Chapter

“The value of education is not the learning of

1 many facts, but the training of the mind to think
something that cannot be learned from
textbooks”
Introduction:
Biology Today - Albert Einstein

PowerPoint® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for

Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition
– Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.0-1
Why Biology Matters Biology and Society: An Innate Passion for Life
Most of us have an inherent interest in life, an inborn
curiosity of the natural world that leads us to explore
• Life is relevant and important to you, no matter
and study animals and plants and their habitats.
your background or goals.
• The subject of biology is woven into the fabric of
society.
• Biology is the scientific study of life. But
• what is a scientific study and
• what does it mean to be alive?

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The Process of Science The Process of Science

• How do we tell the difference between science and • This basic human drive to understand our natural
other ways of trying to make sense of nature? world is manifest in two main scientific approaches:
• Science is an approach to understanding the • discovery science, which is mostly about
describing nature, and
natural world that is based on inquiry:
• hypothesis-driven science, which is mostly about
• a search for information,
explaining nature.
• explanations, and
• answers to specific questions. • Most scientists practice a combination of these two
forms of inquiry.

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Figure 1.1

Discovery Science
• Recorded observations are called data, and data
are the items of information on which scientific
TYPES OF MICROGRAPHS
inquiry is based.
Scanning Electron Transmission Electron
Light Micrograph (LM) Micrograph (SEM) Micrograph (TEM) • This dependence on verifiable data
• demystifies nature and
• distinguishes science from supernatural beliefs.
• Science can neither prove nor disprove that angels, ghosts,
deities, or spirits, whether benevolent or evil, cause storms,
eclipses, illnesses, or cure diseases, because such
explanations are not measurable and are therefore outside
the bounds of science.

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Figure 1.2

Careful observation and measurement: the raw data for Discovery Science
discovery science
• Verifiable observations and measurements are the
data of discovery science.
• Charles Darwin’s careful description of the diverse
plants and animals he observed in South America is
an example of discovery science.
• Jane Goodall spent decades observing and
recording the behavior of chimpanzees living in the
jungles of Tanzania.

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Figure 1.3-s5

Hypothesis-Driven Science
How does one apply the scientific method to a
• Observations of discovery science motivate us to common problem?
ask questions and seek explanations. Experiment
does not
support
hypothesis.
• As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific Revise.

method consists of a series of steps that provide Observation Hypothesis Prediction

Question Experiment
a loose guideline for scientific investigations. The remote
doesn’t
What’s The
batteries
With new
batteries, it
Replace
wrong? batteries.
work. are dead. will work.
• Observation
Experiment
• Question supports
hypothesis;
• Hypothesis make more
predictions
and test.
• Prediction
• Experiment
• Results
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 Hypothesis-Driven Science Hypothesis-Driven Science

• A hypothesis is • Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigator can

• a tentative answer to a question or make predictions about what results are expected if
that hypothesis is correct.
• a proposed explanation for a set of observations.
• We then test the hypothesis by performing an
• A good hypothesis experiment to see whether or not the results are as
• Leads to predictions that can be tested by predicted.
experiments to see whether or not the results
support the prediction

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Hypothesis-Driven Science Theories in Science

• Accumulating facts is not the primary goal of
• Scientific investigations are not the only way of science.
knowing nature.
• Facts are
• Science and religion are two very different ways of
trying to make sense of nature. • verifiable observations and repeatable
experimental results and
• Art is yet another way to make sense of the world
around us. • the prerequisites of science.
• People like Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, and Albert
• A broad education should include exposure to all Einstein stand out in the history of science not because they
these different ways of viewing the world. discovered a great many facts but because their theories
had such broad explanatory power.

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Theories in Science Theories in Science

• What is a scientific theory, and how is it different • For example, these are two hypotheses.
from a hypothesis? 1. “White fur is an adaptation that helps polar bears
• A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a survive in an Arctic habitat.”
hypothesis. 2. “The unusual bone structure in a hummingbird’s
• A theory wings is an evolutionary adaptation that provides
• is a comprehensive explanation
an advantage in gathering nectar from flowers.”
supported by abundant evidence,
• In contrast, the following theory ties together those
• have not been contradicted by any scientific data. seemingly unrelated hypotheses:
• is general enough to spin off many new testable • “Adaptations to the local environment evolve by
hypotheses.
natural selection.”

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 Theories in Science The Nature of Life

• The use of the term theory by scientists contrasts • What is life?

with our everyday usage, which implies untested
speculation (“It’s just a theory!”). • What distinguishes living things from nonliving
things?
• We use the word “theory” in our everyday speech
the way that a scientist uses the word “hypothesis.” • The phenomenon of life seems to defy a simple,
one-sentence definition.
• We recognize life mainly by what living things do.

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The Properties of Life The Properties of Life

• Seven of the properties and processes associated with life.

(e) Response
to the
environmental
stimuli

(a) Order: life is complex

(b) Regulation: Maintain constant
but organized
conditions (Homeostasis)
(f) Reproduction:
Organisms reproduce their
own kinds

(g) Evolution: Ability of the population to

change (evolve) over time.
(c) Growth and development: (d) Energy processing:
Information in DNA controls growth Use chemical energy from food
development to carry out work and survive
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Life in Its Diverse Forms The Properties of Life

• The Mars rover Curiosity
• The tarsier (primate) shown in Figure 1.6 is just • has been exploring the surface of the red planet since
2012 and
one of about 1.8 million identified species on Earth
that displays all of the properties outlined in Figure • contains several instruments designed to identify
1.4. biosignatures, substances that provide evidence of past
or present life.

• As of yet, no definitive signs of the properties of life have

been detected, and the search continues.

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 Life in Its Diverse Forms Grouping Species: The Basic Concept

• The diversity of known life—all the species that • To make sense of nature, people tend to group
have been identified and named—includes diverse items according to similarities.
• at least 290,000 plants,
• A species is generally defined as a group of
• 52,000 vertebrates (animals with backbones), and organisms that
• 1 million insects (more than half of all known forms • live in the same place and time and
of life).
• have the potential to interbreed with one another
• Estimates of the total number of species range in nature to produce healthy offspring.
from 10 million to more than 100 million.

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Grouping Species: The Basic Concept

• We may even sort groups into broader categories, Scientists group organisms based on:
such as
• rodents (which include squirrels) and 1. Cell structure: Prokaryotes (no nucleus) or
Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
• insects (which include butterflies).

• Taxonomy, the branch of biology that names and 2. Cell number: Unicellular or Multicellular
classifies species, is the arrangement of species 3. Mode of Nutrition:
into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups.
• Autotrophs- self feeders
• Heterotrophs- feed on others

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Figure 1.UN03
Figure 1.7-1
The three domains of life are The Prokaryotes
1. Bacteria,
2. Archaea, and Prokaryotes • Small and simple
3. Eukarya • No nucleus (DNA
BACTERIA
DOMAIN

• Organisms with eukaryotic cells (large and complex that present in nucleoid
contain a nucleus and membrane enclosed compartments region in the
cytoplasm)
Domains of Life
• No membrane
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes enclosed organelles
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN

Plantae Fungi Animalia Protists

(all other
Three kingdoms eukaryotes)
Domain Domain
Bacteria Archaea Domain Eukarya
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 Figure 1.7-2

DOMAIN EUKARYA has three kingdoms: The Three Domains of Life

1. Plantae; produce their own sugars and other foods by photosynthesis
2. Fungi: Absorb nutrients, decomposers, digest dead organisms
3. Animalia: obtains food by ingesting (eat) other organisms • Those eukaryotes that do not fit into any of the
three kingdoms fall into a catch-all group called the
protists.
• Most protists are single-celled; they include
microscopic organisms such as Amoebas and
Paramecium.
• But protists also include certain multicellular forms,
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia such as seaweeds and algae.

Kingdom Fungi Protists (multiple kingdoms)

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Figure 1.8
Figure 1.8-1

Major Themes in Biology

Five unifying themes will serve as touchstones throughout
our investigation of biology. • Evolution is
• the fundamental principle of life and
• the core theme that unifies all of
MAJOR THEMES IN BIOLOGY
Structure/ Information Energy
biology. Evolution
Interconnections
Evolution Function Flow Transformations within Systems • The theory of evolution by natural
selection, first described by Charles
Darwin more than 150 years ago, is the
one idea that makes sense of
everything we know about living
organisms.
Function DNA stores Energy flows
depends on information within the
the structure for survival ecosystem
and and nutrients
reproduction are recycled

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Evolution Evolution
• What do a tree, a mushroom, and a human have in
common? • Life evolves.
• At the cellular level, all life bears striking similarities. • Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life
extending back in time through ancestral species
• Despite the amazing diversity of life, there is also
more and more remote.
striking unity.
• Species that are very similar, such as the brown
• What can account for this combination of unity and bear and polar bear, share a more recent common
diversity in life? ancestor that represents a relatively recent branch
point on the tree of life.
• The scientific explanation is the biological process
called evolution.

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Figure 1.9
An evolutionary tree of bears Evolution
Giant panda bear

Ancestral Spectacled bear • Through an ancestor that lived much farther back
bear in time,
Sloth bear
• all bears are also related to squirrels, humans, and
all other mammals and
Sun bear
Common
ancestor of all • all have hair and milk-producing mammary glands.
modern bears American black bear

Asiatic black bear

Common Polar bear

ancestor of polar bear
and brown bear
Brown bear

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The Darwinian View of Life The Darwinian View of Life

• Darwin’s book The Origin of Species developed • In the struggle for

two main points: existence, those
• Species living today descended from a succession individuals with heritable
of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent traits best suited to the
with modification,” capturing the duality of life’s local environment are
more likely to survive
1. unity (descent) and
and leave the greatest
2. diversity (modification). number of healthy
• Natural selection is the mechanism for descent offspring.
with modification.

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The Darwinian View of Life The Darwinian View of Life

• Therefore, these passed-down traits that enhance • A classic example involves the finches (a kind of bird) of the
survival and reproductive success will be Galápagos Islands.
represented in greater numbers the next Changes in beak size of ground finches that eat small seeds.
generation.
In dry years, small seeds
• It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin are in short supply, the
called natural selection because the environment birds must eat large seeds.
“selects” only certain heritable traits from those
already existing. Birds with larger, stronger
beaks have a feeding
• The product of natural selection is adaptation, the advantage and greater
accumulation of variations in a population over reproductive success.
time.
The average beak depth for the
population increases during dry
years.

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 The Darwinian View of Life The Darwinian View of Life

• During wet years, small seeds become more • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria evolves in
abundant. response to the overuse of antibiotics when dairy
• Smaller beaks are more efficient for eating the and cattle farmers add antibiotics to feed.
plentiful small seeds, and thus the average beak • The members of the bacteria population will,
depth decreases. through random chance, vary in their susceptibility
to the antibiotic.
• Such changes are measurable evidence of natural
• Once the environment changes by the addition of
selection in action.
antibiotics,
• some bacteria will succumb quickly and die,
• while others will tend to survive.

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Figure 1.12

The Darwinian View of Life

• Those bacteria that survive will multiply, producing

offspring that will likely inherit the traits that Bacterium with
Bacteria
enhance survival. antibiotic
resistance

• Over many bacterial generations, feeding Population with varied inherited traits Reproduction of survivors
antibiotics to cows may promote the evolution of Antibiotic Many generations
added
antibiotic-resistant bacteria that, if transferred to the
human food supply, could cause infections that are
not susceptible to standard drug treatments.

Elimination of individuals with certain traits Increasing frequency of traits that enhance
survival and reproductive success

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Figure 1.13
Observing Artificial Selection
All the vegetables shown in Figure 1.13 have a common
ancestor in one species of wild mustard (shown in the center of
• Artificial selection is the purposeful breeding of the figure).
domesticated plants and animals by humans.
Wild
mustard
• Humans have customized crop plants through
many generations of artificial selection by selecting
different parts of the plant to accentuate as food.

Cabbage Brussels Kohlrabi Kale Broccoli Cauliflower

from sprouts from from from flowers from flower
end buds from side stems leaves and stems clusters
buds
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 Figure 1.14

Observing Artificial Selection Structure/Function: The Relationship of

• The power of selective breeding is also apparent in our
Structure to Function
pets, which have been bred for looks and usefulness. • Within biological systems, structure (the shape of
something) and function (what it does) are often related,
• People in different cultures have customized hundreds of
with each providing insight into the other.
dog breeds as different as basset hounds and Saint
Bernards, all descended from wolves. O2
inhaled oxygen (O2)

carbon dioxide
CO2
Artificial
selection exhaled
Increasingly smaller branches end in millions of The shape of the red
tiny sacs in which the gases cross from the air to blood cells provide a
your blood and vice versa. large surface area for
This structure provides a tremendous surface oxygen to diffuse
area over which a very high volume of air may
Gray wolves Domesticated dogs pass.
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Figure 1.17
Figure 1.8-3
Information Flow
• All cells use DNA as the chemical
material of genes, the units of
• For life’s functions to proceed in an inheritance that transmit information
orderly manner, information must be from parent to offspring.
• stored, • The chemical names of DNA’s four
• transmitted, and molecular building blocks (bases) are
• used Information Flow abbreviated as A, G, C, and T.
• Entire DNA an organism inherits is
• Every cell in your body was created called its genome.
when a previous cell transmitted • Human genome has 3 billion
information (in the form of DNA) to it. bases
The four
chemical
• In this way, information flows from generation to building
blocks of
generation, passed down encoded within molecules of DNA
DNA.
A DNA molecule
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Information Flow Energy Transformations: Pathways That

Transform Energy and Matter
• At any given moment, your genes are producing
thousands of different proteins that control your • Various cellular activities of life are work, such as
body’s processes. movement, growth, and reproduction, and work
requires energy.
• For example, the information in one of your genes
translates to “Make insulin.” • Life is made possible by
• Insulin • the input of energy, primarily from the sun, and

• is produced by cells within the pancreas and • the transformation of energy from one form to
another.
• is a chemical that helps regulate your body’s use of
sugar as a fuel.
Some people with diabetes regulate their sugar levels by
injecting themselves with insulin produced by genetically
engineered bacteria.

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Figure 1.19

Energy Transformations: Pathways That

Transform Energy and Matter
Inflow ECOSYSTEM Outflow
of light of heat • Most ecosystems are solar powered.
energy energy

• Plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Consumers (“producers”)
(animals)
• capture the energy that enters an ecosystem as
sunlight and
Chemical
energy • convert it, storing it as chemical bonds within
(food)
sugars and other complex molecules.

Producers
(plants and other Decomposers
Cycling (in soil)
photosynthetic of
organisms) nutrients

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Energy Transformations: Energy Transformations: Pathways That

Transform Energy and Matter
• Chemical energy (food) is then passed through a series of
“consumers” that break the bonds, • Every object in the universe, both living and
• releasing the stored energy and nonliving, is composed of matter.
• Use it for work.
• In contrast to energy flowing through an
• During energy conversions between and within organisms, ecosystem, matter is recycled within an ecosystem.
some energy is converted to heat, which is then lost from
the system. • Chemical reactions (collectively referred to as
• Energy flows through an ecosystem, metabolism) continually converts energy from one
form to another as matter is recycled.
• entering as light and
• exiting as heat.

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Figure 1.20-s3

Interconnections within Biological Systems 2 Ecosystems

3 Communities
4 Populations
• The study of life extends 1 5 Organisms

• from the microscopic scale of the molecules and Biosphere

cells that make up organisms 6 Organ
Systems
• to the global scale of the entire living planet. and
Organs
10 Molecules and Atoms

9 Organelles
Atom

Nucleus
8 Cells 7
Tissues
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 Life can be divided into different levels:
From Molecules (smallest) to Biosphere (largest or 6. Organ & Organ system: consists of 2 or
broadest) more tissues
10. Molecules: Consists of 2 or more atoms. E.g
5. Organisms: Individual living things
DNA, Water, chloroplast
-Atoms: smallest particle of an element
4. Population: Group of interbreeding individuals
of a species.
9. Organelle: structure in a cell with specific
function. E.g. Chloroplast, nucleus
3. Communities: All organisms in an area
8. Cell: Smallest unit of life. Ex. Amoeba & Bacteria 2. Ecosystem: Living things in an area along with
its non living components
are single cells
7. Tissue: group of cells with a specific function
1. Biosphere: Part of the earth inhabited by
organisms, includes both living & non-living.

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Interconnections within Biological Systems Interconnections within Biological Systems

• The biosphere consists of • At each new level, novel properties emerge that
• all the environments on Earth that support life, are absent from the preceding one.
including soil, oceans, lakes, and other bodies of • These emergent properties are due to the specific
water, and the lower atmosphere. arrangement and interactions of parts in an
increasingly complex system.
• At the other extreme of biological size and
• Such properties are called emergent because they
complexity are microscopic molecules such as
emerge as complexity increases.
DNA, the chemical responsible for inheritance.

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You should now be able to

Interconnections within Biological Systems
• Biology and Society
• The global climate • 1.1. Describe three examples of how biology is woven into the fabric of society.
• The Scientific Study of Life
• is another example of interconnectedness within • 1.2. Compare discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. Provide examples of each.
biological systems and • 1.3. Distinguish science from other styles of inquiry.
• 1.4. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. Explain why natural selection qualifies
• operates on a much larger scale. as a scientific theory.
• The Nature of Life
• 1.5. Describe seven properties or processes we associate with life.
• Throughout our study of life, we will see countless • 1.6. Define a species and describe the goals of taxonomy.
interconnections that operate at and between every level of • 1.7. Distinguish between the three domains and four eukaryotic kingdoms of life.
the biological hierarchy. • Major Themes in Biology
• 1.8. Describe the two main points that Darwin made in his book On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection.
• Biologists are investigating life at its many levels, • 1.9. Compare and contrast artificial and natural selection.
• 1.10. Predict how structure and function are correlated using examples.
• from the interactions within the biosphere • 1.11. Identify and explain information flow and how it functions to regulate processes within
biological systems.
• to the molecular machinery within cells. • 1.12. Contrast the movements of energy and matter through ecosystems.
• 1.13. List and give an example of each level of biological organization, starting with an
ecosystem and ending with atoms.
• 1.14. Define emergent properties and predict where they occur.

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