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Geog
Geogrraphy
By - Rani Jain {díd (Universe)
{díd qH$dm AdH$me hr n¥Ïdr^modVmcMr {damQ> nmoH$ir AgyZ ˶m ‘ܶo {X{K©H$m, AmH$meJ§Jm, J«h, Yy‘Ho$Vy
B˶mXr g‘m{dï> Pmcoco AmhoV.
{dídmMr {Z{‘©Vr EH$mM doir Pmcocr Zmhr. Vo H«$‘mH«$‘mZo CËH«$m§V hmoV Amho. ˶m‘wio H$mi hmXo{Ic
{dídmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Amho. ¶mdê$Z cúmmV ¶oV,o H$s {díd hr gd©g‘mdoeH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. {dídmcm

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H|$Ð Zmhr qH$dm ‘¶m©Xm ZmhrV. emókm§À¶m ‘Vm§Zgw ma {dídmMr {Z{‘©Vr gw‘mao 1300 H$moQ>r df©ndy u Pmcr Agmdr.

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* Vmao : Vmao ho ñd¶§àH$m{eV Am{U CîU d VoOñdr IJmoc AmhoV. Vmao cwH$cwH$VmV. gy¶© hm n¥ÏdrnmgyZ gdm©V

No
OdiMm Vmam Amho.
* {X{K©H$m : gy¶m©gma»¶m AZoH$ Vmè¶m§Mo {‘iyZ ~Zcoë¶m {demc VmaH$mg‘whmg {X{K©H$m qH$dm VmaH$m‘§S>i
åhUVmV. EH$m {X{K©Ho$V gmYmaUV: 10-20 hOma H$moQ>r Vmao AgVmV. {díd ho Aem Ag§»¶m Xr{K©H$m§Mo

y
~Zcoco Amho. Amncr gy¶©‘mcm Á¶m Xr{K©Ho$V Amho {Vcm AmH$meJ§Jm åhUVmV.

ph
* VmaH$mg‘yh : AdH$memVrc AZoH$ Vmè¶m§Mm g‘yh.
CXm.: AdH$memV CÎmaocm gáfu hm gmV Vmè¶m§Mm g‘yh AmT>iVmo. gáfuÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo AmnUmg Yw«dVmam
emoYVm ¶oVmo. Omo CÎma {Xem Xe©{dVmo. gáfu ho D$g© ‘oOa {hñgm Amho.
ra
* Yy‘Ho$Vy : Yy‘Ho$Vy JmoR>coë¶m Ðì¶m§Zr d Yy{cH$Um§Zr ~Zcoco AgVmV. gy¶m©À¶m CîUVo‘wio Yy‘Ho$VyVrc
Ðì¶mMo dm¶yV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ho dm¶y gy¶m©À¶m {dê$X²Y {Xeog ’o$H$co OmVmV. ˶m‘wio H$mhr Yy‘Ho$Vy cm§~Q>
og

{ngmè¶mgmaIo {XgVmV. Yy‘Ho$Vy gy¶m©^modVr àX{úmUm H$aVmV, ˶m§À¶m XrK© c§~dVwi

© mH$ma H$úmo‘i
w o Vo ~è¶mM
H$mimZ§Va AmH$memV {XgVmV. Mm§Xʶm amÌr AmH$memV ¹${MV AmT>iUmam eonyQ> Agcocm Jmoc åhUOo
Ge

Yy‘Ho$Vy. CXm.: h°coMm Yy‘Ho$Vy Xa 76 dfm©Zr Ñï>rg nS>Vmo. ¶mAmYr Vmo 1986 ‘ܶo Ñï>rg nS>cm hmoVm.
* CëH$m : Amnë¶mcm H$Yr-H$Yr AmH$memVyZ EImXm Vmam VwQy>Z nS>VmZm {XgVmo. ¶m KQ>Zocm CëH$mnmV
åhUVmV. AZoH$ doim ¶m CëH$m åhUOo cKwJ«hm§À¶m nQ²>Q>çmVyZ ¶oUmao {ecmI§S> AgVmV. Vo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
's

dmVmdaUmV Amë¶mda ˶mÀ¶mer hmoUmè¶m Kf©UmZo OiVmV, ˶m§Zm CëH$m Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr doigo CëH$m
nyUV© : Z OiVm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda nS>VmV ˶m§Zm AeZr Ago åhUVmV. CXm.: cmoUma gamoda AemM AeZr
in

AmKmVmZo V¶ma Pmco Amho.

- n¥Ïdrà‘mUo BVa J«hm§da CëH$mnmV hmoVmV.
Ja

* gy¶© : hm gy¶©‘mcoMm à‘wI Amho. hm VoOñdr Vmam Amho. gy¶m©Mr {Z{‘©Vr 460 H$moQ>r dfm©nydu Pmcr Agmdr.
gy¶m©À¶m n¥ð>^mJmMo Vmn‘mZ A§XmOo 60000C Amho. gw¶© = 70% hm¶Q´>moOZ + 28% ho{c¶‘, gy¶m©cm
ni

ñdV:^modVr {’$aʶmMm g§H«$‘U ‘mJ© nyU© H$aʶmgd EH$ df© (12 ‘{hZo) cmJVo. gy¶m©À¶m g§H«$‘U ‘mJm©Mo
12 ^mJ H$ê$Z ˶mVrc à˶oH$ ^mJmg amer Ago g§~moYco OmVo. CXm. ‘of, d¥f^, {‘WwZ .... B˶mXr.
Ra

¶m{edm¶ ¶m g§H«$‘U‘mJm©Mo 27 ^mJ nmSy>Z à˶oH$ ^mJmg ZúmÌ Ago Zmd XoʶmV Amco Amho. gy¶m©da XmoZ
àH$maMo ñnm°Q>² g (Spots) AgVmV. ~«mB©Q> ñnm°Q>² g (Plages) Am{U S>mH©$ ñnm°Q>² g (Sunspots). gZ ñnm°Q>² g
hr gy¶m©À¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarc Aer {R>H$mUo AgVmV Á¶m§Mo Vmn‘mZ OmñV AgVo. hr ~m~ àW‘ J°{c{cAmo Zo
{ZXe©Zmg AmUcr.
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- gy¶m©Mo Amnë¶mcm {XgUmè¶m ^mJmcm Photoshere åhUVmV. Va gy¶© J«hUXaå¶mU gy¶m©Mm gdm©V ~mhoaMm
^mJ Corona {XgVmo.
* J«h : J«h naàH$m{eV AgVmV åhUOo ˶m§Zm ñdVm§Mm àH$me ZgVmo. Á¶m ‘w»¶ Vmè¶m ^modVr Vo {’$aVmV ˶m
Vmè¶mnmgyZ ˶m§Zm àH$me {‘iVmo. AdH$memVrc gy¶© ¶m à‘wI Vmè¶m^modVr {’$aUmè¶m n¥Ïdrgh 8 J«hm§Mm
gy¶©‘mcoV g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
* cKw J«h : gy¶©‘mco‘ܶo ‘§Ji d Jwê$ ¶m J«hm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ Aa§Ë¶ chmZ chmZ IJmocmMm EH$ nÅ>m {Z‘m©U

s
Pmcm Amho. ¶m nQ²>Q>çmVrc IJmocm§Zm cKwJ«h åhUVmV (Asteroids) cKwJ«h XoIrc gy¶m©^modVr àX{úmUm

te
H$aVmV.

No
* J«hmMo dJuH$aU
cKwJ«hm§À¶m nQ²>Q>çm§À¶m g§X^m©Zo J«hm§Mo XmoZ dJ© Ho$co Amho.
1) A§VJ«h© 2) ~{hJ«h©

y
1) A§VJ«©h : gy¶© Am{U cKwJ«hm§Mm nÅ>m, ¶mÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ Agcoë¶m J«hm§Zm A§VJ©«h åhUVmV. ~wY, ewH«$, n¥Ïdr,

ph
‘§Ji ho A§VJ«©h AmhoV. ˶m§Mo AmH$ma‘mZ chmZ Amho. ˶m§Mo H$dM IS>H$m§Mo ~Zco Amho.
* ~wY d ewH«$ ¶m XmoÝhr J«hm§Mo H$úmm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H$úmoÀ¶m AmV ¶oV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm H$úmmÝVJ©V J«h Agohr
åhUVmV.
ra
2) ~{hJ«©h : cKwJ«hm§À¶m nQ²>Q>çmncrH$S>rc J«hm§Zm ~{hJ«©h åhUVmV. ¶m§V Jwê$, eZr, ¶waoZg, ZonÀ¶yZ ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVmo. gd© J«hm§Zm IS>H$ d Yy{cH$Um§Mr ~Zcocr H$S>r AmhoV. ¶m J«hm§Mo AmH$ma‘mZ ‘moR>o Amho. d
og

˶m§Mo ~mømdaU dm¶wê$n Amho.

Ge

* J«hm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço
1) ~wY : gy¶m©cm gdm©V OdiMm d AmH$ma‘mZmZo gdm©V chmZ J«h. gdm©V hcH$m d gdm©V CîU J«h.
gy¶©‘mcoVrc gdm©V doJdmZ J«h. gy¶m©^modVr EH$ n[a^«‘U nyU© H$aʶmg 88 {Xdg cmJVmV. ~wY ¶m J«hmg
's

EH$hr CnJ«h Zmhr.

2) ewH«$ (Venus) : gdm©V VoOñdr J«h, H¥$îU númmV amÌr ˶mnmgyZ àH$me {‘iVmo.
in

- n¥Ïdrcm gdm©V OdiMm J«h.

- ewH«$ hm Odi-Odi gd© ~m~VrV n¥ÏdrgmaImM Amho åhUyZ ¶mcm n¥ÏdrMr ~{hU åhUVmV.
Ja

- gd© J«h gy¶m©^modVr {’$aVm§Zm ñdV:^modVr gwX²Ym npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {’$aVmV. AndmX ewH«$ Am{U ¶yaoZg
‘mÌ ñdV:^modVr nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o {’$aVmV.
- M§Ðmà‘mUo ewH«$mÀ¶mXoIrc H$cm {XgVmV.
ni

- ewH«$mdarc dmVmdaU {ndiga T>Jm§Zr ì¶mncocm Agë¶mZo ˶mcm ""T>Jm§À¶m AmS> cncocm ewH«$'' Agohr
åhUVmV.
Ra

- ewH«$ J«hmda {Xdg Am{U amÌrMo Vmn‘mZ gmaIoM AgVo. - ewH«$mcm CnJ«h Zmhr.
- nhmQ>o hm J«h nyd© {úm{VOmda d g§Ü¶mH$mir npíM‘ {úm{VOmda {Xgcm.
3) n¥Ïdr : Ordg¥ï>r ApñVËdmV Agcocm EH$‘od J«h. gdm©{YH$ KZVoMm J«h. (5.5) gm/cm3 M§Ð hm EH$‘od
CnJ«h.
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- Ordg¥ï>r ApñVËdmV Agcocm gy`©_mcoVrc EH$_od J«h.

- n¥ÏdrMr {d^mJUr gw_mao 71% nmUr d 29% ^y^mJ Aer H$aÊ`mV `oVo. n¥ÏdrMm CÎma JmocmY© hm ^yJmocmY©
åhUyZ Va X{úmU JmocmY© hm OcJmocmY© åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.
* n¥ÏdrMr _m{hVr -
n¥ÏdrMm AmH$ma - {OAm°B©S> (n¥Ïdr Yy«dmH$S>rc ~mOycm MnQ>r d {dfwdd¥ÎmmcJV \w$Jra)
n¥ÏdrMr CËnÎmr - gw_mao 450 H$moQ>r dfm©nydu

s
n¥ÏdrMo úmoÌ\$i - 5 AãO Mm¡.{H$._r.

te
n¥ÏdrMm {dfwdd¥Îmr` n[aK - 39,843 {H$._r.
Yw«dr` n[aK - 39,746 {H$._r.

No
{dfwdd¥Îmr` ì`mg - 12,754 {H$._r.
Yw«dr` ì`mg - 12, 710 {H$._r.
- n¥ÏdrMr KZVm - 5.5 gm/cm3

y
- gy`m©nmgyZ A§Va - A§XmOo 15 H$moQ>r {H$._r.

ph
- n¥ÏdrMm n[aK gd©àW_ Ea°Q>moñWo{Zg `m B{OáÀ`m g§emoYH$mZo `moOcm.
- n¥ÏdrÀ`m Jwê$ËdmH$f©UmVyZ _wº$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ doJ (escape velocity) 11.2 {H$_r/goH§$X.
- n¥ÏdrMm n[adcZ H$mc -23 Vmg 56 {_{ZQ>o 4 goH§$X. n[a^«_U (gy`©^modVr {\$aUo) - 365 {Xdg 5 Vmg
ra
48 {_{ZQ> 54 goH§$X
4) ‘§Ji (Mars) : cmc J«h Agohr åhUVmV. H$maU Feo Mo à‘mU OmñV.
og

- ewH«$mà‘mUo ‘§Ji hmXo{Ic n¥Ïdrcm OdiMm J«h Amho.

- _mZd dñVr eŠ` Agcocm J«h, Ë`m_wio OJmVrc à_wI Xoe AmO _§Jimda g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV JwV§ coco Amho.
Ge

(pathfinder, curosity `mZ)

- CnJ«hm§Mr g§»`m : XmoZ (Phobos, Deimos)
- Nix oympia ho gdm©V C§M {eIa (EodaoñQ> noúmm 3 nQ> C§M)
's

5) Jwê$ (Jupiter) : gdm©V _moR>m d OS> J«h.

- Jwê$À`m n¥ð>^mJmda nm§T>aQ> nÅ>o AmT>iVmV.
in

- Jwê$ hm n¥ÏdrÀ`m VwcZoV 1300 nQ>rZo _moR>m Amho.

- AcrH$S>o Jwê$À`m ^modVr eZrà_mUo H$S>r AmT>iyZ Amcr Amho.
Ja

- CnJ«hm§Mr g§»`m - 63 (Lo, Europe, casillo, Ganymeda)

* Jwê$cm ñdV:^modVr EH$ \o$ar KmcÊ`mg (n[adcZ) 1 Vmg 50 {_{ZQ>o cmJVmV. Va gy`m©^modVr
ni

EH$ n[a^«_U H$aÊ`mg 12 df} cmJVmV. gd© J«hm§n¡H$s gdm©V N>moQ>m {Xdg Jwê$ Mm Amho.
6) e{Z (Saturn) :-
Ra

- Xþgè`m H«$_m§H$mMm _moR>m J«h.

- {Zim a§J hr e{ZMr _hËdmMr IyU Amho.
- gdm©V H$_r KZVoMm J«h (0.68) gm/cm3.

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- `m J«hm^modVr VrZ H$S>r AmhoV. H$S>r Amnë`mcm Xþ{~©UrVyZ {Xgy eH$VmV.

- e{Z - 31 CnJ«h (Titan, Rhea, Tethys). Titan hm gy`©_mcoVrc EH$_od CnJ«h Amho Á`mcm ñdV:Mo
dmVmdaU Amho.
7) `waoZg : (àOmnVr)
- a§J {hadQ> {Zim Amho.
- `waoZg ñdV:^dVr nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM_oH$S>o {\$aVmo. Ë`m_wio `waoZg da gy`© npíM_ocm CJdyZ nyd}cm _mdiVmo.

s
- CnJ«h : 27 (Ariel, Miranda, Titanica, oberon)

te
- `yaoZg `m J«hmcm àOmnVr ho ^maVr` Zmd OZmX©Z ~mimOr _moS>H$ `m§Zr {Xco.
8) ZonÀ`yZ (dê$U)

No
- gy`m©cm Am{U n¥Ïdrcm gdm©V cm§~Mm J«h.
- {Zù`m a§JmMm J«h. `m J«hmÀ`m ^dVr {_WoZ dm`w OmñV Agmdo.
- CnJ«h - 14 (Titron, merid)
- `m J«hm^modVr nmM H$S>r AmhoV. hm gdm©V {eV J«h Amho.

y
* ~Qy > J « h

ph
- ZonÀ`yZ J«hmÀ`m ncrH$S>o gy`m©^modVr àX{úmUm KmcUmao chmZ AmH$mamMo J«h.
CXm.: ßcwQ>mo, n°{gS>m°Z.
ra
_hÎdmMo : Am°JñQ> 2006 _Ü`o ßcyQ>mo (Hw$~oa) hm "J«h' åhUyZ Agcocr _mÝ`Vm H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Amcr.
H$maU : ßcwQ>mo dVw©imH$ma H$úmoEodOr c§~dVw©imH$ma H$úmoV ^«_U H$[aV d ßcwQ>mo ZonÀ`yZMr H$úmm Amocm§S>V
og

Ago.
- A_o[aH$Z IJmocemók Šcm°B©S> Q>m°å~W `mZo 1930 _Ü`o ßcyQ>mo `m J«hmMm emoY cmdcm hmoVm.
Ge

* A§VamimVrc A§Va _moOÊ`mgmR>rMr EH$Ho$.

- AmH$memV {XgUmao Vmao EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ Iyn, Xÿa AgVmV. `m§À`mVrc A§Va _moOÊ`mgmR>r hOmamo, H$moQ>r {H$_r
hr n[a_mUo Anwar nS>VmV, H$maU IJmocm§_Yrc A§Va IynM OmñV AgVo. Vo gm§Jm`cm gmono Omdo åhUyZ
's

emókm§Zr n[a_mU V`ma Ho$co Amho.

1) àH$me df© : (Light yr) àH$memZo EH$ dfm©V H$mncoco A§Va åhUOo EH$ àH$me df© hmo` (3 x 108 m/s `m
in

doJmZo)
1 Light yr = 9.45 x 1012 km
Ja

2) A°ñQ´> mZ° m°{_H$c `w{ZQ> (A.u.)

gy`© d n¥Ïdr Xaå`mZMo A§Va åhUOo (A.u.) A§Va hmo`.
A°ñQ´>m°Zm°{_H$c A§Va = 15 H$moQ>r {H$_r.
ni

60,000 A.u. = 1 àH$me df©,

3) n{g©H$ = 1 n{g©H$ = 3.26 àH$me df©.
Ra

8.3 àH$me {_{ZQ>o

1500 cmI {H$._r.
gy`© n¥Ïdr
gy`© d n¥Ïdr `m§Vrc A§Va
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* n¥ÏdrMr/gy`©Hw$cmMr CËnÎmr
AR>amì`m eVH$mnmgyZ n¥ÏdrÀ`m CËnÎmr {df`r emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmcr `mMo gd©
lo` ~\$m°Z, H$m§Q> Am{U cmßcmg `m emókm§Zm Amho.
1749 _Ü`o ~\$Z `m \«|$M emókmZo àW_M J«h_mcoÀ`m CËnÎmr {df`r Amncr H$ënZm _m§S>cr V|ìhmnmgyZ
AmOn`ªV AZoH$ n[aH$ënZm _m§S>ë`m Joë`m Amho. na§Vw AOyZhr `m§Vrc H$moUVmhr {gÜXm§ÝV/n[aH$ënZm gd©_mÝ`

s
_mZcm OmV Zmhr. AmVmn`ªV _m§S>Ê`mV Amcoë`m n[aH$ënZm§Mo XmoZ JQ> nS>VmV.

te
1) EH$VmaH$ n[aH$ënZm (Monistic Hypothesis)

No
2) {ÛVmaH$ n[aH$ënZm (Dualistic Hypothesis)
1) EH$VmaH$ n[aH$ënZm - gy`©H$cmMr / n¥ÏdrMr CËnÎmr hr EH$mM VoOmo_oKmnmgyZ Pmcr Amho Ago _mZVmV.
2) {ÛVmaH$ n[aH$ënZm - gy`©Hw$cmMr CËnÎmr hr XmoZ Vmè`m§nmgyZ qH$dm XmoZ VoOmo_oKm§nmgyZ Pmcr Agmdr.

y
EH$VmamH$ n[aH$ënZm {ÛVmaH$ n[aH$ënZm

ph
1) B_°Ý`wEc H$m§Q> `m§Mo dm`wg_wƒ` n[aH$ënZm 1) M|~acoZ _wëQ>Z `m§Mo J«hH$U n[aH$ënZm (1904)
(Kant's theory of Gaseous mass 1755) (Planetesimal Hypothesis)
ra
2) cmßcmgMm VoOmo_oK {gÜXmÝV 2) cm°H$s`a `m§MH$ CëH$m CËnÎmr {gÜXmÝV
(Nebular Hypothesis by Laplace 1796) (Lockyer's Meteorite Hypothesis)
og

3) Ooåg OrÝgMr ^aVr n[aH$ënZm

(Tidal Theory)
Ge

4) ê$goc d crQ²>cQ>Z Mo OmoS> Vmam {gÜXmÝV

(Binary Star Hypothesis)
5) Am°Q>mo a_rS>Z Mm Am§Va {díd Yy{c{gÜXmÝV
's

(Inter stellar dust Hypothesis

in

6) S>m°. ~°ZOu `m§Mm go\$sS> {gÜXmÝV

Ja

(Cephid Theory)

cúmUr` :- A°S´>mo_oS>m - AmH$meJ§Jocm gdm©V OdiMr Xr{K©H$m (Galaxy)

ni

- àm°pŠg_m g|Q>m°ar - gy`m©cm gdm©V OdiMm Vmam.

- Aë\$m g|Q>m°ar - n¥Ïdrcm gy`m©Z§VaMm gdm©V OdiMm Vmam.
Ra

- S>m°J ñQ>ma, {garAg - 1 gdm©V àIa Vmam.

- AdH$memV àdoe H$aÊmmam n{hcm `mÌr- `war JmJm[aZ (a{e`m)
- AdH$memV àdoe H$aUmam n{hcr ór - ìhoc|{VZm Voaoe H$moìhm (a{e`m)
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Mercury - Roman God of Commerce

Venus - Goddes of Beauty

Mars - Roman God of war

Jupiter - Roman King of God

Saturn - Roman God of Agriculture

s
Urenus - Ancient Greek God

te
Neptune - Roman God of Sea.

No
Ganymede - Largest satellite in our solar system larger than mercury and pluto, 3/4
size of Mars.

Shortcut - My Very Educated Mother Just Shown Us Nine Planets

y
gy`m©nmgyZ J«hm§Mo H«$_ - ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

ph
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun

AmH$mamZwgma H«$_ - Jwê$ - eZr - ZoßÀ`yZ - `waoZg - n¥Ïdr - ewH«$ - _§Ji - ~wY.
ra
og

****
Ge
's
in
Ja
ni
Ra

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