International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 3, April 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Application of High Voltage Engineering for

Air Pollution Control: ESP
Prof. Kumbhar D A1, Prof. M A Deshmukh2, Prof. S V Darshane2, Prof. S P Swami2
1,2Assistant
Professor,
1Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department,
1,2SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Prof. Kumbhar D

The fastest growing Industrialization in today’s world of has resulted into A | Prof. M A Deshmukh | Prof. S V
degradation of environmental in terms of air pollution. It is not possible Darshane | Prof. S P Swami "Application of
physically to achieve a 100 per cent pollution-free environment with High Voltage Engineering for Air Pollution
industries operating. Considering the hazardous effects due to air pollution it Control: ESP"
is important to make sure that, the least pollution caused by industrial units. Published in
To achieve this effective and adequate pollution control techniques are International Journal
required to implement, so that effects on the environment are minimized. The of Trend in Scientific
electrostatic precipitator is one of the major applications of high voltage Research and
engineering for air pollution control. It became one of the key control in get rid Development
of harmful particulates coming out and mixing in environment from different (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD30392
industries. Already various research and invetstments in the area of Electro 6470, Volume-4 |
Static Precipitator is growing by looking at the key benefits resulting through Issue-3, April 2020, pp.316-319, URL:
the use of it. As numerous projects are in working even at this very moment all www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30392.pdf
over the world, this paper a comprehensive review is attempted to focus on
elements of ESP. Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
KEYWORDS: Electro Static Precipitator, Ionization, Rapping Mechanism, Electro- Research and Development Journal. This
magnetic Rapper, Mechanical Hammer is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
1. INTRODUCTION
The development in Economic for any area is mainly to give ESP consists of electrodes which are termed as electrical
jobs to people and in-tern provide opportunities for terminals is in the form of metal spiked bars, suspended
improved living. Where industrial development plays a wires, or thin plates inside a pipe or smokestack along with
major role to creates more jobs in any region. On the other grounded plate.
hand due to industrialization the environment may face
adverse effects and if due care is not taken to reduce adverse A very high negative voltage is used to charge the electrode
effects, major consequences has to face. initialy. The dust particles will be negatively charged when
the particles move past it. There is metal plates installed in
Though, it is very difficult to restrict the industrial units to same smokestack which is refered as a second electrode to
cause the least pollution. But we can always work on which a high positive voltage in range of 50KV–100KV is
implementing sufficient and effective pollution control applied.
methods, in order to minimize adverse effects on the
environment. For doing so we have, required technological
expertise and institutional back up for support in this regard.

The major manufacturing industry like thermal power

plants, coal mines, cement, sponge iron, steel & ferroalloys,
petroleum and chemicals cause dust, smoke, fumes and toxic
gas emissions occur as a result of highly-pollution. In
industry-specific clusters, these industries have not only
become hazardous, but also cause irreparable damage to our
ecology and environment.
Fig.1 Electrostatic discharge
2. ELECTROSTATIC SMOKE PRECIPITATOR
The dirty flue gas (the gas released from smokestack) is As per the property of charged particles, the unlike charges
forced to pass through Electrostatic smoke precipitators. The attracts, hence the dust particles which are negatively

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
charged attracted to the positively charged plates which is dust particle is very important and for that a very high
second electrode and get deposited thereon plate. Once voltage gradient is required between negative electrode and
sufficient amount of dust particles are collected at the plate, positive plate. In order to maintain voltage gradient the
a mechanism will come into the picture by which the distance between each negative electrode and positive plate
deposited particles will be collected by shaking the plates; and the DC voltage applied across them are so adjusted.
this mechanism can be either manual or automated by
someone brushing them clean with the help of automated The flue gas which is released from various industries like,
shaking or brushing, this process is called as rapping. thermal power station, sponge iron etc. has dust particles
present in considerable amount. These flue gases are made
to pass through the ESP chamber which contains electrodes.
When air act as medium between the electrodes, and as the
electrodes are highly negativitely charged, there result a
corona discharge surround the negative electrode rods or
wire mesh.

The corona effect causes air molecules in the field between

the electrodes become ionized. Once the air is ionized, plenty
of free electrons and ions will be availble in the space. The
structure of ESP is such that, both positive and negative
electrodes are enclosed in a metallic structure. There is a
provision for inlet and outlet for flue gas to pass into the
Fig.2 the Block Diagram of ESP structure and pass out as well. when the flue gases
containing dust particles enter into the ESP chamber, dust
2.1. Various process stages in ESP particles in the gases collide with the free electrons available
In general there are two to six types of zones in Industrial in the medium which is ionized earlier due to high charge
side electrostatic Precipitators. In the inlet zone which is present between the electrodes. The free electrons will then
called as raw gas zone, the huge amounts of dust particles attach to the dust particles and as a result, the dust particles
are splitted. For this purpose, heavy electrical current is aquires negative charge. These negatively charged dust
applied to the circulating particles and so it is collected in particles will be attracted to the positive plate due to
collecting electrode. In the last stage of zone, the fine electrostatic force.
particulates are electrically charged with the help of power
system. The ESP efficiency is enhanced with short pulse in
microsecond duration time period. With the dominance of
electric field strength, the dust molecules are electrically
charged in Electrostatic precipitation process and the
suspended molecules are directed to accumulated surface
area. Then it is disembodied from the flue gas. The
precipitation mechanism involves various procedures such
as
1. Molecules charging through ionization rendered during
corona discharge
2. Disentangling the charged particulates from the gas
stream in an enforced electrictricity field.
3. Aggregating the ionized particles on a grounded area
and abolishing the accumulated molecules by striking
them off. Fig.3. The Structure of ESP

2.2. Working Principle As a result of the process, the dust particles will be charged
The electrostatic precipitator’s working principle is very and move towards the positive plates and deposited there,
simple. It consists of two pair of electrodes in which one is therefore the positively charged plate is called as collecting
positive, and another is negative. The state of negative plate. The dust particles then fall due to gravitational force
electrodes are generaly of spike rod or wire mesh form, when the extra electron from the dust particles will be
while the positive electrodes are in the form of plates. Both removed on positive plates. After the entire process, the flue
these positive plates and negative electrodes are placed gases after passing through the ESP chamber become almost
vertically in the electrostatic precipitator in alternative free from ash particles and then it made to discharge
fashion i.e. one after another. through chimney into the atmosphere. Though there is no
direct contribution from ESP to produce electricity at
A high voltage DC source is mounted at the top of ESP and thermal power station, but it’s contribution to keep
the negative terminal of DC source connected to the negative atmosphere clean is very important for human beings. The
electrodes, and positive terminal of the DC source connected unite named, ‘Hopper’ is planned below the ESP chamber for
to positive plates. In many cases the positive terminal of the collecting dust particles. The various rapping mechanism
DC source is grounded in order to get stronger negativity in used from side of chamber or from top to accelerate the
the negative electrodes. For working of ESP the ionization of removal of the dust from the collecting plates.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
these major parameters, there are some other parameters as
well which can affect the collection efficiency of ESP like,
A. The volumetric flow rate,
B. Moisture content,
C. Chemical composition, and
D. Temperature

Fig.4 Working Principle of ESP If further improvement in collection efficiency of existing

structure of ESP is desired by the end users, then by making
3. HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY sum physical changes in ESP like increasing collecting
To generate a very high negative DC supply required by ESP surface area, improving flow distribution of flue gas entering
chamber for ionization of air and then the collection of dust into the ESP, or upgrading or replacing the collection plates
particles present in flue gasses we need to use the TR set. or discharge electrodes, it can be achieved. But every change
The TR set consists of a high voltage transformer along with suggested in these options requires extensive physical
rectifier stack array. The role of TR set to converts single changes not only to each stage of the ESP but also in
phase or three phase AC power to single-phase DC power extended unit outage which will demand a significant cost.
with almost 30 % ripple which need to feed to ESP
electrodes. A typical power supply system for an ESP consists of the
transformer-rectifier (TR) set, control panel consisting of
The amount of dust particles the passing through chamber silicone controlled rectifier (SCR). Depend upon the need of
can be deposited on positively charged plates and then power based on output load i.e. amount of flue gas, the
collected in hopper is totally depend on range of voltage desired corona needs to be set up inside ESP chamber which
applied between the electrodes. The efficiency of ESP i.e. is set by TR set but controlled by the control panel. A single
removal of dust particles form flue gases is totally depend on or three phase supply is fed to the control panel consist of
voltage differential between electrodes Eo i.e. discharge SCR used as AC controller, this controlled AC power is given
electrode and collection plate Ep. The ESP nowadays are of to TR set, which produces DC power output as per AC input it
various ratings depend on nature and amount of flue works get from the control panel. To summarize, the controlled AC
but still a general ESP is works at a range of 50 k to 150 k power fed to the TR set decide the high voltage DC supply
volts. desired by the ESP for ionization

An ESP has designed with multiple discharge electrodes (to 4. RAPPING MECHANISM
which common negative charge is applied) between each set When the flue gas made to pass through the ESP chamber,
of collecting plates (which are charged with positive the corona effect causes the ionization of air and thereafter
supply/grounded), along with multiple sets of collecting dust particles will get negative charged and stick to the
plates in a single “field” which are oriented in the direction of positively charged/grounded plate. The dust particles are
gas flow. With such arrangement of structure, each field acts need to be separted out from the plate in order to get
as an independent precipitator. In many plants, to improve collected at hopper. The process of detaching the dust
the efficiency, multiple fields are be added in series. Mostly particle from collecting electrode and to get collected at
using three or more fields many ESP’s are working in various hopper is known as rapping mechanism. The mechanism for
plants nowadays. Some plants which required to follows rapping, to release deposited dust particles strong shearing
very strong rules of environment pollution control, use up to forces are transmitted to collecting plates. Rapping in other
12 fields in order to achieve collection efficiencies greater word is the process by which electrodes and particles are
than 99 percent. While designing the multiple field ESP broken apart by vibrations from the rappers. Depending
structure, temperature of the flue gasses and flow rate one of upon the specific characteristics of the dust being collected,
the key parameters considered. In such utility applications, there are various parameters like, number, size, and
each field is electrically divided into separate compartments frequency of the rappers vary from system to system.
to achieve higher degree of optimization for removal
efficiency. There are two major types of rappers available,
A. Mechanical Hammer
There are three major areas on which the particle removal B. Electromagnetic impulse units
effectiveness of an ESP is based,
A. The ability of a particle to hold a charge i.e. resistivity of 4.1. Electromagnetic impulse units
the particles The electromagnetic vibrator are mounted on the top of ESP
B. The gas flow properties, and structure which works on simple principle of
C. The quality and strength of the electric field produced electromagnetic theory. It consists of a coil which is
energized by alternating current. The energy creates a
In industry mainly, the thermal power generation, the vibrations which are transmitted through a rod to the
resistivity of dust particle in flue gas changes with change in electrodes or collecting plates.
fuel. Therefore various government agencies has designed
standeards to put limits on mercury and acid gas. These Now a days in many designs of ESP's magnetic-impulse
limits may require the addition of activated carbon injection rapper (MIGI rapper) are installed for the rapping of the
for mercury removal and/or dry sorbent injection for Collecting Electrode and Discharge Electrode. Whenever a
removal of acid gases. Adding activated carbon or dry current pulse is provided to coil, due to electromagnetic
sorbent to the gas stream may change the particle resistivity effect the heavy steel plunger raises inside the MIGI rappers.
and, therefore, the efficiency of ESP operation. Apart from When we cut the current pulse to the coil, then by the effect

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30392 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 318
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
of gravity, the heavy plunger drops down and strike a frame climate change also occure due to these particles. In order to
which is connected to many plates inside the ESP. An get rid of all above mentioned and many more problems
electrical controlling system is used to decide the frequency caused by dust particles in flue gas the device named
and intensity of the rapper. Electrostatic Precipitator is used which helps to get the flue
gases filtered and free from the dust particles.

When it comes to cleaning the dust particles from flue gases,

Electrostatic precipitators are proved to be a important
tools. Over the years ESP are proved to be highly effective at
reducing particle pollution, including those particles whose
sizes approximate 1 micron (0.00004 inch) in diameter, and
some precipitators can remove particles of 0.01 micron in
diameter.

REFERENCES
[1] AMizuno et al., ―Electrostatic Precipitation‖, IEEE
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Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No.3, May/June 1999.
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4.2. Mechanical Hammer
A Mechanical hammer consist of a large weight which is [6] LinW-Y, Chang, ―Separation characteristics of sub-
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