0.927 23.960
3.000 0.006 0.884 14.998 6.497 1.220 23.605
3.100 0.004 0.784 13.912 7.147 1.464 23.310
3.380 0.000 0.502 10.868 6.023 2.147 19.541
3.500 0.382 9.564 5.541 2.440 17.927
3.600 0.281 8.477 5.140 2.684 16.582
3.880 0.000 5.434 4.015 2.262 11.711
4.000 4.130 3.533 1.330 8.993
4.380 0.000 2.008 0.963 2.971
4.880 0.000 0.482 0.482
5.000 0.366 0.366
5.380 0.000 0.000

As shown in the above table analysis, the peak discharge = 24.786m3/s

Reservoir Planning

Reservoir sizing (Area- Capacity Relationship)

Different methods can be utilized to obtain water level – storage capacity and water level –surface
water area curves from the contour map prepared at the reservoir site. The end –area method is used
to calculate as below.
V= h/2 (Ao + 2 (A1 +A2 +A3 +.... An-1) +An)

Where Ao, A1, A3... An = the area enclosing each contour

h= vertical distance between contours
V= Storage capacity
Table 0-10: Area – capacity Relation ship computation

Partial Cumm.
Cumulative Partial Partial Cum Area Volume Volume
Sr. No. Contour Area (m2) Area (m2) Area (ha.) (ha) (ha.m) (ha.m)
1 3179 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 3180 500.02 500.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01
3 3181 2788.36 2288.34 0.23 0.28 0.28 0.16
4 3182 5246.02 2457.66 0.25 0.52 0.40 0.57
5 3183 9346.17 4100.15 0.41 0.93 0.73 1.30
6 3184 13210.54 3864.37 0.39 1.32 1.13 2.42
7 3185 18051.48 4840.94 0.48 1.81 1.56 3.99
8 3186 23561.57 5510.09 0.55 2.36 2.08 6.07
9 3187 29801.46 6239.89 0.62 2.98 2.67 8.74
10 3188 35661.43 5859.97 0.59 3.57 3.27 12.01
11 3189 42440.20 6778.77 0.68 4.24 3.91 15.91
12 3190 49848.12 7407.92 0.74 4.98 4.61 20.53
13 3191 58096.01 8247.89 0.82 5.81 5.40 25.93
14 3192 66167.86 8071.85 0.81 6.62 6.21 32.14
15 3193 73887.32 7719.46 0.77 7.39 7.00 39.14
16 3194 82169.87 8282.55 0.83 8.22 7.80 46.94
17 3195 90205.74 8035.87 0.80 9.02 8.62 55.56
18 3196 98554.75 8349.01 0.83 9.86 9.44 65.00
19 3197 107430.00 8875.25 0.89 10.74 10.30 75.30
20 3198 116260.09 8830.09 0.88 11.63 11.18 86.48
21 3199 124931.74 8671.65 0.87 12.49 12.06 98.54
22 3200 133703.42 8771.68 0.88 13.37 12.93 111.48

The maximum capacity of the dam is 111.48ha.m and the catchment yield after treating the
catchment is 105.45ha.m. There fore, it is better to fix the dam height with the catchment yield, i.e.
by 105.45ha.m. It can be possible to take the dam volume of 86.48ha.m at elevation of 3198m.a.s.l
(i.e. 2m is left for free board; and elevation of FRL will be fixed at 3198m.a.s.l.).

Sedimentation

 Estimated sediment load to the reservoir

Sedimentation data are rarely available to determine the sediment load to the reservoir and hence to
allocate dead storage. However, using universal soil loss equation, the sediment load of
31,312,227.43kg/yr from the whole catchment (i.e. from 4.91km2) is estimated.
Considering the type of the reservoir operation (i.e. Water stored temporarily and the deposited
sediment is subjected to shrinkage during long period) adapt 1400kg/m3 density of the deposited
sediment.

Sediment load to the reservoir=Estimated soil loss*Delivery ratio

1
0.127
Delivery ratio= A , A= catchment area= 491ha
 1  0.46
4910.127
Sediment load to the reservoir = 0.46*31,312,227.43kg/yr
= 14,403,624.62kg/yr

Estimated sediment volume =

14,403,624.62kg/ yr 10,288.30m3 / yr
1,400kg/ m3
Suspended sediment in flow rate =
10,288.30m3 / yr  2,095.38m3 / yr.km2
4.91km2
Bed load = 10% of suspended load
= 0.1x2, 095.38m3/yr/km2= 209.54m3/yr/km2

Hence, total sediment inflow rate = 2,095.38m3/yr/km2+209.54m3/yr/m2

= 2304.92m3/yr/km2

 Dead storage Allocation

The incoming sediment is not totally deposited in the reservoir; therefore to allocate the dead storage
volume from the total volume of the reservoir, estimation of the trapped sediment by the reservoir is
necessary.

The quantity of sediment, which would be trapped in the reservoir, has been computed using the well-
known Brune’s curves and the reduced capacities due to sediment accumulation in the years of
operation are shown in the table below.

Sediment load/yr = 2,304.92m3/yr/km2 *4.91km2

=11,317.13m3/yr
Estimated FRL = 3198 masl, and capacity at FRL= 86.48ha.m.

Reservoir type determination

According to Borland and Miller (1958), reservoirs are classified according to their shape and
configuration as Lake, Floodplain-foothill, Hill and Gorge.

Table 0-11: Standard reservoir types (Borland and Miller, 1958).

Standard classification Reservoir types Value of M
I Lake 3.5-4.5
II Floodplain -foothill 2.5-3.5
III Hill 1.5-2.5
Iv Gorge 1.0-1.5

Where M: is the ratio of (abscissa of the graph is the relative depth which is the ratio of the height
above the stream bed level at which sediment deposition is desired to the total height of the dam at
full supply level and the ordinate represents the sediment area at the desired relative depth p above
the stream bed by a newly introduced dimensionless relative area Ap).

Table 0-12: Reservoir type determination

Sr. No Depth Log (Depth) Capacity Log (cap.) Slope
[m] [m3]
1 20 1.301 985,692.88 5.99 2.54
2 19 1.279 865,096.97 5.94 2.56
3 18 1.255 753,251.92 5.88 2.57
4 17 1.230 650,259.55 5.81 2.59
5 16 1.204 555,879.30 5.74 2.61
6 15 1.176 469,691.50 5.67 2.63
7 14 1.146 391,662.90 5.59 2.66
8 13 1.114 321,635.31 5.51 2.68
9 12 1.079 259,503.38 5.41 2.68
10 11 1.041 205,531.31 5.31 2.67
11 10 1.000 159,387.15 5.20 2.67
12 9 0.954 120,336.34 5.08 2.70
13 8 0.903 87,604.89 4.94 2.72
14 7 0.845 60,923.38 4.78 2.71
15 6 0.778 40,116.85 4.60 2.71
16 5 0.699 24,485.84 4.39 2.77
17 4 0.602 13,207.49 4.12 2.79
18 3 0.477 5,911.39 3.77 2.81
19 2 0.301 1,894.20 3.28 2.92
20 1 0.000 250.01 2.40
Average 2.68

The reservoir is Floodplain -foothill type (I.e. type II) as shown on the above analysis.

The empirical Area reduction method for the distribution of the deposited sediment is expressed as:
Ap cpm(1P)n
P=h/H= relative depth of the reservoir,
h= the calculated depth of reservoir measured from the bottom,
H= the maximum reservoir depth at the dam wall, and
c, m, n= dimensionless coefficients for the four standard reservoir types and given on Table 2-
13 below, and is 2.324,0.5 and 0.4 respectively.

So the equation becomes:

AP = 2.324*P0.5 (1-P) 0.4

Estimation of sediment volume based on trap efficiency

Using Brune (1953) method the average trap efficiency is determined as shown on the Table 2-14
below. The trap efficiency empirically given by:

0.19log(C/ I )
E100*0.97
Table 0-13: Trap efficiency of the reservoir and cumulative sediment deposition.

80% Trap efficiency

Annual Cap. /Infl. (col.5) Sediment Cum.
Year Capacity inflow (C/I) Log(C/I) 0.19^Col.5 E  100* 0.97 deposited Depos.
ha.m ha.m % ha.m ha.m
0 86.48 103.89 0.83 -0.08 1.14 96.58 0.00 0.00
5 86.48 103.89 0.83 -0.08 1.14 96.58 5.47 5.47
10 81.01 103.89 0.78 -0.11 1.20 96.42 5.46 10.92
15 75.56 103.89 0.73 -0.14 1.26 96.24 5.45 16.37
20 70.11 103.89 0.67 -0.17 1.33 96.04 5.43 21.80
25 64.68 103.89 0.62 -0.21 1.41 95.80 5.42 27.22
30 59.26 103.89 0.57 -0.24 1.50 95.54 5.41 32.63
35 53.85 103.89 0.52 -0.29 1.61 95.22 5.39 38.02
40 48.46 103.89 0.47 -0.33 1.73 94.86 5.37 43.38
45 43.10 103.89 0.41 -0.38 1.89 94.42 5.34 48.73
50 37.75 103.89 0.36 -0.44 2.08 93.87 1.06 49.79
Average Trap efficiency 95.60

From the above table analysis, the volume of sediment accumulated at the end of 20 years is
21.80ha.m. This volume of sediment rises to 49.79ha.m for 50 years of dam service. Hence, to
increase the life of the dam, the catchment should be treated to minimize the incoming sediments.

Intake level (New zero level) fixation

Fixation of the new zero levels are made using empirical area reduction method of the sediment
distribution pattern for the sediment trapped in 20 and 50 years.
The empirical Area reduction method is expressed as
Ap CPm(1P)n
Where: AP= Dimensionless relative sediment area
P= Dimensionless relative depth
c, m, n,= Dimensionless constant determined by the type of the reservoir

And the estimated new zero elevation

For sediment trapped in 20 years = 3184.0 m a.s.l.
For sediment trapped in 50 years = 3190.5m a.s.l.

Note: for detail see the calculation in the Annex A

So as to use the reservoir water efficiently as discussed earlier initially the dead storage is allocated for
the sediment trapped in 20 years and raises to the volume of the sediment trapped in 50 years by
providing submerged front entrance intake tower.

 Intake tower height = 3190.5masl - 3184.0masl. =6.5m

At regular inspection of the sediment level in dry season, stop logs close the openings. To operate the
tower access is arranged. For detail, see dam intake working drawing.

Determination of useful life

The life of the dam depends on:
- The return interval of flood to design the spillway
- Allocated dead storage
- The incoming sediment per year
- Workman ship quality of the dam and related structures and etc.

In this case the last three factors are considered to fix the useful life of the dam, since those factors
are the critical factors to determine the life of the dam.

As discussed earlier, the 1st MDDL and the 2nd MDDL is filled by the sediment after 20 and 50 years
respectively, if the catchment is untreated. But if the catchment is treated, the expected filling time of
MDDL.’S by the sediment may be longer.
Hence, considering quality of workmanship during catchment treatment and risk due to the incoming
sediment useful life of the project which is taken here as 30 years for the finical analysis of the project.

- Useful of life of the project = 30 years

Design yield (catchment yield)

The design yield (i.e. 80% probability of exceedence) from the catchment for reservoir planning is
determined using rainfall data of Mehale Meda meteorological station by rainfall-runoff relation ship.

QC* A*PMD
Where Q = 80% dependable yield (monthly)
C= Runoff coefficient = 0.28
A= Catchment area = 4.91km2
PMD = monthly 80% dependable Rainfall

PMD  Pm *PDA
PA
Pm= Monthly Rain fall pattern of each particular year T
PA= Annual Rain fall of year T
PDA= 80% Annual dependable rainfall= 755.7mm.
 Q = 0.28*4.91*106 m2 *(Pm*755.7*10 -3m)/PA
=1,038,936.36m3
=103.89 Pm/PA ha.m
Using this equation the yield is calculated for each month for 20 years and shown in the reservoir
operation table.

Evaporation loss and Irrigation demand

1. Evaporation loss

The evaporation loss from the reservoir water is estimated using U.S. Geological survey method as
shown below:
E (4.57*T  43.3) /1200
Where: E= monthly evaporation loss in m;
T= mean annual temperature (0c) (Mehale Meda station)

Table 0-14: Evaporation losses Estimation

Month Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Mean Temp. 12.44 13.37 13.43 13.64 14.15 13.96 12.68 12.52 12.53 11.50 11.12 11.82
(0c)
Evapo. loss 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
(mm/month)

 Annual pan evaporation = 1947.80mm

 Annual Reservoir Water evaporation Loss = 1363.46mm
2. Irrigation demand (crop water requirement)

The irrigation demand using penman month method is calculated for 12-hour irrigation and the result is
shown in the table below
Table 0-15: Irrigation demand

Month Dec. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov
Demand
(l/s.ha) 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.80 0.41 0.38 0.00 0.35 0.58 0.60 0.46 0.55
NIR Demand

0.00
2169.11

1272.00

1915.33

1709.56

1202.67

499.33

502.67

1414.89

1197.56

998.89

1170.67
(m3/ha/mont
h)

 Maximum duty = 0.80 l/s.ha

 Total demand (Annual) =14,052.67m3/ha

Reservoir Operation study

An operation study is commonly conducted using monthly data. Some of the important data for
reservoir operation study include:-
- Reservoir capacity and Reservoir surface area
- Reservoir Sedimentation
- Inflow data (Design yield)
- Evaporation loss and irrigation demand
- Down stream allowance
Taking the necessary data mentioned in section 2.6, the reservoir operation has been carried out for 20
year and the result is attached in the Annex B.

To interpolate the area during reservoir operation, the following equation is developed.

Table 0-16: Area-Capacity relationship

Ln (Area) Y
Cumm. Volume Ln (Vol.) Cumm. Area Y=A*X+B
(ha.m) X (ha.m) R=0.999793533
86.48 4.46 11.63 2.453245 A=Slope=0.61312904481
B=Y-intercept= -0.25406773875
75.30 4.32 10.74 2.374254
65.00 4.17 9.86 2.288027 Y=0.61312904481*(Ln(Volume))-0.25406773875
55.56 4.02 9.02 2.199508
Area(ha.m)=2.718282^Y
46.94 3.85 8.22 2.106204
39.14 3.67 7.39 1.999956
32.14 3.47 6.62 1.88961
25.93 3.26 5.81 1.759512
20.53 3.02 4.98 1.606396
15.91 2.77 4.24 1.445511
12.01 2.49 3.57 1.271485
8.74 2.17 2.98 1.091972
6.07 1.80 2.36 0.857032
3.99 1.38 1.81 0.590643
2.42 0.89 1.32 0.27843
1.30 0.26 0.93 -0.06762
0.57 -0.57 0.52 -0.64512
0.16 -1.81 0.28 -1.27713
0.01 -4.38 0.05 -2.99569
Summary of Reservoir Operation

The reservoir operation is carried out with the assumption that the operation begins when the reservoir
is full. The reservoir simulation shows that, this micro-earth dam at 3198masl FRL and 3179 masl
Riverbed can command 68ha of land for 200% cropping intensity with 80% success.

Hence, this project is planned for 68ha Command, if the dead storage level is at
3184.0masl and for 44ha command area if the dead storage level is 3190.5masl.

Reservoir Flood Routing

Reservoir flood routing is carried out to determine the maximum water level (MWL) and the
corresponding outflow rates when the maximum flood passes over the spillway.

The data required for flood routing computations are

- Inflow hydrograph;
- Elevation Vs capacity data;
- Elevation Vs outflow data; and
- Elevation Vs
2S  Qdata.
t
1. Inflow Hydrograph

The inflow hydrograph computation is shown already in the previous section.

2. Elevation Vs capacity data

It is shown on Table 2.10.

3. Elevation Vs out flow data

The volume of water that flows over the spillway depends on the type of the control device. For this
project, a simple broad crested weir is adapted. The over flow of water at 0.20m head interval is given
in Table 2-17.

The general equation of the discharge over the broad crested weir is
QC*L*H3/ 2
Where Q = Discharge over the Spillway
C= Coeff. Of discharge = 1.70
L- Crest length
4. Elevation Vs
2S  Q data
t
S is the storage volume of the reservoir and Δt is the time interval between inflows (I1 and I2) or
outflows (Q1 and Q2), which is fixed by accounting the maximum inflow flood not to miss. Therefore Δt
is taken 0.20times the rise of the inflow time,

I.e. Δt = 0.25x2.6hr = 0.65hr

Using 0.65hr as the time interval
2S  Q is calculated as shown in the Table 2.17 below.
t
Using the fore-mentioned data, the reservoir routing by modified plus method were under taken
manually.
I1  I2  2S1 Q1    2S2 Q2 -------Modified plus equation
 t   t 

Table 0-17: Reservoir Flood Routing

Trail-1, Spill way crest length =8m
Sr. No Elevation Height Capacity Outflow 2S  Q (m3/sec.)
(masl) (m) S (m3) Q (m3/s)
t
1 3198.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 3198.20 0.20 24,119.18 1.22 21.83
3 3198.40 0.40 48,238.37 3.44 44.67
4 3198.60 0.60 72,357.55 6.32 68.16
5 3198.80 0.80 96,476.73 9.73 92.19
6 3199.00 1.00 120,595.92 13.60 116.67
7 3199.20 1.20 146,459.43 17.88 143.06
8 3199.40 1.40 172,322.95 22.53 169.81
9 3199.60 1.60 198,186.46 27.52 196.91
10 3199.80 1.80 224,049.98 32.84 224.34
11 3200.00 2.00 249,913.50 38.47 252.07

Time Inflow I Total 2S1 2S2 Outflow, Reservoir Height H

(m3/s) Inflow Q Q Q elevation (m)
(I1+I2) 3t 1 3t 2 (m3/s) (m)
(m3/s) (m /s) (m /s)
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
0.000 0.000 0.000 3198.000 0.000
0.650 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000 3198.000 0.000
1.300 0.477 0.481 0.003 0.484 0.024 3198.004 0.004
1.950 9.480 9.957 0.435 10.392 0.579 3198.095 0.095
2.600 24.786 34.266 9.233 43.499 3.429 3198.399 0.399
3.250 21.291 46.077 36.642 82.718 8.946 3198.754 0.754
3.900 11.258 32.549 64.827 97.376 10.543 3198.842 0.842
4.550 2.125 13.383 76.291 89.673 9.372 3198.779 0.779
5.200 0.173 2.298 70.929 73.227 7.036 3198.642 0.642
5.850 0.000 0.173 59.155 59.329 5.240 3198.525 0.525

As shown in the above table, the routed peak flood is 10.543m3/s after 3.9hr the start of the flood and
the maximum head corresponding to this flood is 0.842m.

Trail- 2, Spillway crest length =6m

Sr. No Elevation Height Capacity Outflow 2S  Q (m3/sec.)
(masl) (m) S (m3) Q (m3/s)
t
1 3198.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 3198.20 0.20 24,119.18 0.91 21.53
3 3198.40 0.40 48,238.37 2.58 43.81
4 3198.60 0.60 72,357.55 4.74 66.58
5 3198.80 0.80 96,476.73 7.30 89.76
6 3199.00 1.00 120,595.92 10.20 113.27
7 3199.20 1.20 146,459.43 13.41 138.59
8 3199.40 1.40 172,322.95 16.90 164.18
9 3199.60 1.60 198,186.46 20.64 190.03
10 3199.80 1.80 224,049.98 24.63 216.13
11 3200.00 2.00 249,913.50 28.85 242.45

Time Inflow Total 2S1 2S2 Outflow Reservoir Height

I Inflow Q1 Q Q elevation H (m)
(m3/s) (I1+I2) t 3 t 3 2 (m3/s) (m)
(m3/s) (m /s) (m /s)
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
0.000 0.000 0.000 3198.000 0.000
0.650 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000 3198.000 0.000
1.300 0.477 0.481 0.003 0.484 0.020 3198.004 0.004
1.950 9.480 9.957 0.443 10.400 0.440 3198.097 0.097
2.600 24.786 34.266 9.520 43.786 2.580 3198.400 0.400
3.250 21.291 46.077 38.626 84.703 6.737 3198.756 0.756
3.900 11.258 32.549 71.230 103.778 7.575 3198.919 0.919
4.550 2.125 13.383 88.627 102.010 7.358 3198.904 0.904
5.200 0.173 2.298 87.294 89.592 7.300 3198.799 0.799
5.850 0.000 0.173 74.992 75.166 5.687 3198.674 0.674

As shown in the above table, the routed peak flood is 7.575m3/s after 3.9hr the start of the flood and
the maximum head corresponding to this flood is 0.92m.

 Summary of Reservoir flood Routing

Considering safety on one hand and economical construction of the spillway on the other side (i.e. the
spillway is aligned on widely jointed vesicular basalt and it is very low workability by manpower) adapt
spillway crest length of 6.0m.
Table Abrajit M.E.D Irrigation Project Reservoir operation at 2420.00 m a.s.l Maximum draw down level (MDDL)
year -1990

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year- 1991

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year - 1993

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year – 1995

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year – 1996
Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final
Month storage fall Dependable Reser.area Evap.rate Rate Irr.Demand Irr.Demand Live stock Deficit Available stor. Surplus
(ha.m) (mm) Inflow (ha.m) (ha) (m) (ha.m) (m^3/ha) (ha.m) Demand(ha.m) (ha.m) volume(ha.m) (ha.m) (ha.m)
Dec. 93.27050829 6.72 0.889114162 23.436546 0.092 2.156162 988.6 9.58942 0.062 0 82.35204018 82.35204 0
Jan. 82.35204018 0.22 0.029107904 21.903336 0.094 2.058914 1955.6 18.96932 0.062 0 61.29091446 61.29091 0
Feb. 61.29091446 1.53 0.202432242 18.794507 0.101 1.898245 2721.1 26.39467 0.062 0 33.13843151 33.13843 0
Mar. 33.13843151 48.47 6.41300051 14.216022 0.106 1.506898 2590.4 25.12688 0.062 0 12.85565369 12.85565 0
Apr. 12.85565369 44.82 5.930073919 10.442769 0.107 1.117376 1292.8 12.54016 0.062 0 5.066191379 5.066191 0
May 5.066191379 148.7 19.67429701 8.8203512 0.106 0.934957 173 1.6781 0.062 0 22.06543115 22.06543 0
Jun. 22.06543115 80.74 10.68260081 12.222587 0.102 1.246704 407.4 3.95178 0.062 0 27.48754808 27.48755 0
Jul. 27.48754808 226.72 29.99701827 13.216019 0.095 1.255522 0 0 0.062 0 56.16704455 56.16704 0
Aug. 56.16704455 266.96 35.32111855 18.002447 0.095 1.710232 532.5 5.16525 0.062 0 84.55068063 84.55068 0
Sept. 84.55068063 119.72 15.83999218 22.215966 0.095 2.110517 16.3 0.15811 0.062 0 98.06004608 98.06005 0
Oct. 98.06004608 42.63 5.640317965 24.094631 0.095 2.28899 545.5 5.29135 0.062 0 96.0580241 96.05802 0
Nov. 96.0580241 51.47 6.809926475 23.820571 0.093 2.215313 487.9 4.73263 0.062 0 95.85800748 95.85801 0
Total 1038.7 137.429

Year – 1997

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year – 1999

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year – 2001

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year- 1991

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year - 1993

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year - 1995

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year - 1997

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Year - 1999

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Month storage fall Dependable Reser.area Evap.rate Rate Irr.Demand Irr.Demand Live stock Deficit Available stor. Surplus
(ha.m) (mm) Inflow (ha.m) (ha) (m) (ha.m) (m^3/ha) (ha.m) Demand(ha.m) (ha.m) volume(ha.m) (ha.m) (ha.m)
Dec. 68.84644121 19.35 2.870335632 24.207217 0.092 2.227064 988.6 6.62362 0.062 0 62.80409289 62.80409 0
Jan. 62.80409289 13.72 2.03519405 23.377421 0.094 2.197478 1955.6 13.10252 0.062 0 49.47728935 49.47729 0
Feb. 49.47728935 0 0 21.497068 0.101 2.171204 2721.1 18.23137 0.062 0 29.01271544 29.01272 0
Mar. 29.01271544 0 0 18.450309 0.106 1.955733 2590.4 17.35568 0.062 0 9.639302679 9.639303 0
Apr. 9.639302679 16.5 2.44757302 15.334412 0.107 1.640782 1292.8 8.66176 0.062 0 1.722333644 1.722334 0
May 1.722333644 38.62 5.728804244 13.975399 0.106 1.481392 173 1.1591 0.062 0 4.748645611 4.748646 0
Jun. 4.748645611 80.23 11.90113839 14.501788 0.102 1.479182 407.4 2.72958 0.062 0 12.37902167 12.37902 0
Jul. 12.37902167 219.29 32.52898712 15.791833 0.095 1.500224 0 0 0.062 0 43.34578465 43.34578 0
Aug. 43.34578465 272 40.34787039 20.60623 0.095 1.957592 532.5 3.56775 0.062 0 78.10631317 69.6899 8.41641
Sept. 69.6899 114.76 17.0232412 24.322004 0.095 2.31059 16.3 0.10921 0.062 0 84.23134078 69.6899 14.5414
Oct. 69.6899 147.97 21.94953817 24.322004 0.095 2.31059 545.5 3.65485 0.062 0 85.61199775 69.6899 15.9221
Nov. 69.6899 4.02 0.59631779 24.322004 0.093 2.261946 487.9 3.26893 0.062 0 64.69334138 64.69334 0
Total 926.46 137.429
Year - 2000
Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final
Month storage fall Dependable Reser.area Evap.rate Rate Irr.Demand Irr.Demand Live stock Deficit Available stor. Surplus
(ha.m) (mm) Inflow (ha.m) (ha) (m) (ha.m) (m^3/ha) (ha.m) Demand(ha.m) (ha.m) volume(ha.m) (ha.m) (ha.m)
Dec. 64.69334138 0 0 23.638309 0.092 2.174724 988.6 6.62362 0.062 0 55.83299695 55.833 0
Jan. 55.83299695 0 0 22.402889 0.094 2.105872 1955.6 13.10252 0.062 0 40.56260538 40.56261 0
Feb. 40.56260538 0 0 20.195987 0.101 2.039795 2721.1 18.23137 0.062 0 20.22944068 20.22944 0
Mar. 20.22944068 5.55 0.960860355 17.070268 0.106 1.809448 2590.4 17.35568 0.062 0 1.963172627 1.963173 0
Apr. 1.963172627 81.4 14.09261854 14.017621 0.107 1.499885 1292.8 8.66176 0.062 0 5.832145715 5.832146 0
May 5.832145715 5.84 1.011067473 14.688114 0.106 1.55694 173 1.1591 0.062 0 4.065173082 4.065173 0
Jun. 4.065173082 28.03 4.852777614 14.383684 0.102 1.467136 407.4 2.72958 0.062 0 4.659234919 4.659235 0
Jul. 4.659234919 177.46 30.72329345 14.486363 0.095 1.376204 0 0 0.062 0 33.94432392 33.94432 0
Aug. 33.94432392 188.19 32.5809568 19.204602 0.095 1.824437 532.5 3.56775 0.062 0 61.07109351 61.07109 0
Sept. 61.07109351 108.19 18.73071745 23.136926 0.095 2.198008 16.3 0.10921 0.062 0 77.43259297 69.6899 7.74269
Oct. 69.6899 153.15 26.51455197 24.322004 0.095 2.31059 545.5 3.65485 0.062 0 90.17701155 69.6899 20.4871
Nov. 69.6899 45.99 7.962156349 24.322004 0.093 2.261946 487.9 3.26893 0.062 0 72.05917994 69.6899 2.36928
Total 793.8 137.429

Year - 2001

Initial Rain 85% Evap. Final

Month storage fall Dependable Reser.area Evap.rate Rate Irr.Demand Irr.Demand Live stock Deficit Available stor. Surplus
(ha.m) (mm) Inflow (ha.m) (ha) (m) (ha.m) (m^3/ha) (ha.m) Demand(ha.m) (ha.m) volume(ha.m) (ha.m) (ha.m)
Dec. 69.6899 2.63 0.352970508 24.322004 0.092 2.237624 988.6 6.62362 0.062 0 61.11962611 61.11963 0
Jan. 61.11962611 0 0 23.143677 0.094 2.175506 1955.6 13.10252 0.062 0 45.77960048 45.7796 0
Feb. 45.77960048 11.17 1.499118087 20.961919 0.101 2.117154 2721.1 18.23137 0.062 0 26.86819479 26.86819 0
Mar. 26.86819479 38.84 5.212689929 18.117856 0.106 1.920493 2590.4 17.35568 0.062 0 12.74271195 12.74271 0
Apr. 12.74271195 20.81 2.792895917 15.852095 0.107 1.696174 1292.8 8.66176 0.062 0 5.115673732 5.115674 0
May 5.115673732 51.25 6.878227571 14.565027 0.106 1.543893 173 1.1591 0.062 0 9.228908423 9.228908 0
Jun. 9.228908423 100.38 13.47193139 15.265353 0.102 1.557066 407.4 2.72958 0.062 0 18.35219379 18.35219 0
Jul. 18.35219379 323.46 43.41134615 16.768672 0.095 1.593024 0 0 0.062 0 60.10851613 60.10852 0
Aug. 60.10851613 238.05 31.94852826 23.002848 0.095 2.185271 532.5 3.56775 0.062 0 86.24202387 69.6899 16.5521
Sept. 69.6899 105.34 14.13760961 24.322004 0.095 2.31059 16.3 0.10921 0.062 0 81.34570919 69.6899 11.6558
Oct. 69.6899 104.9 14.07855751 24.322004 0.095 2.31059 545.5 3.65485 0.062 0 77.74101709 69.6899 8.05112
Nov. 69.6899 27.16 3.645125089 24.322004 0.093 2.261946 487.9 3.26893 0.062 0 67.74214868 67.74215 0
Total 1024 137.429 7.6875656
Stream Flow Analysis
Stream flow or discharge is the volume of water that moves through a specific point in a stream during a
given period of time. Stream flow varies with the volume of water, precipitation, surface temperature, and
other climatic factors. For most streams (rivers), the highest water discharge is found close to the sea, but
in arid regions discharge decreases naturally downstream. Land use in drainage basins also strongly affects
stream flow. For a given area of 1 km2, the water discharge (specific run-off) may range from 50l/s.
Discharge is usually measured in units of cubic meter per second (cms).

Stream flow is an important factor in the irrigation project in two aspects, one to determine the design
flow through the peak flow analysis and secondly to determine dependable flow that required to compute
the amount of available water to deliver to the irrigated field and help to fix the size of the irrigation.

Data Sources and Availability

Data on stream flow are obtained by recording the water level at a gauging station on the river and by
relating this level to the corresponding rate of flow using rating curve of the station. The precision of
water level measurements and the sensitivity of the site to changes in water level when flow rate varies
are factors which govern the accuracy and reliability of the data.

The directorate of Hydrology in the ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity is responsible for
collecting, processing, quality assurance and dissemination of stream flow data in Ethiopia. Currently,
there about 570 operational stream flow gauging stations. However, they are not evenly distributed and
also not cover most of the streams in the country. In addition, expanding the stream flow gauging stations
are to expense and technical complexity associated with stream flow gauging compared to rainfall
measurement, therefore, computation of the stream flow using rainfall-runoff methods are preferred.

Peak Discharge versus Frequency Relations

Peak discharge magnitudes are a function of their expected frequency of occurrence, which in turn relates
to the magnitude of the potential damage and hazard. The hydraulics structure designers are particularly
interested in the development of a flood versus frequency relation, a tabulation of peak discharges versus
the probability of occurrence or exceedance. In addition to peak discharges, the hydraulics engineer is
sometimes interested in the flood volume and time distribution of runoff. Sometimes, there might be a
requirement to use flood hydrographs to route floods through drainage or flood storage structures. This is
especially important when an embankment is built across a floodplain and flood compensation storage
area is required to be provided in order to compensate for the lost natural floodplain storage area due to
the construction of the road embankment and to mitigate the flood risk to the upstream areas.

Design Flood
Design flood is the flood magnitude, which is expected to occur with a certain return period during the
design period of a structure. The selection of the return period is genearly based on saftey, econmy, size
and category of the scheme, and it should be grater than the design period of the structures. With the
national and international expriance, the design flood criteria and the methods of flood estimation are
recommended in this guideline.
Using gauged stream flow
Although they are not evenly distributed over the spatial variability of the country, there are about 570
stream flow gauging stations that have flow data since 1960’s. Therefore, one can use these gauged flow
data for the computation of design flow if the target location fitted with the point of the gauging stations
or if it is possibly to transfer with homogenous region. The stream flow data has to test for its trend and
stationary also. In general before we use the observed stream flow data to compute design flood, it has to
test for trend and define its homogenous region.

Trend test for stream flow

A steady increase or decrease of the time series characteristics is known as trend. Natural and man-made
changes like deforestation, urbanization, large scale landslide, large changes in watershed conditions are
the possible causes for the introduction of trend in stream flow time series data. Test for the presence of
trend can be done with Turning point test and Kendal’s Rank-Correlation test.

Turning Point Test

If a value, named as Xi either greater than both preceding and succeeding values or less than both, turning
point occurred. The procedure is outlined as

I. Arrange the data in order of their occurrence (time chronological order)

II. Apply either of the conditions, Xi-1 < Xi > Xi+1 or Xi-1 > Xi < Xi+1 and count how many turning points are
there in the series. Let the total number of turning points be P

III. Expected number of turning points is E(P)  2(N 2) , where N is the total number of data
3
IV. Variance of P is Var (P)  (16N 29)
90
V. Expressing P in standard normal form Z 
{P E(P)}
{Var(P)}1/ 2
VI. Test it at 5% level of significance, and if Z is less than ±1.96, there is no any trend on the data set.

Kendal’s Rank-Correlation Test

I. Arrange the data in order of their occurrence (time chronological order)

II. Pick up the first value of the series X1 and compare it with the rest of the series, X2, X3,….Xn. Find out
how many times it is greater than the rest, name as P1ex Repeat it for X2, X3, ….. Xn and name them
P2ex, P3ex ….Pnex
III. Find P= P1ex +P2ex +P3ex ……….Pnex

IV. Maximum value of P can be Pmax 

n(n 1) , it is for checking the previous analysis
2
V. E(P)  n(n 1)
4
 4P  
VI. Kendal’s τ is computed as    1, E(τ) should be zero
n(n1) 
(2(2n 5))
VII. Variance of τ = Var()   
 9n(n 1) 
VIII. Standard test for statistics of Z 

{Var()}1/ 2
IX. Test for the hypothesis at 5% level of significance, if Z is less than ±1.96, there is no any
trend on the data set
Note:
 And Excel add-ins called XLSTAT is available on line that can easily handle both statistical tests
 If there is a trend in the data set, the trend has to be removed before using for the computation of
design flood.

Homogeneous region

There is significance research gap in order to delineate the hydrological homogenous regions in Ethiopia.
Most of the researches limited with flow regimes defining and catchment similarity characterizations,
which not fully support data transferring from gauging stations to ungauged catchments. Therefore in high
limited conditions, even if we can’t get sufficient rainfall data to use rainfall-runoff relations, it is
suggested to use generalized data transfer equation of Admasu Gebeyehu (1986) for Ethiopian basins.

Qu  Qg Au / Ag 0.7
Where: Qu = mean annual daily maximum flow at ungauged site (m3/s), Au= ungauged catchment area
(km2) Qg = mean annual daily maximum flow at gauged site (m3/s), Ag = gauged catchment area (km2),

Peak flow Analysis

Once the daily stream flow data access for the gauge station and transfers to the target ungauged
catchment, the procedures of frequency analysis based on annual maximum series followed as stated in
rainfall analysis section.

Estimation of Peak flow for Ungauged Catchment

Since gauged stream flow at or near a target site are usually unavailable. In such cases, it is an accepted
practice to estimate peak runoff rates and hydrographs using rainfall-runoff methods. There are a number
of rainfall-runoff methods that can work for estimation of peak flow but all don’t give the accurate
estimation for a given catchment. In addition averaging of results of several methods is not
recommended. Therefore selection of the method that most expressed the given catchment has to be
mandatory. Each method has a range of application and limitations, which the engineer should clearly
understand prior to using them. Basin size, hydrologic and geographic region, dominant precipitation type,
elevation, and level of development are all important factors. The engineer must ensure that the selected
hydrologic method is appropriate for the basin conditions and that sufficient data is available to perform
the required calculations. If possible, the method should be calibrated to local conditions and flood
history. Several methods will be appropriate for predicting peak flood rates and volumes at most sites.

Selection of the Appropriate Method for Peak flow Estimation

The hydrologist is expected to select an appropriate hydrologic analysis method for each project, realizing
that methods used must satisfy the requirements of individual studies. To select the appropriate method,
the hydrologist should consider, at a minimum, the following:

 Information required for design or evaluation and where that information is needed. For
example, if the project requires designing a culvert, the rational method, which computes peak
flow only, may be adequate. However, if the project is affected by or will affect behavior of a
detention or retention pond, a runoff hydrograph will be required for the evaluation.
 Data available to develop the required hydrologic information. For example, the designer
must determine if flow records are available from a stream gauge at or near the location of
interest. If not, frequency analysis to find the design flow is not possible, nor is proper calibration
of a conceptual model that will compute a hydrograph.
 Conditions in the watershed that may limit applicability of alternative models. If ponds,
lakes, and depressions in the watershed will affect runoff by storing water, the rational equation
will not be appropriate, as it does not simulate behavior of these features.

The following methods can be used in determining peak flood magnitudes for design of irrigation head
works and infrastructures in Ethiopia. The omission of other flow estimation methods from this manual
does not necessarily disqualify their use. The methods to be used and the circumstances for their use are
listed below in Table 5.1

Table 0-1: Suggested Rainfall-runoff methods for peak flow estimation

Method Maximum Preferable

Available packages
Input data Catchment Land use Type
2 or software’s
area (km ) to use

Rational Catchment area, flow length, average slope, Excel and GIS
0.5 Urban
Method catchment characteristics, rainfall intensity combination

Catchment area, flow length, length to catchment  Excel and GIS

SCS-CN
centroid (center), max daily rainfall, veg. type, soil 0.5 - 65 Agricultural  HEC-HMS
Method
cover and synthetic regional unit hydrograph  SWAT
 Others also
Synthetic Unit Catchment area, flow length, length to catchment
centroid (center), daily rainfall, veg. type and 0.5 - 6000 For all  Excel and GIS
Hydrograph
synthetic regional unit hydrograph  HEC-HMS
Method

Catchment Area, Soil Characteristics, Climate data  HEC-HMS

Soil Moisture
(rainfall, temperature, Humidity, Wind speed, All All  WEAP
Method
Sunshine), latitude,  1DMLSS
Rational Method
The Rational Method at age 150 remains yet the most-employed formula of engineering hydrology. The
Rational Method is logical, generalized and often reasonable. The Rational Method is both as art and
science satisfied the two boundaries; to address complexity of natural interaction in one hand and stark
non-negotiable simplicity of physical law on the other hand. The Rational Method is most accurate for
estimating design storm peak runoff for areas up to 50 hectares (0.5 square km) and presented from the
perspective of each of the three “independent” variables; runoff coefficient (c), Rainfall intensity (I) and
catchment Area (A). Therefore the peak flow (Q) in general can expressed as Qp = CIA. However, with
different unit of these variables, the rational equation includes different numerical coefficients. If we
consider the SI units of variables as rainfall intensity in millimeter per second, and catchment area in
hectares, the peak flow discharge in cubic meter per second will be expressed as

QP 0.00278
CIA (5.1)

Runoff Coefficient (C)

The run off coefficient (C) in the rational equation can be expressed in two ways, one as scientific
parameter that expressing the abstractions (infiltration, interception, detention storage, etc) and
diffusion, the tendency for a hydrograph to spread in time and attenuate in peak as it moves
downstream. In other way, it expressed as empirical parameter that best quantified by the art of
watershed observation. In both perspectives runoff coefficient can be determined from the catchment
characteristics that consider the land use/cover, slope and soil cover of the catchment area that evaluated
in a number of hydrological researches for the long year use of rational methods. Therefore, the runoff
coefficient for different land use/cover, slope ranges, and soil cover recommend as presented below in the
table.

Table 0-2: Runoff coefficient for rural catchment

Slope factor Cs Soil permeability factor CP Land use/cover Cv

< 3.5% Flat 0.05 Well drained soil e.g. sand and 0.05 Dense forest/thick bush 0.05
gravel

3.5% - 10% Soft to 0.1 Fair drained soil e.g. sand and 0.1 Sparse forest/dense 0.1
moderate gravel with fines grass

10% - 25% Rolling 0.15 Poorly drained soil e.g. silt 0.15 Grassland/scrub 0.15

25% - 45% Hilly 0.2 Impervious soil e.g. clay, organic 0.25 Cultivation 0.2
silts and clay

>45% Mountainous 0.25 Rock 0.4 Space grassland 0.25

Water-logged black cotton soil 0.5 Barren 0.3

C= Cs+Cp+Cv

Source: Chow, 1964, p. 21-38; ASCE, 1996, p. 590

Table 0-3: Runoff coefficient for urban catchment
Runoff Runoff
Description of Area Description of Area
Coefficients Coefficients

Business: Downtown areas 0.70-0.95 Neighborhood areas 0.50-0.70

Residential: Single-family areas 0.30-0.50 Residential: Multi units, detached 0.40-0.60

Residential: Multi units, attached 0.60-0.75 Suburban 0.25-0.40

Residential (0.5 hectare lots or more) 0.30-0.45 Apartment dwelling areas 0.50-0.70

Industrial: Light areas 0.50-0.80 Industrial: Heavy areas 0.60-0.90

Parks, cemeteries 0.10-0.25 Playgrounds 0.20-0.40

Railroad yard areas 0.20-0.40 Unimproved areas 0.10-0.30

Street : Asphalt 0.70-0.95 Concrete 0.80-0.95

Drives and walks 0.75-0.85 Roofs 0.75-0.95

Source: Chow, 1964, p. 21-38; HEC No. 19, 1984, ASCE, 1996, p. 590,

In addition to the catchment characteristics the runoff coefficient is affected by the return period. The
return period less than 25 year hasn’t significant change on the runoff coefficient, but return period 25
year and above has effect on the runoff coefficient that can be expressed with the multiplier presented in
the table.

Table 0-4: T-r Multipliers Runoff coefficient (C )

Return Period < 25 25 50 100

Multiplier 1 1.1 1.2 1.25

Source: Viessman & Lewis (1996), p. 315

There is a chance runoff coefficient (C) can be more than 1.00 if it multiply by the multiplier. But it has not
been more than 1.00. Therefore a modification equation proposed by Chow (1964) and Singh (1988)
applied to adjust the value of runoff coefficient.

C  C100 Tr 
x
(5.2)
100
Where Tr is return period in years, C100 is C for the 100 year event and x is equal 0.075
Many watersheds are not of a single land treatment therefore an area-weighted composite C has to
compute for a watershed spatially distributed by subareas.

C A
n
i i
Ccomp i1
(5.3)
Ai
n

i1

Where the watershed has n subareas, Ci and Ai are runoff coefficient and area of subarea.

Rainfall Intensity (I)

As discus in chapter 4, the rainfall intensity of a catchment computed based on the time of concentration
of a catchment. It can be computed based on the maximum rainfall for the different return periods. Here
the major assignment is computing the time of concentration for the given catchment.

Time of concentration (tc) is the time required for an entire watershed to contribute to runoff at the
point of interest for hydraulic design; this time is calculated as the time for runoff to flow from the
most hydraulically remote point of the drainage area to the point under investigation. Travel time and
tc are functions of length and velocity for a particular watercourse. A long but steep flow path with a
high velocity may actually have a shorter travel time than a short but relatively flat flow path. There
may be multiple paths to consider in determining the longest travel time. The designer must identify
the flow path along which the longest travel time is likely to occur.

Roussel et al. 2005 conclude that, in the Kerby-Kirpich approach, for estimating watershed time of
concentration is preferable. The Kerby-Kirpich approach requires comparatively few input
parameters, is straightforward to apply, and produces readily interpretable results. The Kerby-Kirpich
approach produces time of concentration by adding the overland flow time (Kerby) and the channel
flow time (Kirpich):

Tc Tov TCh (5.4)

Where: Tov = overland flow time Tch = channel flow time

The Kerby Method

For small watersheds where overland flow is an important component of overall travel time, the
Kerby method can be used. The Kerby equation is
Tov  KLN0.467S0.235 (5.5)

Where: Tov = overland flow time of concentration, in minutes; L = the overland-flow length, in meters;
K = units conversion coefficient, K = 1.44 for SI units; N = a dimensionless retardance coefficient;
S = the slope of terrain conveying the overland flow

Table 0-5: Kerby Equation Retardance Coefficient Values

Retardance Retardance
Generalized terrain description Generalized terrain description
coefficient (N) coefficient (N)

Pavement 0.02 Smooth, bare, packed soil 0.10

Deciduous forest 0.60 Pasture, average grass 0.40

Poor grass, cultivated row crops, 0.20 Dense grass, coniferous forest, 0.80

or moderately rough packed surfaces or deciduous forest with deep litter

The Kirpich Method

For channel-flow component of runoff, the Kirpich equation is:

Tch  KL0.770S0.385 (5.6)

Where: Tch = Chanel flow time of concentration, in minutes L = the overland-flow length, in meters;

K = a units conversion coefficient, K = 0.0195 for SI units S = slope of main channel

If it is determined that a low slope condition or a transitional slope condition exists, the user should
consider using an adjusted slope in calculating the time of concentration. See Time of Concentration.

Example

This example is taken from one of the small scale irrigation project at Bench Maji Zone SNNPR.

The project name is Shewu Small Scale Irrigation Project

The Analysis for peak discharge cross drainage point (Shewu_DC_L1) on the main canal
 The drainage area = 21ha
 The main flow length = 641.39m
 Upstream Elevation = 1419m asl Computation of Time of Concentration
 Downstream Elevation = 1368m asl
 Soil Hydrological Group = B Slope = (upstream elevation – Downstream
 Land use condition = more 60% cultivated elevation)/flow length = (1419-1368)/641.39 = 0.08
Area
For over land flow use the Kerby Method with N= 0, 2
for cultivated land and K= 1.44 for SI unit

For the channel flow use the Kirpich Method with k=

0.0195 for SI units

Kerby method; Tov = K(L*N)0.467 S-0.235 =

1.44*(641.39*0.2)^0.467 *(0.08)^-0.235 = 25.16min

Kirpich Method; Tch = KL0.770 S-0.385 =

0.0195*(641.39^0.770)*(0.08^-0.385) = 7.49min

Tc = Tov +Tch = 25.16 + 7.49 = 32.65min

Runoff coefficient
For catchment slope 8% CT = 0.1; For ‘B’ hydrological
soil group Cs = 0.1; for cultivated Cv =0.2
C= CT +CS+CV = 0.1+0.1+0.2 = 0.4
Rainfall Intensity

The project area is at R5-B3 rainfall regime as presented

in chapter 2, you can read the intensity using the 25
year return period and 32.65min duration from the IDF
curve of the regimes. The intensity is 153.05mm/hr

Peak discharge

Qp = 0.00278CIA = 0.00278*0.4*(153.05mm/hr)*(21ha)
= 3.574 m3/sec
S  2541001
SCS-CN Method
(5.
The SCS method is widely used for estimating  CN 
floods on small to medium-sized ungaged
drainage basins around the world. The method The land use/cover and the soil in the catchment has
was developed based on 24-hr rainfall runoff major role in selecting the curve number values of the
data in USA. In its derivation it is assumed that no watershed or the sub watershed area. Land use/cover
runoff occurs until rainfall equals an initial of the catchment area refers all the cover types,
abstraction (that is losses before runoff begins) Ia, including agricultural and nonagricultural uses,
and also satisfies cumulative infiltration F (the vegetation’s, water surfaces, roads, roofs, etc. Similarly,
actual retention before runoff begins) or water soil properties influence the relationship between
retained in the drainage basin, excluding Ia. The rainfall and runoff by affecting the rate of infiltration.
potential retention before runoff begins (S) is the The SCS has divided soils into four hydrologic soil
value that (F + Ia) would reach in a very long groups based on infiltration rates (Groups A, B, C, and
storm. The SCS runoff equation is therefore a D) (Table 5.6). The experiment for the determination of
method of estimating direct runoff from 24-hour runoff curve number is also considering the effects of
or daily storm rainfall. The equation is: land-treatment measure in cultivated land use. It
 2
Q PIa includes mechanical practices such as contouring or
PIa S (5.7)
terracing and management practices such as rotation of
crops. Therefore, the runoff factor of SCS method,
called Curve Number (CN) has to determine with the
Where: Q = accumulated direct runoff, mm P combination all aspects as describe here. The values
= accumulated rainfall (potential also presented in successive tables below (Table 5.7,
maximum runoff), mm; Ia = initial 5.8, 5.9, and 5.10).
abstraction including surface storage,
interception, and infiltration prior to
runoff, mm; S = potential maximum
The curve number values give in the tables are based on
retention, mm.
an average antecedent moisture condition, i.e., soils
that are neither very wet nor very dry when the design
storm begins. Curve numbers shall be selected only
The relationship between Ia and S was developed after a field inspection of the catchment area and a
from experimental catchment area data. It review of cover type and soil maps. Table 5.11 gives the
removes the necessity for estimating Ia in the SCS antecedent conditions for the three classifications and
runoff equation as Ia = 0.2S, and if we substituting the relations below will help to convert the normal
it in the above equation, the SCS rainfall-runoff curve number to wet and dry curve numbers.
equation become.

CNI  CNII
Q  P0.2S (5.8)2.30.013
2
CNII
P0.8S

CNIII  CNII
S relate with soil and corves through the
empirical value called CN, the values of CN ranges
0.430.057CNII
0 -100 and its relation with S can be expressed as
Off course the selection of CN value always subjective
on engineer’s experience and understanding of the
catchment. Selection of overly conservative CN’s Runoff
Group Description
will result in the estimation of excessively high Potential
runoff and consequently excessively costly
These soils have a very slow
structures. Selection of conservatively low values
rate of water transmission.
will result loss of safety in the construction of
structures. Therefore, the major care has to take
when selecting the CN value. This subjectivity of
the CN is also the major limitation the method. Table 0-7: Runoff Curve Numbers- Urban Areas*
Curve numbers for hydrologic
Cover description
soil groups

Table 0-6: Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) Average %

Classification According to SCS (1972) Cover type and
Hydrologic A B C D
Runoff impervious
Group Description condition **
Potential area

Soils having high infiltration Open space

rates even when thoroughly (lawns, parks,
cemeteries, 68 79 86 89
wetted and consisting chiefly of
***
A Low deep, well to excessively etc.)
49 69 79 84
drained sands or gravels. These
Poor
soils have a high rate of water 39 61 74 80
condition (grass
transmission.
cover <50%)
Soil having moderate infiltration
Fair
rates when thoroughly wetted
condition (grass
and consisting chiefly of
cover 50 % to
moderately deep to deep,
Low - 75%)
B moderately well to well drained
moderate
soils with moderately fine to Good
moderately coarse textures. condition (grass
These soils have a moderate cover >75%)
rate of water transmission.
Impervious areas: 98 98 98 98
Soils having slow infiltration Paved parking
rates when thoroughly wetted lots, roofs,
and consisting chiefly of soils driveways, etc.)
Moderate- with a layer that impedes
C
high downward movement of water, Streets and roads:
or soils with moderately fine to
Paved; curbs 98 98 98 98
fine texture. These soils have a
and storm drains
slow rate of water transmission. 83 89 92 93
(excluding right-of
Soils having very slow way)
76 85 89 91
infiltration rates when
Paved; open
thoroughly wetted and 72 82 87 89
ditches (including
consisting chiefly of clay soils
right-of-way)
D High with a high swelling potential,
soils with a permanent high Gravel
water table, soils with a clay (including right-of-
pan or clay layer at or near the way)
surface, and shallow soils over
nearly impervious material. Dirt
(including right-of-
way)

Desert urban 63 77 85 88
areas: Natural
desert cover

Urban districts:

Commercial and 89 92 94 95
85
business
81 88 91 93
72
Industrial

Residential
districts by
average lot size: 77 85 90 92

65 61 75 83 87
0.05 hectare or
less 38 57 72 81 86
0.1 hectare 30 54 70 80 85
0.135 hectare 25 51 68 79 84
0.2 hectare 20 46 65 77 82
0.4 hectare 12

0.8 hectare

Developing urban
areas
77 86 91 94
Newly graded
areas (pervious
areas only, no
vegetation)

* Average runoff condition, and Ia=0.2S

** The average percent impervious area shown was

used to develop the composite CNs. Other
assumptions are as follows: impervious areas are
directly connected to the drainage system, impervious
areas have a CN of 98, and pervious areas are
considered equivalent to open space in good
hydrologic condition. If the impervious area is not
connected, the SCS method has an adjustment to
reduce the effect.

*** CNs shown equivalent to those of pasture.

Composite CNs may be computed for other
combinations of open space cover type.
Cover description Curve numbers
for
Table 0-8: Cultivated Agricultural Land*
Cover description Curve numbers Hydrologic soil
for group

Hydrologic soil Cover Treatment Hydrologic A B C D

group Type ** Condition*
**
Cover Treatment Hydrologic A B C D
Type ** Condition* 1 0 7 0
**
Small grain Poor 6 7 8 8
Fallo Bare soil - 7 8 9 9 SR 5 6 4 8
Good
w 7 6 1 4
Crop Poor 6 7 8 8
residue 7 8 9 9 3 5 3 7
Good 6 5 0 3
cover (CR) SR + CR Poor 6 7 8 8
7 8 8 9 4 5 3 6
Good
4 3 8 0
6 7 8 8
Row Straight Poor 7 8 8 9 0 2 0 4
row (SR) 2 1 8 1
Crop Good C Poor 6 7 8 8
s 6 7 8 8 3 4 2 5
Good
7 8 5 9
6 7 8 8
SR + CR Poor 7 8 8 9 1 3 1 4
1 0 7 0
Good C + CR Poor 6 7 8 8
6 7 8 8 2 3 1 4
Good
4 5 2 5
6 7 8 8
Contoured Poor 7 7 8 8 0 2 0 3
(C) 0 9 4 8
Good C&T Poor 6 7 7 8
6 7 8 8 1 2 9 2
Good
5 5 2 6
5 7 7 8
C + CR Poor 6 7 8 8 9 0 8 1
9 8 3 7
Good C&T + CR Poor 6 7 7 8
6 7 8 8 0 1 8 1
Good
4 4 1 5
5 6 7 8
Contoured Poor 6 7 8 8 8 9 7 0
& 6 4 0 2
Good Close- Poor 6 7 8 8
terraced (C 6 7 7 8 seeded SR 6 7 5 9
Good
& T) 2 1 8 1
or 5 7 8 8
C&T + CR Poor 6 7 7 8 broadcast 8 2 1 5
5 3 9 1
Good Legumes or Poor 6 7 8 8
6 7 7 8 C 4 5 3 5
Cover description Curve numbers
for

Hydrologic soil
group

Cover Treatment Hydrologic A B C D

Type ** Condition*
**

Rotation Good 5 6 7 8
5 9 8 3

Meadow Poor 6 7 8 8
C&T 3 3 0 3
Good
5 6 7 8
1 7 6 0

*Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S.

** Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at

least 5% of the surface throughout the year.

***Hydrologic condition is based on a combination of

factors that affect infiltration and runoff, including (a)
density and canopy of vegetative areas, (b) amount of
year-round cover, (c) amount of grass or closed-
seeded legumes in rotations, (d) percent of residue
cover on the land surface (good > 20%), and (e) degree
of roughness.

Poor: Factors impair infiltration and tend to

increase runoff.

Good: Factors encourage average and better than

average infiltration and tend to decrease runoff.
surrounding lots 9 4 2 6

Table 0-9: Other Agricultural Lands1 1

Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S
Cover description Curve 2
Poor: < 50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch,
numbers
Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover and not heavily grazed, Good :
for
>75% ground cover and lightly or only occasionally grazed
hydrologic
soil group 3
Poor: < 50% ground cover, Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover,
Good: > 75% ground cover
Hydrologic
Cover type A B C D4
condition Actual curve number is less than 30; use CN = 30 for runoff
computations.
6 7 8 8
8 9 6 95CNs shown were computed for areas with 50% grass
Poor
Pasture, grassland, (pasture) cover. Other combinations of conditions may be
4 6 7 8
orange continuous Fair computed from CNs for woods and pasture.
2 9 9 9 4
forage for grazing 6
Good Poor: Forest litter, small trees, and brush are destroyed by
3 6 7 8
heavy grazing or regular burning. , Fair : Woods grazed but
9 1 4 0
not burned, and some forest litter covers the soil. , Good :
Meadow-continuous Woods protected from grazing, litter and brush adequately
3 5 7 7cover soil.
grass, protected from
5 9 2 9
grazing

4
6 7 8
8 Table 0-10: Arid and Semi-arid Rangelands*
7 7 3
Poor
Brush-weed-grass 3 Cover description Curve numbers for
5 7 7 hydrologic soil
mixture with brush the Fair 5
3 6 0 7 group
major element
Good 3
4 6 7Cover type Hydrologic
0
4 8 5 3
condition A B C D
5 7 8 8
Mixture of grass, Poor 80 87 93
7 3 2 6
Poor weeds, and low-
Woods-grass 4 6 7 8growing brush, Fair 71 81 89
Fair
2with brush the
5
combination 3 5 6
minor element Good 62 74 85
Good
3 5 7 7
2 8 2 9 Poor 66 74 79
Mountain brush
4 mixture of small Fair 48 57 63
6 7 8trees and brush
5
6 7 3 Good 30 41 48
Poor
3
6 6 7 7 Poor 75 85 89
Woods Fair 6
0 3 9Small trees with
Fair 58 73 80
Good 3 grass understory
5 7 7
0 Good 41 61 71
4 5 0 7

Brush with grass

Farms—buildings, lanes, Poor 63 67 80 85
5 7 8 8understory
driveways, and
Fair 55 51 63 70 light rainfall
and low
Good 49 35 47 55 temperature
s, have
Poor 77 85 88
occurred
Desert shrub brush Fair 72 81 86 during the
five days
Good 68 79 84 previous to a
given storm

*Average runoff condition, and Ia=0.2S

SCS Peak Discharge Equation
**Poor : < 30 % ground cover (litter, grass, and brush
over story), Fair : 30 to 70 % ground cover Good: > 70
Once the runoff depth(Q) with the maximum daily
% ground cover
rainfall(P) of a given return period computed using
***Curve numbers for Group A have been developed SCS-CN equation, the peak discharge is derived from
only for desert shrub. the approximated triangular hydrograph shown in
Figure 6.1that resulting from rainfall excess of
duration D. The lag La of the peak flow, time from the
centroid of rainfall excess to the peak of the
Table 0-11: Rainfall ranges for Antecedent Soil
Moisture Conditions, Growing and Dormant hydrograph, is assumed to be 0.6tc. Then the time of
Seasons rise Tp to the peak of the hydrograph is Tp = 0.5D +0.6Tc.
Growing Dormant The base length of the hydrograph is assumed to be
Anteceden Season Season 2.67Tp. Then from a triangular hydrograph assumption
t Conditions (excess rainfall depth = runoff depth) the peak
Description Five-Day Five-Day discharge can then be estimated from
Condition Anteceden Anteceden
t Rainfall t Rainfall

An optimum
Condition of
catchment
area soils,
Dry where soils
are dry but
Less than Less than
not to the
36 mm 13 mm
wilting point,
and when
satisfactory
plowing or
cultivation
takes place

The average
case for 36 to 53 13 to 28
Average Figure 0-1: SCS triangular hydrograph
annual mm mm
floods

Wet When a Over 53 Over 28

heavy mm mm
rainfall, or
qp  0.208AQ (5.12)
0.5D0.6Tc

3
Where: qp = peak discharge (m /s) ; Q = the
excess rainfall depth (mm) or the runoff
depth computed with SCS-CN equation; A
2
= watershed area (km ) ; Tc = time of
concentration (hr); D = duration of excess
rainfall (hr), which can approximated with
help of Tc

D Tc , if T 3hrs
6
D1hr if T 3hrs
Example

This example is taken from one of the small scale

irrigation project at Bench Maji Zone SNNPR.

The project name is Shewu Small Scale Irrigation

Project

The Analysis for peak discharge cross drainage

point (Shewu_CD_L2) on the main canal

 The drainage area = 298.1ha

 The main flow length = 3686.01m
 Upstream Elevation = 1481m asl
 Downstream Elevation = 1359m asl
 Soil Hydrological Group = B
 Land use condition = 60% cultivated 40%
wood lands
Computation of Time of Concentration

Slope = (upstream elevation– Downstream elevation)/flow length = (1481-1359)/3686.01 = 0.033

For over land flow use the Kerby Method with N= 0.2 for cultivated land and 0.6 for the woodlands; the
weighted N computed as (0.6*0.2 + 0.4*0.6) = 0.36; K= 1.44 for SI unit
For the channel flow use the Kirpich Method with k= 0.0195 for SI units
Kerby method; Tov = K(L*N)0.467 S-0.235 = 1.44*(3686.01*0.2)^0.467 *(0.033)^-0.235 = 92.23min
Kirpich Method; Tch = KL0.770 S-0.385 = 0.0195*(3686.01^0.770)*(0.033^-0.385) = 40.43min
Tc = Tov +Tch = 92.23 + 40.43 = 132,66min = 2.211hr

Curve Number (CN) and potential maximum retention(S)

For 60% cultivated catchment with ‘B’ hydrological soil group and poor condition CN = 81

For 40% woodland catchment with ‘B’ hydrological soil group and poor condition CN = 66

Weighted curve number = (0.681+0.466) = 75

S= 254(100/CN – 1) = 254(100/75 -1) = 84.67mm

Peak Daily Rainfall

The project area is at R5-B3 rainfall regime; based on the rainfall frequency analysis on the station
identified in the project area, the peak daily rainfall of the catchment of the drainage point with 25 year
return period 197.54 mm

Depth of discharge (Qd)

Qd = (P- 0.2S)2 /(P+0.8S) = ( 197.54 - 0.284.67)^2 /(197.54 + 0.884.67) = 122.96mm

Peak discharge (qd)

qd = 0.208*(A in km2)*(Q in mm)/(0.5*D +0.6TC in hr) ; D= Tc/3 since Tc < 3; 0.5D = 0.167Tc

qd = 0.208(A)(Q)/( 0.767TC) = 0.208(2.981)(122.96)/(0.767*2.211)= 50.46m3/sec

Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method
The derivation of unit hydrograph always depends on the observed rainfall excess hyetograph (ERH) and
direct runoff hydrograph (DRH). However, these values are not available for ungauged catchment, which
need needs an empirical relation that relates the unit hydrograph ordinate with the catchment
characteristics. This process is known as synthetic unit hydrograph development. The Snyder’s approach
with a combination of other supportive researches in Ethiopia (Mulugteta, 2004) is selected for the
derivation of the synthetic unit hydrograph. Using the synthetic unit hydrograph and the rainfall
distribution of the daily maximum rainfall for a given return period will help to compute the peak
discharge of the ungauged catchments.

Table 0-12: Procedures with Example for Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method
Example
NO Procedure Remark
(Arjo Catchment)
2
1 Catchment area (A), km 5488.77

2 Longest flow length (L) , Km 205.52

Catchment shape factor (flow length from centroid off basin

3 111.270
to outlet (Lc), km

4 Basin average slope (S), m/m 0.00539

Compute the lag time (Tl) of the basin, which is the time
from the midpoint of rainfall excess (Dhr) to the peak of the
unit direct runoff hydrograph.
5 10.901

Tl  0.127 LLc / S  0.352

Adjust to standard rainfall

6 Compute duration of excess rainfall (D hrs); D  Tl 1.98 ≈ 2 excess duration (take 2
5.5 hrs in this case)

Adjust the time of lag with respect to the adjusted excess

7
rainfall duration Tla Tl 0.25(DS  D) 10.906

Round to whole number

8 Compute time of pick as Tp = 0.5D +Tla 11.91≈12 hr
as multiple of D
Example
NO Procedure Remark
(Arjo Catchment)

Time of base for the unit hydrograph

9 60
(Tb) = 5(Tla +0.5D)

Compute the peak discharge (qp) of the Unit hydrograph in

10 m3/sec/mm as qp  0.208
A 3
95.15m /sec/mm
Tp Where A is
2
drainage area in(km ), Tp is peak time in hr

Plot the UH with a smooth line with the three know values, Tp, Tb, and qp
13 Using an iterative process in excel to adjust the ordinate of the UH with a checking point the volume of the
2
hydrograph should be 1mm X catchment area (km )

Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Quh 0 9 18 34 52 76 95.15 86 64 48 38 33 29 26 23 20

Time 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

Quh 18 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.18 0

Once develop the UH, consider the daily rainfall distribution to get the rainfall excess. If the distribution of the
15 rainfall excess duration is different from the duration of the UH, the UH has to converted to the duration of
excess rainfall using S-UH.

The 24hr peak rainfall has to take from the regional IDF of 175.2 In this example we take
16
the site or it compute based on the frequency analysis. 100 year return period

Compute the 0.5hr MRF using exponential equation 0.5

17
α0.5= 1-exp(-125/(Rday +5)).

18 19 20 21 22

Time Intensity Infiltration Rate Excess Rainfall rate Excess Rainfall

(hr) (mm/hr) (mm/hr) (mm/hr) (mm)

2 0.00 105.00 0.00 0.000

4 82.14 77.86 4.27 8.546 The only excess rainfall

6 43.63 58.93 0.00 0.000

8 29.19 45.72 0.00 0.000

Example
NO Procedure Remark
(Arjo Catchment)

10 21.90 36.51 0.00 0.000

12 17.52 30.08 0.00 0.000

The time for the rainfall distribution take based on the rainfall duration computed in synthetic UH and it has
18
to be extend up to the time of lag of the synthetic UH

The intensity of the rainfall computed based on the 24hr peak rainfall and 0.5hr MRF computed in step 16 and
17 and the following intensity exponential equation.
19

The infiltration rate of the catchment computed based on the Horton equation, which parameters given the
following table with soil hydrological group

HSG fo (mm/hr) fc (mm/hr) K (1/hr)

A 127.00 25.40 0.20

B 105.00 15.24 0.18

20 C 81.28 12.70 0.17

D 71.12 10.16 0.16

With the current example the catchment identified with soil hydrological group of B as dominate group and
-0.18t
the Horton equation of the catchment formulated as fp = 15.24 + 89.76e . Then the infiltration rate at
each time computed as presented above in the column. If the hydrological soil group varied proportionality
the weighted values the parameters computed based on the area proportion of the soil hydrological
distribution in the catchment.

The rate of excess rainfall simple computed by subtracting the infiltration rate from rainfall intensity. (i.e.,
21
column 19 – column 20)

To get the excess rainfall depth, multiply the excess rate with the changing time of the time distribution. (2hr
22
in the current example )

Time distribution based on the rainfall excess duration up to the base time of the unit Hydrograph (i.e., 60hr ,
23
ref. row 9)

24 Bring the computed UH with reference in column 14

Example
NO Procedure Remark
(Arjo Catchment)

Bring the excess rainfall computed in column 22 and multiply the excess rainfall for each UH ordinate. If there
25
is two or more excess rainfall multiply with keeping the lag time.

Compute the direct runoff by sum all the ordinate in the same row; for the current example we have only one
26
time excess rainfall so the sum also the same.

27 Compute the base flow based on the relationship fixed for the river basin

23 24 25 26 27 28

Excess Rainfall (mm) Direct Runoff Base Flow

Time UG 3
3 Total Runoff (m /sec)
(hr) (m /sec) 3
(m /sec)
3
(m /sec)
8.546

0 0 0.00 0.00 150.94 150.94

2 9 76.91 76.91 149.16 226.07

4 18 153.83 153.83 147.38 301.21

6 34 290.56 290.56 145.60 436.16

8 52 444.39 444.39 143.82 588.21

10 76 649.50 649.50 142.04 791.54

12 95.15 813.15 813.15 140.26 953.41

14 86 734.96 734.96 138.48 873.44

16 64 546.94 546.94 136.70 683.64

18 48 410.21 410.21 134.92 545.13

20 38 324.75 324.75 133.14 457.89

22 33 282.02 282.02 131.36 413.38

24 29 247.83 247.83 129.58 377.41

26 26 222.20 222.20 127.80 350.00

28 23 196.56 196.56 126.02 322.58

30 20 170.92 170.92 124.24 295.16

32 18 153.83 153.83 122.46 276.29

34 14 119.64 119.64 120.68 240.32

36 13 111.10 111.10 118.90 230.00

38 11 94.01 94.01 117.12 211.13

40 10 85.46 85.46 115.34 200.80

42 9 76.91 76.91 113.56 190.47

44 8 68.37 68.37 111.78 180.15

46 7 59.82 59.82 110.00 169.82

48 6 51.28 51.28 108.22 159.50

50 5 42.73 42.73 106.44 149.17

52 4 34.18 34.18 104.66 138.84

54 3 25.64 25.64 102.88 128.52

56 2 17.09 17.09 101.10 118.19

58 1.179 10.08 10.08 99.32 109.40

60 0 0.00 0.00 97.54 97.54

62 0.00 95.76 95.76

64 0.00 93.98 93.98

Compute the total discharge by add the direct runoff and the base flow. It give the stream flow with peak
28 rainfall for the given catchment using the synthetic unit hydrograph for the catchment. Finally select the peak
3
discharge for the design of required hydraulics structure for the site. For the current example 953.41m /sec

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Dam Design PDF

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Dam Design PDF

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Reservoir sedimentation

So that the analysis will be computed on Type III.

W = WcPc +WmPm +WsPs

=56*0.15 +1140*0.65 +1550*0.2

K = KcPc +KmPm +KsPs

Annual total sediment is = Average annual sediment + bed load

Out flow = 181.094

Sediment volume after 50 years= 20.76989 Mm3

Sediment volume after 75 years=41.38224 Mm3

Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir

reservoir reservoir reservoir reservoir

The summery of the sediment distribution is put as follows.

Parameters 25yr 50yr 75yr 100yr

General back ground

Location and its accessibility

Available Hydro meteorological data

Check for Data consistency

Table 0-1: Daily heaviest rainfalls at Mehale Meda metrological station.

Table 0-2 Computation of data consistency

Sy 1 (yi y)2 

Catchment yield Determination

Table 0-3: Average monthly Rainfall at Mehale Meda Metrological station

Table 0-4: Dependable Rainfall Determination

Relative Probability, Probability

The 80% dependable rainfall is obtained by interpolation and is found to be 755.7mm.

Design Rainfall and Design flood Estimation

Arial design rainfall = design point rainfall * ARF

Design Flood Estimation

Table 0-5: Time of concentration computation

Design Rain fall Arrangement

Design Arial rain fall = 81.79mm (as calculated on section 2.51)

Table 0-6: Design Rain fall arrangement

Hydrologic Soil – Cover complex Number (CN)

Estimation of Direct runoff

Table 0-7: Direct runoff corresponding to incremental rainfall

Determination of peak Discharge

Peak discharge, Qp 0.21* A*Q

Table 0-8: Computation of the Peak for each incremental runoff

As shown in the above table analysis, the peak discharge = 24.786m3/s

Reservoir sizing (Area- Capacity Relationship)

Where Ao, A1, A3... An = the area enclosing each contour

 Estimated sediment load to the reservoir

Sediment load to the reservoir=Estimated soil loss*Delivery ratio

Estimated sediment volume =

Hence, total sediment inflow rate = 2,095.38m3/yr/km2+209.54m3/yr/m2

 Dead storage Allocation

Sediment load/yr = 2,304.92m3/yr/km2 *4.91km2

Reservoir type determination

Table 0-11: Standard reservoir types (Borland and Miller, 1958).

Table 0-12: Reservoir type determination

So the equation becomes:

Estimation of sediment volume based on trap efficiency

80% Trap efficiency

Intake level (New zero level) fixation

And the estimated new zero elevation

Note: for detail see the calculation in the Annex A

 Intake tower height = 3190.5masl - 3184.0masl. =6.5m

Determination of useful life

- Useful of life of the project = 30 years

Design yield (catchment yield)

Evaporation loss and Irrigation demand

Table 0-14: Evaporation losses Estimation

 Annual pan evaporation = 1947.80mm

 Maximum duty = 0.80 l/s.ha

Reservoir Operation study

Table 0-16: Area-Capacity relationship

Reservoir Flood Routing

The data required for flood routing computations are

The inflow hydrograph computation is shown already in the previous section.

2. Elevation Vs capacity data

It is shown on Table 2.10.

3. Elevation Vs out flow data

I.e. Δt = 0.25x2.6hr = 0.65hr

Table 0-17: Reservoir Flood Routing

Time Inflow I Total 2S1 2S2 Outflow, Reservoir Height H

Trail- 2, Spillway crest length =6m

=560.15 +11400.65 +1550*0.2