TASK 1:

Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the
block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral .

AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.

Block Diagram of Computer :

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately.
InputUnit:
Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
1. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
2. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.
StorageUnit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through
the input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final
results before these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later
use. The various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two
categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to
hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received
from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary
memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off.
In order to store the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the
secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage.
Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several
programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer
are first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the
results are saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary
memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly
used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.,
Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character or a
number is represented by an 8 bit code.
The set of 8 bits is called a byte. A character occupies 1 byte space.
A numeric occupies 2 byte space.
Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte). One
KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. The size of the primary
storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB,
256MB memory are quite common.
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation
to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output
devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive,
and magnetic tape drive.
Arithmetic Logical Unit:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It
also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations
viz, >, <, =, ‘etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the
data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are
transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit
for displaying results.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit,
where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and
instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the
ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous
system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working.
Central Processing Unit:
The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and AMD etc.

Introduction to Computer Hardware:

1. CPU The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the
processor. The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board
contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC.
 2. System board/Motherboard which holds the Processor, Random Access
Memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion cards

3. RAM (Random Access Memory)- For program execution and short term data-
storage, so the computer doesn't have to take the time to access the hard drive to
find something. More RAM can contribute to a faster PC.

The main memory of the computer is called as Random Access Memory

(RAM). The name derives from the fact that data can be stored in and retrieved at
random, from anywhere in the electronic main memory chips in approximately the
same amount of time, no matter where the data is.
Main memory is in an electronic or volatile state. When the computer is off, main
memory is empty, when it is on it is capable of receiving and holding a copy of the
software instructions, and data necessary for processing.
Because the main memory is a volatile form of storage that depends on electric
power can go off during processing, users save their work frequently on to non
volatile secondary storage devices such as diskettes or hard disk.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Differences between ROM &RAM

ROM (Read only memory)

1. You can only read the data.

2. Data can’t be written every time, to write the data we need PROM, EPROM,
OR EEPROM.
3. ROM is non volatile in nature. The data stored in ROM is permanent in
nature.
4. Size of the ROM has nothing to do with processing.

RAM (Random access memory):

1. You can read and write data on the chip.

2. RAM has volatile memory. It looses its contents when the power is switched
off.
3. Size of the RAM makes difference in the processing i.e., bigger the size of the
RAM more is the speed of processing.
4. The data can be read and written at anytime.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

4.Buses : PCI bus, PCI-E bus, ISA bus (outdated), USB, AGP
5. Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control and fan

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6. Storage controllers, of IDE, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk, floppy
disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard
(on-board) or on expansion cards

7.  Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display

8.  computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, Fire wire) to connect the
computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners
9.  Some type of a removable media writer:

10.  CD - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile.

CD-ROM, , CD-RW,  CD-R,  DVD,  DVD-ROM.,  DVD-RW,  DVD-R,

11. Floppy disk

Floppy Disk Drive

12. Tape Drive - mainly for backup and long-term storage

13. Internal storage - keeps data inside the computer for later use.

14. Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.

15. Disk array controller

16. Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage
levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.

19. Network card - for DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)/Cable internet, and/or

connecting to other computers.
20.Other peripherals: In addition, hardware can include external components of
a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.

Standard input devices: Keyboard

Mouse

Alternate input devices:

Pens,Touch screens,Game controllers(joy stick),Touch pad,Trackball.

Optical input devices: Barcode reader, Image scanners.

Audio visual input devices: Microphones, Video input ,Digital cameras

21. Output : The output devices are:

Standard output devices: Monitor

Types of monitors
CRT(cathode ray tube) monitors

LCD(liquid crystal display) monitors

Printer

Types of printers

Impact printers: An impact printer create an image by using pins or hammers to

press an inked ribbon against the paper.ex. Dot matrix printer.

Non impact printers: This type uses other means to create an image for example
in ink jet printers tiny nozzles are used to spray droplets of ink on the page.ex: Ink
jet printer

Laser Printer
Inkjet printer

Other output devices:

Speakers, LCD projectors, Networking, Network card

Speakers

LCD Projectors:

Viva Questions:
1) Define a computer?
2) Define hardware and software?
3) What are the functional units of a computer?
4) Define the following: RAM,ROM,BIOS,BUS,BIT,PROGRAM.
5) What is the use of a mother board?
 TASK 2:
Assembling and disassembling the PC back to working condition.
AIM: To assemble and disassemble the system

Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.

Steps for Assembling

 Fix the SMPS on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.

 Fix the motherboard on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.
 Connect the power cables from SMPS to motherboard.
 Insert the preprocessor into the slot provided such that the corner with no pin
coincide with corner without pinhole on motherboard.
 Apply the appropriate adhesive on the processor for fixing the processor fan.
 Fix the processor fan on the processor and use clips on it to keep it firm.
 Connect the power cable to the processor fan
 Insert the RAM card into the slots provided on the motherboard.
 Set the jumpers setting on the hard disc drive.
 Fix the hard disc drive in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws
provided.
 Fix the FDD in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
 Fix the CD-ROM in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws
provided.
  Connect the FDD,HDD, CD-ROM drive to motherboard using flat ribbon.
 Connect power supply to the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive using the cables
from the SMPS.
 Connect wires of speakers and lights of cabinet to the motherboard.
 Connect the network interface and other cards to motherboard by inserting in
right slots and fix them in cabinet using the screws provided.
 Place the cabinet in right position.
 Fix the doors of the cabinet.
 Connect the data cable of monitor to the CPU.
 Connect the keyboard cable to the CPU.
 Connect the mouse cable to the CPU.
 Connect other devices to CPU.
 Connect the LAN cable to NIC in CPU.
 Connect the power supply to CPU.
 Connect the power supply to Monitor.
 Switch on the computer after giving the power supply.

Getting the Cabinet ready:-

1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the
components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
Preparing to fit the Components:
1. Network adapter drive.
2. Floppy disk drive.
3. Ribbon cables.
4. Hard disk.
5. CD-ROM Drive.
6. RAM
7. CPU
8. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
9. Mother board.
10. Screws.

Fitting the Mother board.

1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the
appropriate holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
 2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if
required.
Mother board parts:
1. ACR slot.
2. PCI Slot.
3. AGP Slot.
4. ATX Connectors.
5. CPU Fan.
6. Chipset North Bridge.
7. CPU socket.
8. Floppy.
9. System memory.
10. Chipset south bridge.
11. Panel connector.
12. Power supply.
13. IDE connectors.
ATX Connectors:
1. PS, Mouse.
2. Key board.
3. USB.
4. Parallel ( Prints )
5. Serial COM1.
6. Serial COM 2.
7. Joystick.
8. Sound.

Fitting the processor:

1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to
fit in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
4. Lock the lever back down.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink /
CPU fan.
Fitting the RAM:
 1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother board’s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.

Installing the PCI Cards:

1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. NIL, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.
Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
Installing the CD-ROM Drives:
1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
2. 1ST check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.

Connecting the ribbon Cables:-

1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the
motherboard first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
Powering the driver and motherboard:
Connecting the cables for the case front pane
1. SD, SPK or SPEAK: The loud speakers o/p. it has 4 pins.
2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pc’s on (switch, the
plug is two pin ).
4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front panel
of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It’s a 2-pin cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk
activity LED.
Final Check:-
 1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor
operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there
sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
 All system, fans should start spinning.
 U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
 Amber light on monitor should go green.
 You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
 Now check front LED’S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
 Check all other buttons.
 Power afford change any wrong settings.

Viva Questions:
1) Define assembling of a system?
2) Explain the steps involved in the installation of the mother board?
3) What is the use of pin 1 indicated on the processor?
4) What is the use of locking level at the processor slot?
5) Define a port?
TASK3

Install MS windows on the personal computer.

INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS XP:

AIM: To install Windows XP

Windows XP (codename Whistler, also known as Windows NT 5.1) is the latest

desktop version of the Microsoft Windows operating system. It was made publicly
available on October 25, 2001. Two editions of Windows XP are most commonly
available: Windows XP Home Edition which is targeted at home users and Windows
XP Professional which has additional features such as dual-processor support and
the ability to join a domain, a grouping of centrally managed Windows computers.
The letters "XP" originate from the word "Experience".

Step 1 : Prepare The Boot Sequence

Insert the windows XP cd in your cdrom and than go to the BIOS by hitting “DEL” or
“F12″ when your system in powering on. Go to Boot order and make sure cdrom is
on the first place.
Save settings and restart your computer.
Once you have successfully booted from the CD, you will see the Windows XP
“Welcome to Setup” screen. Press ENTER to begin the setup process.

Step 2: Accept the license agreement

When you see the Windows XP license agreement press F8 to accept it and
proceed.
Step 3: Searching for Previous Versions of Windows XP
Setup will search for existing Windows installations. You will see the next “repair or
install fresh copy” screen appear only if a Windows installation currently exists on
your machine. If you’re installing on a brand-new hard drive, skip to Step 5.

Step 4:Continue Installing a Fresh Copy

Press ESC. You will be given a list of partitions available on your hard drive.

Step 5: Partitions
If there are multiple partitions on your hard drive, or you have multiple hard drives in
the computer, use the UP or DOWN arrow keys to choose your install partition.
Please note that your system partition needs to be a primary partition (usually the
first partition that shows up in the list), not a logical partition.
The partition should be at least 10 GB in size. Make sure that all the data you need
from this partition is copied elsewhere, because it will be deleted.

Once you have selected the right partition selected, press ENTER. You will see the
next “you already have a system installed” screen only if you already have Windows
installed on this partition. If you are installing on a brand-new hard drive, skip to Step
7.

Step 6: Continue Installing On The Selected Drive

Press C to continue. You will be given a list of install options

Step 7: Format The Selected Partition

Select the option to “Format the partition using the NTFS file system (quick) and
press ENTER.You will receive a warning about formatting the drive unless the drive
is brand-new.

Step 8: Continue With The Format

Press F to continue formatting selected partition. If you still haven’t backed up, this is
the last change to backup your important data, after this step you will not to able to
go back and restore your data.

Step 9: Copying Files

After the format setup will automatically copy files and restart your computer. Go to
BIOS and remove cdrom from first boot device. Start your computer.

STEP 10: Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete.
When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots
anyway, remove CD and reboot.

Step 11:From this point, you will follow the on screen prompts.

Step 12:If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default
settings.
Step 13:If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default
settings.

Step 14:Personalize your XP Enter your Name and Organization.

Step 15:Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the
Retail versions, and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased with a
piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the
original is misplaced or destroyed through natural causes .

Step 16:Choose a name for the computer, this should be a unique name for the
computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the
option of creating a password or leaving it blank.
Step 17:Set your Time Zone and Time and Date.

Step 18: If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical  configuration or
custom. Choose typical if you are unsure.

Step 19: For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already
established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup name,
otherwise, I suggest using the default.

Step 20:For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will have the
choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know leave blank.
Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key".
The XP loading window will now display after reboot.

Viva Questions:
1) NTFS stands for---------?
2) What is the use of product key in the installation process of a software?
3) How many characters does a product key contain fro windows XP?
4) Describe different kinds of Microsoft Operating systems?
5) What are the pre-arrangements for installing the windows OS?
 TASK-4
FEDORA Linux Installation Process:

1. LINUX BOOT OPTIONS

Actually Linux can be installed in two different modes, based on the requirement of
the user.

Graphical Mode.

Text Mode.

Graphical Mode - In this you can work with Graphical Interface (i.e., it supports
mouse and Icons ). By clicking the icon with the mouse, you can perform related
action.

To install Linux in Graphical Mode Press Enter.

Text Mode - In this mode you have to interact with character based interface ( i.e.,
Command prompt ).

To install Linux in Text Mode Type : Linux text and Press Enter.

After selecting the mode of installation, it goes on detecting the basic input output
devices and file systems. And at last it displays a screen asking whether to test the
CD inserted to install or to Skip the test process. Otherwise we can test total
installation CD’s.
On completion of testing the CD’s, it goes on loading an installation program
“ANACONDA” which helps us in the installation of the remaining part.
2 WELCOME TO INSTALLATION PROCESS

It starts with the display of the welcome screen containing the online help ,
and four buttons to help us in the different activities in the installation process.

Hide Help/Show Help - Which helps you in guiding the installation process,
which can be activated or hidden.

Release Notes - Which contain the Basic Hardware Requirements that are necessary
for the installation of the Red Linux 9.0 and some other post-installation issues.

Next - This button allows you to go to next step of the installation process by the
current step.

Back - This button allows you to move back of the installation process to make any
changes that previously mentioned.
Action: click “Next” to move to next screen.

3. SELECTING A LANGUAGE
It displays a screen containing various languages, to select a language you would
like to use during this installation process.

4. CONFIGURING KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

Here we need to select our own keyboard and mouse layouts which will help you to
interactively proceed in the installation process.

At this point of time it displays you the different types of keyboard layouts. So that
you can select your desired one that you would like to use for the system.

And also choose the appropriate Mouse for the system, based on the following:

Do you have a PS/2, USB, Bus or Serial mouse?

Hint:- If the connector your mouse plugs into is Round - It is a PS/2

If the connector your mouse plugs into is Rectangular - It is a USB mouse

If the connector your mouse plugs into is Trapezoidal - It is a Serial mouse

Select the exact mouse type among the available.

5. TYPE OF INSTALLATION:

There are different installation types that are available which will enable you to select
that will best meet your needs.
6. PARTITIONING THE DISK

Partitioning the disk can be done either automatically or manually.

AUTOMATIC PARTITIONING
– By selecting automatic portioning, you will not have to use partitioning tools to
assign mount points, create partitions, or allocate space for your installation.
Automatic partitioning allows you to have some control concerning what data is
removed from your system.
Now the boot loader GRUB will be installed. You can leave the default settings
unchanged and click on Next:

7. BOOT LOADER CONFIGURATION

The GRUB boot loader will allow you to boot other operating systems. It will
allow you to select an operating system to boot from the list. To add another
operating system. You can also add other operating systems that are not detected
automatically.
8. NETWORK CONFIGURATION

With this option you can set your Network devices manually or using DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) which will automatically takes default IP
address, and Net mask addresses. The DHCP also set your Hostname.

9. FIREWALL CONFIGURATION

A firewall configuration is set between yours computer and network. And decides
which resources of your computer are accessible by the remote users on the
network. On proper configuration of firewall we can set different security levels for the
system.

By using firewalls we can avoid any entrusted passage of data and also we can set
our own protocol supports.

10 . ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE SUPPORT

This screen shows different additional languages for installation. These additional
languages can be used to switch after installation process.

11. SELECTING A TIME ZONE

To set our time zone we can do it either by selecting computers physical location or
by your time zone’s offset from Universal Time, Coordinated. This screen shows two
tabs namely location and UTC Offset. First tab offers you the ability to configure by
location. Second tab allows to set UTC Offset.
12. ROOT PASSWORD SETTINGS

The Root password is for avoiding any unauthorized access to Administration

settings .

13. PERSONAL DESKTOP DEFAULTS

With this screen we can accept the default package list or we can customize the set
of packages to be installed.

14. SELECTION OF PACKAGES TO INSTALL

On selecting the customized set of packages we can select our own selection of
desktops, applications, servers, development tools and system tools to be installed
among the available.

And also we have an option to select a minimal set of packages and all the packages
that are available which will install complete set of packages(about 1400) which will
require about 4850 MB of space.
15. ABOUT TO INSTALL

This is the final step to make any modifications to the installation process. Once you
click the next button you cannot do any modifications.

16. INSTALLING THE PACKAGES

First it formats the file systems and copies the files to our hard disk to continue
installation. Then there starts the installing of packages which may take up to several
minutes of time during which we need to insert next two CD ROMs to complete the
installation process.

17. CREATING A BOOT DISK

Here the prompts you to create a Linux boot disk on your choice for your further
requirement.
18. CONFIGURING YOUR DISPLAY

At this stage you need to select your video card type and monitor configuration and
also you restore to the original values.

19. END OF INSTALLATION PROCESS At the end of the installation process it will
remove all the media that is used by the installation. And reboots your system again.

After the Installation:

After the installation your computer will reboot and you will go through a simple
configuration procedure to get your computer ready for use. It includes such things
as setting the time, setting the password for the "root" user, and creating other user
accounts.

Out-Of-The-Box Experience:
Viva Questions:
1) Give the advantages of Linux over other OS?
2) What do you mean by open source OS?
3) What are the commands used to make disk partitioning manually in Linux
OS?
4) What do you mean by dual boot systems?
5) Which type of file systems are required to install hard disk at the time of
installation of Linux OS?
TASK 5:
Several mini tasks would be that covers Basic commands in Linux and Basic
syatem administration in Linux which includes: Basic Linux commands in
Bash, create hard and symbolic links, text processing, using wild cards.
AIM: To learn basic Linux commands.
/ Root directory
/bin Essential commands
/boot Boot loader files , Linux kernel
/dev Device files
/etc System configuration files
/home User home directories
/lib Shared libraries , kernel modules
/mnt Usual mount files for local , remote file
system
/opt Ad- on software packages
/proc Kernel information, process control
/root Superuser directory
/sbin System commands directory
/tmp Temporary files
/usr Secondary software file directory
/var Variable data directory

To edit a file-$vi
i-for insert mode, character you type will show up as text
x-for deleting a character
3x-for deleting 3 consecutive characters
a-for appending characters
[esc}-to get into command mode
u-to undo the most recent change
U-to undo all the changes made to the line
p-to put the contents of the recent buffer back to where the cursor is
press [esc]-wq to write the file to disk and quit
press [esc]-q! to quit without writing the file to disk
1 or space bar or right arrow – To move right one character
h or crtl+h or left arrow-To move left one character
j or ctrl+j or ctrl+n or down arrow –To move down one line
k or ctrl+p or up arrow- To move up one line
0-To move to the top of the line
$- To move to the end of the current line
+ or RETURN – To move to the beginning of the next line
. – To move to the beginning of the previous line
CTRL+f – move forward one full screen
Ctrl+d – move forward one half screen
Ctrl+b – move back one full screen
Ctrl+u – move back one half screen
G-move to the end of the file
R b – replace the current character with b
3rd-replace 3 characters with b
/look-search forward for the first occurrence of look
//-repeat search
n-repeat search
N-reverse search direction
?look-search backward for the first occurrence of look

Wild cards:
Wild cards are a shell feature that makes the command line much more powerful
than any GUI file managers.
Wild card Matches
* 0 or more characters
? Exactly one character
[abcde] Exactly one character listed
[a-e] Exactly one character in the given range
[!abcde] Any character that is not listed
[!a-e] Any character that is not in the given
range
{debian,linux} Exactly one entire word in the options
given
s.no Command name description example
1 Date Display or set the $date
he linux system
time
2 Ls Viewing linux file $ls
system
3 Tree Show the root or $tree
base directory lay
out,along sub
directories
4 Man Display the manual $man
pages
5 Cat Outputs contents of $cat
file name to display
6 Mv Moves specific $mv file(s)/dir(s)
files/directories to files(s)?dir(s)
specific
files/directories
7 Cp Copies one file and $cp file 1 file 2
creates another file
8 Rm Deletes file $rm file
9 Grep Searching through $grey string files(s)
file and displays
lines containing
matching string
10 Mkdir Creates an empty $mkdir dirname
directory
11 Rmdir Deletes directory(if $rm dir dirname
empty)
12 Ps Displays quick list $ps
of process
13 Pwd Displays the path of $pwd
current directory
14 Clear Clears all textand $clear
leave you with the
and promt at the
top of the window
15 Head Display the first few $head-line count
Lines of a file file name
16 Tail Display the last few $tail-line count file
lines of a file name
17 Wc Count number of $wc file name
lines/words
/characters in a file
18 Who List users currently $who
loggedin

Viva Questions:
1) What are the default directories in the Linux operating systems?
2) Is command used for?
3) What are the various directory commands in Linux?
4) How can you search a file for key words in Linux?
5) What is the function of ‘cat’ and ‘clear’ command?

TASK 6:
Search Engines & Netiquette: Students should know what search engines are
and how to use the search engines. A few topics would be given to the
students for which they need to search on Google. This should be
demonstrated to the instructors
PURPOSE: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.
THEORY:
Search engine:
A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find
information on the internet
Function of a search engine:
You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to instructions for
removing stains from clothes.
Limitations:
Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see
information in other data bases later on.
On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A
spider (crawler or bot) that goes to every page or representative pages on every web
site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page to
discover and read site’s other pages.
Pros:
 You can select the search terms
 You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines
 You can change search terms as much as you wish
 You will normally receive numerous links
 Its fast
Cons:
 There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to
choose
 You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to
identify the most relevant sites.
 The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or
altogether irrelevant

EX:
 Alta Vista
 Ask Jeeves
 Google
 Lycos etc.,

Meta Search Engines:

 Meta search engines or “metacrawlers” don’t crawl the web themselves. Instead
they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to several
search engines at once aggregating the result.
Pros:
 You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient
 You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing
learning curve
 You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once
Cons:
 Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual
search engines full range of query tools resulting in less refined
searches
 You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta
search services.

Viva Questions:
1) Define search engine
2) What is a spider?
3) What are popular search engines?
4) What is a meta search engine
5) Give the main Purpose of WWW

TASK 7:
Cyber Hygiene: Students would be exposed to the various threats on the
internet and would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the
internet. They need to first install an anti virus software, configure their
personal firewall and windows update on their computer. Then they need to
customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x downloads to avoid
viruses and/or worms
PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be
safe on the internet.
THEORY:
Antivirus:
Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that
you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses,
worms, Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer
sick.
Firewall:
A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer
network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a
network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from
users from other networks.
PROCEDURE:
Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows:
 Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive
 Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe
 The installer will open
 Click next to proceed
 License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of the license
agreement and then click next.
 Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.
Get Computer Updates:
 Click start settingscontrol panel
 Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box
 Check the box Keep my computer up to date
 Choose a setting
 Click OK
Block Pop ups:
 In the Internet explorer open toolspop-up blocker
 Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker

Windows Firewall:
  Go to Startcontrol panelNetwork and Internet
Connectionswindows firewall
 In the general tab check the On(recommended) box
 If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions
box
Viva Questions:
1) What is antivirus software?
2) Define virus
3) Define worm
4) What are the advantages of antivirus software?
5) What are the types of antivirus software’s available?