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Research Applications in Business: Dr. Tusshar Mahajan

This document provides an overview of research applications in business. It discusses various types of research such as descriptive research, quantitative and qualitative research, empirical research, exploratory, causal and correlational research, applied and fundamental research, one-time and longitudinal research, and experimental and non-experimental research. It also outlines the typical research process and different research design approaches including cross-sectional, before-and-after, and longitudinal study designs as well as experimental and non-experimental study designs.

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Ankit Gaurav
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170 views18 pages

Research Applications in Business: Dr. Tusshar Mahajan

This document provides an overview of research applications in business. It discusses various types of research such as descriptive research, quantitative and qualitative research, empirical research, exploratory, causal and correlational research, applied and fundamental research, one-time and longitudinal research, and experimental and non-experimental research. It also outlines the typical research process and different research design approaches including cross-sectional, before-and-after, and longitudinal study designs as well as experimental and non-experimental study designs.

Uploaded by

Ankit Gaurav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

IN BUSINESS

Dr. Tusshar Mahajan


Concept

Research is an effort to discover answers to intellectual and practical problems


through the application of systematic process/method.

Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information


(data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about
which we are concerned or interested.
RESEARCH PROCESS
FF
Review the literature
FF

Review
Concepts Analyse
Research
And Collect Data
Design Interpret
Define theories Formulate Data (Test
(Including and
Research hypothesis (Execution) Hypothesis
Sample report
Problem if any)
Review Design)
F F
Previous
I Research III IV V
findings VI VII

II
F
F Feed Back
FF Feed Forward
TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Descriptive Research

Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation


which is aimed at describing the characteristics of
individual, situation or a group (or) describing the
state of affairs as it exists at present.
 Quantitative & Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research is employed for


measuring the quantity or amount of a particular
phenomena by the use of statistical analysis.

Qualitative Research is a non-quantitative type


of analysis which is aimed at finding out the quality of
a particular phenomenon.
 Empirical Research

Empirical Research is a data based research which


depends on experience or observation alone. It is aimed
at coming up with conclusions without due regard for
system and theory.
Exploratory, Causal & Correlational research
 Exploratory Research – It is the preliminary study of
an unfamiliar problem, about which the researcher has
little or no knowledge. It is aimed to gain familiarity
with the problem, to generate new ideas or to make a
precise formulation of the problem. Hence it is also
known as formulative research.

 Causal Research – Cause and Effect relationship.


Effect of var.(s) on other var.(s).

 Correlational Research- Aimed to find correlation


among variables (a type of nonexperimental research).
 Applied & Fundamental Research
Applied Research or Action Research is carried
out to find solution to a real life problem requiring an
action or policy decision.

Fundamental Research which is also known as


basic or pure research is undertaken for the sake of
knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice.
It is undertaken out of intellectual curiosity and
is not necessarily problem-oriented.
 One-time Research – Research confined to a single
time period.
 Longitudinal Research – Research carried on over
several time periods.

 Experimental Research – It is designed to assess the


effect of one particular variable on a phenomenon by
keeping the other variables constant or controlled.
RESEARCH DESIGN
•STUDY DESIGNS BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS

Based on the number of contacts, designs can be classified


into three groups:

– Cross-sectional;
– Before-and-after;
– Longitudinal.
The cross-sectional study design

Cross-sectional studies, also known as one-shot or


status studies, are the most commonly used
design in the social sciences.
This design is best suited to studies aimed at
finding out the prevalence of a phenomenon,
situation, problem, attitude or issue, by taking a
cross-section of the population/contact your
respondents to find out the required information.
The before-and-after study design

It is the most appropriate design for measuring the


impact or effectiveness of a program.

A before-and-after design can be described as two


sets of cross-sectional data collection points on the
same population to find out the change in the
phenomenon or variable(s) between two points in
time.

The main advantage of the before-and-after design


(also known as the pre-test/ post-test design) is
that it can measure change in a situation.
The longitudinal study design
To determine the pattern of change in relation to time, a
longitudinal design is used. For example, when you wish to
study the proportion of people adopting a program in
relation to time.

In longitudinal studies the study population is visited a


number of times at regular intervals, usually over a long
period, to collect the required information. These intervals
are not fixed so their length may vary from study to study.
Intervals might be as short as a week or longer than a year.
On the basis of the nature of the investigations, studies can be classified
as:

Experimental

Non- experimental

Quasi or Semi-experimental
Experimental study design
Experimental studies involves the researcher (or someone else)
introducing the intervention that is assumed to be the ‘cause’ of
change, and waiting until it has produced-or has been given sufficient
time to produce-the change.

Defining an Experiment:
An experiment is generally used to infer a causality. In an
experiment, a researcher actively manipulates one or more causal
variables and measures their effects on the dependent variable of
interest.
Independent variables: Independent variables are also known as
explanatory variables or treatments. The levels of these variables are
manipulated (changed) by researchers to measure their effect on the
dependent variable.

Test units: Test units are those entities on which treatments are applied.

Dependent variables: These variables measures the effect of


treatments (independent variable) on the test units.

 Extraneous variables: These are the variables other than the


independent variables which influence the response of test units to
treatments.
NON -EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
Non-experimental studies consist of the researcher
observing a phenomenon and attempting to establish what
caused it. In this instance the researcher starts from the
effect(s) or outcome(s) and attempts to determine
causation. Ex post facto design.

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