8 V May 2020

http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.5236
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com

Roman Coloring of Cycle related Graphs

Preethi K Pillai1, J. Suresh Kumar2
1, 2
Post Graduate and Research Department of Mathematics, N.S.S. Hindu College, Changanacherry, Kerala, India 686102

Abstract: Suresh Kumar [7] introduced the Roman coloring, and the Roman Chromatic number motivated from the traditional
Roman military defence strategy. In this paper, we investigate the Roman coloring and obtain the Roman Chromatic number of
some cycle related graphs such as the Wheel graph, the Helm graph, the Closed Helm graph, the Gear graph, the Flower graph,
the Friendship graph, the Double Wheel graph, the Crown graph, the Double Crown graph and the Web graph.
Keyword: Graph, Roman Coloring, Roman Chromatic Number, Wheel graph, Helm graph, Gear graph, Flower graph,
Friendship graph, Crown graph, Web graph
I. INTRODUCTION
The majority of early graph theory research on graph coloring pays attention only to finding some possible solution to the
Four Color Conjecture. After Appel and Haken gave a computer verification proof of the Four Color Conjecture, research
focus on graph coloring was shifted to vertex coloring that satisfies some specified property for the induced edge coloring [5].
The coloring is also played an important role in combinatorial optimization and critical graphs were crucial in the Chromatic
number Theory [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
Jason Robert Lewis [1] suggested several new graph parameters in his Doctoral Thesis. Several studies were made in
applying such parameters to Roman defense strategy [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The basic idea was that in a specified city, if the streets
are considered as the edges of a graph and the meeting points of the streets, called the junctions, as the edges of the graph,
then we can color each vertex by the number of soldiers deployed at that junction and require that every street (edge) should
be guarded by at least one soldier using a strategy that if any street have no soldier, then there must be an adjacent junction
with two soldiers so that one among them may be deployed to the former junction in case of emergency. This motivated us to
define a new type of graph coloring, Roman Coloring and the related parameter, Roman Chromatic number [7]. S.K.Vaidya
[14] studied the total coloring of some cycle related graphs. In this paper, we study the Roman Coloring and obtain the value
of Roman number for some special cycle related graphs. For the terms and definitions not explicitly here, refer Harary [13].
We begin by recalling some basic definitions which are useful for the present investigation.
1) Definition.1.1.The Wheel graph, , ≥ 3, is the join of the graphs and .That is, is the (n+1)-vertex graph obtained
from the graph by adding a new vertex, v and joining it to each of the n vertices of the cycle, .Here we call the vertices
corresponding to as rim vertices and the vertex corresponding to (the newly added vertex) is called the apex vertex.
2) Definition 1.2. The Helm graph , ≥ 3 is the graph obtained from Wheel graph, by adding a pendent edge at each vertex
on the rim of the Wheel, .
3) Definition 1.3. The closed Helm graph, , is the graph obtained from a Helm graph and adding edges between the pendent
vertices.
4) Definition 1.4. The Gear graph, , is a graph obtained from Wheel graph, by adding an extra vertex between each pair of
adjacent vertices on the rim of the Wheel graph .
5) Definition 1.5. The Flower graph is the graph obtained from a Helm graph by joining each pendant vertex to the central
vertex of the Helm.
6) Definition 1.6. The Friendship graph, can be constructed by joining n copies of the cycle Graph, to a common vertex.
7) Definition 1.7. The Double Wheel graph, of size n is composed of 2 + .It consists of two cycles , where vertices of
each of these two cycles are connected to a common vertex.
8) Definition 1.8. The Crown graph, is obtained from the cycle graph, by adding a pendent edge to each vertex of
9) Definition1.9. The Double crown graph, is the graph obtained from the cycle, , by adding two pendent edge at each
vertex of
10) Definition1.10. The Web graph is obtained from a Helm by joining the pendent vertices of the Helm to form a cycle and then
adding a pendent edge to each vertex of the outer cycle.
11) Definition1.11. The floor of a real number x is the largest integer less than or equal to x and it is denoted by⌊ ⌋. The ceil of a
real number x is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x and it is denoted by ⌈ ⌉.

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II. MAIN RESULTS

Let G be a connected graph. Roman coloring of G is an assignment of three colors {0, 1, 2} to the vertices of G such that any vertex
with color, 0 must be adjacent to a vertex with color, 2. The color classes will be denoted as , , which are subsets of V(G)
with colors 0,1, 2 respectively.
Weight of a Roman coloring is defined as the sum of all vertex colors. Roman Chromatic number of a graph G is defined as the
minimum weight of a Roman coloring on G and is denoted by ( ). A Roman coloring of G with the minimal weight is called a
minimal Roman coloring of G.
In this section, we discuss the Roman Coloring of the cycle related Graphs mentioned above. For the terms and definitions not
explicitly defined here, reader may refer Harary [13].
1) Theorem.2.1. The Wheel graph, , ≥ 3 is Roman colourable and ( ) = 2 .
a) Proof. Let the central vertex of the Wheel graph, be and the vertices on the rim are , , …
Define a coloring function C: V( )→ {0, 2} as follows: Assign the color 2 to the central vertex and assign the color 0 to all
the rim vertices. Then this is a Roman coloring of and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =2
2) Theorem. 2.2. The Helm graph is Roman colourable and ( ) = + 2
a) Proof. Let the central vertex of the Helm graph be and the vertices on the rim are , , … and the pendent vertices
are , , ……………
Define C : V( )→ {0,1,2} as follows:
( )=2
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and ( ) = ∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) = + 2.
3) Theorem. 2.3. The Closed Helm graph, is Roman colourable and ( )= +2
a) Proof:Let the central vertex of the Helm graph be and the vertices on the rim are , , … and the pendent vertices are
, , …………… .
Define C : V( )→ {0,1,2} as follows:
( )=2
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and ( )= ∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) = +2
4) Theorem. 2.4. The Gear graph, is Roman colourable and ( ) = + 2
a) Proof: Let the central vertex of the Gear graph, be and the vertices on the rim are , , … and the newly added vertices
are , , ,,…………. .
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows:
( )=2
C( )= 0 , 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and ( ) = ∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) = + 2
5) Theorem. 2.5. The Flower graph, is Roman colourable and R( ) = n+2
a) Proof:Let the central vertex of the Helm graph be and the vertices on the rim are , , … and the pendent vertices
corresponding to the cycle are , , ………… .

Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows:

( )=2
C( )= 0 , 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) = n+2.

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6) Theorem. 2.6. The Friendship graph is Roman colourable and R( ) =2 .

a) Proof: Let the central vertex of the Friendship graph be and let , be the vertices of the first copy of , , be
the vertices of the second copy of , , be the vertices of the third copy of and so on. Let , be the vertices of
th
the n copy of .
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
( )=2
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =2.
7) Theorem.2.7. The Double Wheel graph, is Roman colourable and ( )=2
a) Proof : Let v be the apex vertex of the Double Wheel graph, . Let , , ………….. and , , …………..
be vertices of inner and outer cycles of .
Let v be the central vertex.
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
( )=2
C( )= 0 , 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 , 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =2
2 +( )
8) Theorem. 2.8. The Crown graph is Roman colourable and R( )=
2 + .
a) Proof: Let the vertices on the cycle be , , ………….. and the pendent vertices corresponding to the cycle be
, , ………… .
i) Case.1.n ≥ 4 and n is even
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
This coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =2 + .
ii) Case.2.n>3 and n is odd
Define C : V )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =2 + .
9) Theorem. 2.9. The Double Crown graph, , is Roman colourable and ( )=2
a) Proof: Let us label , , ………….. as the vertices of the cycle . Let the pendent edges corresponding to each vertex
,
i) Case.1.n> 3 and n is even
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤

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ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com

C( ( ) )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and ( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( )=2 .
ii) Case.2.n> 3 and n is odd
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( ( ) )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and ( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( )=2 .
10) Theorem. 2.10. The Web graph, is Roman colourable and its Roman chromatic number is given by R( )
2 +1 + ( − )
=
3 .
a) Proof: Let the central vertex of the Web graph, be .
Let the vertices on the innercycle be , , , … . and the vertices on the outercycle be , , ………….. and the pendent
vertices be , , ………… .
i) Case.1. = 4.
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows:
C(v)=0,
C( )=2 , C( )=0, C( )=0 , C( )=0 .
C( )= 0 , C( )= 0 , C( )= 2 , C( )= 0
C( )=1, C( )=1, C( )=1, C( )=0.
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( ) =7
ii) Case.2. > 4 and n is even
Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows.
C(v)=2
C( )=0 if 1≤ ≤
. C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0, if 1≤ ≤ .

C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤

C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤

C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
This coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and
( )=∑ ∈ ( ) ( )=2 +1 + ( − )

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iii) Case.3. n> 3 and n is odd

Define C : V( )→ { 0,1,2} as follows:
C(v)=2.
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 2 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 0 if 1≤ ≤
C( )= 1 if 1≤ ≤
Then this coloring is a minimal Roman colouring and R( ) =∑ ∈ ( ) ( )=3 .

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