ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY- ECHAGUE
Echague, Isabela
Graduate School
Master of Arts in Education Major in Social Science
VISITACION SUNSHINE S. BARADI
Student
CATALINA M. RODRIGO,Ph.D
Subject Professor
TEXT OF REPORT
A COMPARISON BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES
DIRECT APPROACH INDIRECT APPROACH
Makes use of expository strategy Makes use of exploratory strategies
Teacher centered Aimed at generating knowledge for
Direct transmission of information experience
from teacher Learner-centered
Teacher-controlled Students search for information with
Highly structured teacher’s supervision
Content-centered Learner controlled
Learner is passive, receives ready Flexible organized
information from the teacher Experience Oriented
Learner is active in search of
information
A. METHODS OF TEACHING USED IN THE DIRECT INSTRUCTION
APPROACH
1. DEDUCTIVE METHOD: involves the learners being given a general rule, which is
then applied to specific language examples and honed through practice exercises. An
inductive approach involves the learners detecting, or noticing, patterns and working out
a 'rule' for themselves before they practise the language.
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Statement of the problem: Teacher tells what the problem is.
2. Statement of generalization: recall of rule/principle/generalization that
may help solve problems identified.
3. Inferring: looking for the principle/rule/generalization that fits the solution
of the problem.
4/ Verification: establishing validity using references/materials
2. SHOWING METHOD/DIRECT METHOD: a teacher-centered strategy that uses
teacher explanation and modeling combined with student practice and feedback to teach
concepts and skills; follows these steps:
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Introduction: review of prior learning
2. Presentation: explaining the new concept/modeling the skill
3. Guide practice with necessary feedback: practice exercises to firm up
learned skills
4. Independent practice: more practice of the skill on concept learned for
retention and transfer.
3. LECTURE-DISCUSSION/EXPOSOTORY METHOD: designed to keep learners
understand relationships among organized bodies of knowledge; follows these steps:
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Planning:
Identifying Goals
Diagnosing student background
Structuring activities
Preparing advance organizers
2. Implementing
Introduction- defining the purpose of the lesson, sharing of
objectives and overview to help students see the organization of the
lesson.
Presentation
Defining/explaining major ideas
Comprehension monitoring
Integration
Review and closure
Summarizing the lecture
4. DEMONSTRATION METHOD: a tell and show method.
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Preparation
Motivation
Identify objectives/problems/procedure
2. Explanation of Concepts/ Principles/Theory
3. Demonstration of concept/process by the teacher while students observe
and take down notes.
4. Discussions of students observations
5. Verification/justification/conclusion
B. METHODS OF TEACHING USED IN THE INDIRECT INSTRUCTION
APPROACH
1. INDUCTIVE APPROACH: It the discovery learning strategy where lesson
progresses from observations to generalizations; involves many observable cases or
instances that can be compared by the learners where students from own conclusions/
generalizations/rules/principles or formulas; used when the generalizations are important
enough to justify the time spent to the lesson.
2. IINQUIRY/PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD:Engages learners in critical thinking
analysis and problem solving/investigative work.
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Presentation and clarification of a problem/issue of inquiry
Presentation of objectives
Statement of the problem
Clarification of the problem
2. Formulation of Hypotheses
Giving tentative solutions to the problem/query
Clarify hypotheses
3. Gathering Data
Select references /sources of data/information
Appraise and organize the needed information to answer the
problem solving
4. Testing Hypotheses
5. Formulating Conclusion
6. Application
Solving problems using rule/principle etc. in new situation
3. LABORATORY/INVESTIGATIVE METHOD: provides hands-on experience
about materials or facts from research, investigation or experiences.
STEPS IN THE INSTRUCTION:
1. Preparatory
Motivation
Orientation to the work/activity
Presentation of materials
Precautionary measures
2. Supervised Work Period/Laboratory
Students work on the problem
Teacher supervises the students work
3. Culminating Activities
Reporting of group work/result/findings
Discussion of the process/findings
Formulation of generalization, rule, concepts
Application of the discussed concepts/generalization to new
situation
4. DISCOVERY TEACHING METHOD:
Teacher facilitates discovery
Learners participate actively in the learning process
Learning depends on students own insights, reflections and
experiences (discovery learning)
STEPS FOLLOWED IN THE DEDUCTIVE DISCOVERY METHOD:
1. Observe and discuss specific examples
2. Identify and describe common elements of features
3. Discuss other examples and role common elements
4. State main ideas based on the common elements against the new examples elements
STEPS FOLLOWED IN THE INDUCTIVE DISCOVERY METHOD:
1. Present an idea that can be verified against evidences
2. Learners gather/collect finds supporting evidences or examples
3. Reasoning/Justify why a certain evidences to support the given idea.
5.PROJECT METHOD:
A significant practical unit of activity
Involves planning and carrying out of the planned activities
Students complete certain task in a natural manner
Involves the use of physical materials to complete a task
Energizes students to evaluate own and others works (projects) objectively
based on developed criteria.
STEPS FOLLOW:
1. Purposing
Statement of objectives of the projects
Explain the nature of the project
Teacher and students decide on the activities cooperatively
2. Executing
Student carry out the activities as planned under the guidance of the
teacher
3. Evaluation
Viewing of finished project
Evaluation by teacher and students based on some decided criteria
for the project evaluation.
REFERENCES;
https://oupeltglobalblog.com/2015/04/24/inductive-and-deductive-grammar-
teaching/
https://www.slideshare.net/olivarjames/deductive-method-66000680
http://www.bchmsg.yolasite.com/inductive-and-deductive.php
