Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics

Procedure Formula Conditions Calculator Options

One Sample Mean and Proportion
1. SRS
Confidence 2. Given value of population
Interval for σ standard deviation σ
x ± z*
mean µ when n 3. Population distribution is
given σ normal (if not stated, use CLT
as long as n is large)

Hypothesis Test
x − µo
for mean µ z=
when given σ σ SAME AS ABOVE CI
n
(Ho: µ = µo)
*Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr
normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd)

1. SRS
2. Using value of sample
standard deviation s to estimate
σ
3. Population distribution is
s given as normal OR n > 40
CI for mean µ x ±t*
n (meaning t procedures are
when σ is
robust even if skewness and
unknown
with df = n - 1 outliers exist) OR 15 < n < 40
with normal probability plot
showing little skewness and no
extreme outliers OR n < 15
with npp showing no outliers
and no skewness
 Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics

x − µo
Test for mean µ t=
when σ is s
n SAME AS ABOVE CI
unknown
(Ho: µ = µo)
with df = n - 1
*Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr
tcdf(lower, upper, df)

1. SRS
2. Population is at least 10
times n
CI for pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 3. Counts of success nˆp and
pˆ ± z *
proportion p n failures n(1 − pˆ ) are both at
least 10 (these counts verify the
use of the normal
approximation)

1. SRS
2. Population is at least 10
times n
Test for pˆ − p o
z= 3. Counts of success np o and
proportion p po (1 − po )
(Ho: p = po) failures n(1 − p o ) are both at
n
least 10 (these counts verify the
use of the normal *Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr
approximation) normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd)
 Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics
Two Sample Means and Proportions
1. Populations are independent
2. Both samples are from SRSs
3. Using value of sample
standard deviation s to estimate
σ
s12 s 22 4. Population distributions are
( x1 − x 2 ) ± t * +
CI for mean n1 n2 given as normal OR n1 + n2 >
µ1-µ2 when σ is 40 (meaning t procedures are
with conservative
unknown robust even if skewness and
df = n – 1 of
outliers exist) OR 15 < n1 + n2
smaller sample
< 40 with normal probability
plots showing little skewness
and no extreme outliers OR n1
+ n2 < 15 with npps showing no
outliers and no skewness

( x1 − x 2 )
t=
Test for mean s12 s 22
µ1-µ2 when σ is +
n1 n2 SAME AS ABOVE CI
unknown
with conservative
(Ho: µ1 = µ2)
df = n – 1 of
smaller sample *Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr
tcdf(lower, upper, df) where df is
either conservative estimate or value
using long formula that calculator does
automatically!
 Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics

1. Populations are independent

2. Both samples are from SRSs
3. Populations are at least 10
CI for pˆ 1 (1 − pˆ 1 ) pˆ 2 (1 − pˆ 2 ) times n
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) ± z * + 4. Counts of success n1 p̂1 and
proportion n1 n2
p1 – p2 n2 p̂ 2 and failures n1 (1 − pˆ 1 ) and
n2 (1 − pˆ 2 ) are all at least 5
(these counts verify the use of
the normal approximation)

( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) 1-3 are SAME AS ABOVE CI

z=
4. Counts of success n1 pˆ and
Test for 1 1 
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) +  n2 pˆ and failures n1 (1 − pˆ ) and
proportion  n1 n2 
p1 – p2 n2 (1 − pˆ ) are all at least 5
X + X2 *Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr
where pˆ = 1 (these counts verify the use of
normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd)
n1 + n2 the normal approximation)
where mean and sd are values from
numerator and denominator of the
formula for the test statistic
 Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics
Categorical Distributions

(O − E ) 2
χ2 = ∑
E 1. All expected counts are at
least 1
Chi Square Test
G. of Fit – 1 sample, 1 variable 2. No more than 20% of
Independence – 1 sample, 2 variables expected counts are less than 5
Homogeneity – 2 samples, 2 variables

*Can also find p-value using 2nd-Distr

x2cdf(lower, upper, df)

Slope
s
b ± t * s b where sb =
∑ (x − x) 2
1. For any fixed x, y varies
according to a normal
CI for β 1 distribution
and s =
n−2
∑ ( y − yˆ ) 2 2. Standard deviation of y is
same for all x values
with df = n - 2

b
Test for β t= with df = n – 2 SAME AS ABOVE CI
sb

*You will typically be given computer

output for inference for regression
 Inference Procedure Summary – AP Statistics
Variable Legend – here are a few of the commonly used variables

Variable Meaning Variable Meaning

µ population mean mu CLT Central Limit Theorem
σ population standard deviation sigma SRS Simple Random Sample
x sample mean x-bar npp Normal Probability Plot (last option on stat plot)
s sample standard deviation p population proportion
z test statistic using normal distribution p̂ sample proportion p-hat or pooled proportion p-hat for two sample
procedures
z* critical value representing confidence t* critical value representing confidence level C
level C
t test statistic using t distribution n sample size

Matched Pairs – same as one sample procedures but one list is created from the difference of two matched lists (i.e. pre and post test
scores of left and right hand measurements)

Conditions – show that they are met (i.e. substitute values in and show sketch of npp) ... don’t just list them