Technology in Action: Chapter Topics

3/20/2013
Technology
in Action Technology in Action
Alan Evans • Kendall Martin Chapter 10

Mary Anne Poatsy
Behind the Scenes: Software Programming
Ninth Edition
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Information Systems include all

Chapter Topics
EXCEPT the following:
• Understanding software programming
1. People
• Life cycle of an information system
• Life cycle of a program 2. Data
3. Procedures
• Programming languages
4. Locations
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Variable declaration tells the operating system

that the program needs to allocate storage Scope creep occurs when:
space in the:
1. The program requires
hundreds of additional
1. Hard drive lines of code due to
programming errors.
2. ROM
2. Clients request
3. RAM additional functionality
4. CPU and features which
extends the project
completion time.
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Programming languages are

Understanding
classified in several major groupings
referred to as:
Software Programming
• Types of tasks that are candidates for
1. Generations automation:
2. Classes – Routine
3. Objects – Repetitive
4. Designs – Work with electronic data
– Follow a series of clear steps
• When existing software cannot be found,
programming is mandatory
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7
Life Cycle of an Information System System Development Life Cycle

• System • To create modern software, an entire team
– A collection of pieces working together to is needed
achieve a common goal • Programs require many phases to
• An information system includes: complete
– Data • Must be available for multiple operating
– People systems and work over networks
– Procedures • Must be free of errors and well supported
– Hardware
– Software
Which of the following is NOT a

Six Steps in the SDLC
phase in the SDLC?
1. Design
2. Analysis
3. Development and
Documentation
Each step must be 4. Revisions
completed before
you can progress to
the next step. 0% 0% 0% 0%
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Problem & Opportunity Identification Analysis
• Development steering committee formed • Analysts explore problem to be solved

to evaluate systems development • Develop program specifications
proposals – Clear statement of goals and objectives of
• Reviews ideas project
• Decides which projects to take forward • Feasibility assessment is performed

based on available resources • User requirements are defined
– Personnel and funding • Analysts recommend a plan of action
Design Development and Documentation

• A detailed plan for programmers is developed
• Flowcharts and data-flow diagrams are used for • Actual programming takes place
the current and proposed system • First phase of the program development
Data-flow diagram life cycle (PDLC)
Testing and Installation Maintenance and Evaluation

• Program is tested to ensure it works • Performance of the system is monitored
properly • Corrections and modifications to the
• Program is installed for use program are made
• Additional enhancements that users
request are evaluated
• Appropriate program modifications are
made
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Flowcharts and Data-flow diagrams are created

during which stage of the SDLC? Joint Application Development
1. Problem • JAD helps designers adapt to changes in

Identification program specifications
2. Analysis • Includes customer involvement
3. Design • No communication delays
4. Testing • Also referred to as:
– Accelerated design
– Facilitated team technique
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Ethics in IT The Life Cycle of a Program

• Programming is the process of translating
The Association of Computing Machinery a task into a series of commands a
(ACM) and the Institute of Electrical and computer will use to perform that task
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) have established
eight principles for ethical software • Programming involves:
engineering practices: – Identifying the parts of a task the computer
can perform
1. Public 5. Management – Describing tasks in a highly specific and
2. Client and Employer 6. Profession complete manner
3. Product 7. Colleagues – Translating this description into a language
4. Judgment 8. Self understood by the computer’s CPU
Program Development Life Cycle Step 1: Describing the Problem

• Programmers develop a complete
description of problem
• Problem statement identifies task to be
automated
• Statement describes how software will
behave
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Step 2: Making a Plan Step 3: Coding

• Problem statement is translated into a • Algorithm is translated into programming
set of specific, sequential steps known code
as an algorithm • Programmers must think in terms of
• Algorithm is written in natural ordinary operations that a CPU can perform
language such as English
Step 4: Debugging Step 5: Finishing the Project

• Code goes through • Software is tested
process of debugging – Programming team
• Programmers repair – People who will use program
any errors found in • Results of entire project are documented
code • Users are trained to use program
efficiently
Describing the Problem Creating Problem Statements

• The Problem Statement • Programmers interact with users to
– Staring point of programming work describe three relevant things:
– Clear description of tasks the computer 1. Data – raw input users have at the start
program must accomplish 2. Information – result users require
– How the program will execute these tasks 3. Method – process of how program converts
– How the program will respond to unusual the inputs to correct outputs
situations
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Parking Garage Example

Making a Plan
Program Goal: To compute the total pay for a fixed number of hours worked at a
parking garage.
Inputs: Number of Hours Worked........................ a positive number
Outputs: Total Pay Earned .................................... a positive number

• Algorithm Development
Process: The Total Pay Earned is computed as $7.50 per hour for the first eight
hours worked each day. Any hours worked beyond the first eight are
– Set of specific sequential steps
billed at $11.25 per hour.
Error Handling: The input (Number of Hours Worked) must be a positive real number.
– Describe exactly what computer program
If it is a negative number or other non-acceptable character, the
program will force the user to re-enter the information. must do to complete task
Testing Plan: INPUT OUTPUT NOTES
– Use natural language
8 8*7.50 Testing positive input
3 3*7.50 Testing positive input
12 8*7.50 + 4*11.25 Testing overtime input
–6 Error message/ask user to Handling error

re-enter value
Flowchart Pseudocode
Bold terms show actions that are common in
programming, such as reading data, making
decisions, printing, and so on.
1. Ask the user how many hours they worked

today
2. If the number of hours worked < = 8,
compute total pay without overtime
otherwise,
compute total pay with overtime pay
3. Print total pay
Underlined words are information items that

appear repeatedly in the algorithm.
Developing the Algorithm Top-Down Design

• Decision Making and Design • Problem is divided into a series of high-level
– Convert problem statement into list of steps or
tasks
actions • Detailed subtasks are created from high-level
– Only simplest algorithms execute same series tasks
of actions every time they run
– Complex problems involve choices and
include decision points
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Object-Oriented Analysis Writing Program Code

• Classes (categories of • Programmers select best programming
inputs) are identified language for the problem
• Classes are defined by
• Translate the algorithm into that language
information (data) and
actions (methods or • Translation is act of coding
behaviors)
• Reusability is key
Generations of
Coding
Programming Languages
• Speaking the Language of the Computer
Level Generation Example
– Syntax
Low 1GL Machine • Agreed-upon set of rules of language used
2GL Assembly – Keywords
High 3GL FORTRAN, BASIC, C, Java • Set of words with predefined meanings
4GL SQL
– Data types
• Describe the kind of data being stored in memory
Natural 5GL PROLOG
– Operators
• Coding symbols that represent fundamental actions
Which of the following translates

Compilation
source code, line by line?
• Compilation is the process of converting
1. Compliers
code into machine language
2. Interpreters
• A compiler reads the source code and
3. Translators translates it into machine language
4. Both 2 & 3 • After compilation, programmers have an
executable program
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Interpreter Coding Tools

• Some programming languages do not have
a compiler, but use an interpreter instead • Integrated Development Environment
– The interpreter translates source code into a – Developmental tool that helps programmers
line-by-line intermediate form write, compile, and test programs
– Each line is executed before the next line is • Every language has its own specific IDE
compiled
– Programmers do not have to wait for the entire
program to be recompiled each time they make
a change
– Programmers can immediately see the results
of changes as they are making them
Debugging Finishing the Project

• Getting Rid of Errors • Testing and Documentation
– Process of running program over and over – Internal testing – a group with the software
• To find errors company uses program in every way possible
• To make sure the program behaves the way it – External testing – people like those who will
should eventually purchase the program work with it
I have used a beta version of a

Programming Languages
software program.
• Many languages for many projects
1. Yes • Create a solution to meet several
2. No competing objectives
– Software must run quickly and reliably
– Simple to expand when demands change
– Completed on time for minimal cost
– Use smallest amount of system resources
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Selecting the Right Language Building Applications

• Programming team considers several • Programs often have a number of
factors common features
– Space available – Scroll bars
– Speed required – Title bars
– Organizational resources available – Text boxes
– Type of target application – Buttons
• Several languages include controls that
make it easy to include these features
Visual Basic 2010 C and C++

• C
• Visual Basic 2010 is the current version – Developed for system programmers
• Builds object-oriented applications for: – Provides higher-level programming features
– Windows • if statements and for loops
– The Web • C++
– Mobile Devices – Uses same symbols and keywords as C
• Easy to drag and drop entire programming – Better security
components into application – Support for reuse of existing code
– Includes object-oriented design
Java and C# Objective C

• Java
– Object-oriented features • Language most often used to program
– Large set of existing classes applications to run under Mac OS X
– Architecture neutral – Object-oriented language
– Java applets: Small Java-based programs – Superset of the C language
• C# – Often used with library called Cocoa
– Completing program released by Microsoft
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Building Web Applications Scripting Languages for the Web

• HTML/XHTML • Simple programming language limited to
– HyperText Markup Language/eXtensible performing a set of specialized tasks
HyperText Markup Language • Scripts allow decisions to be made and
– Not a true programming language calculations to be performed
– Uses special symbols (tags) to control how • JavaScript, VBScript, and PHP work well
Web pages are viewed
with HTML
ASP, JSP, and PHP Flash and XML

• Used by programmers to build Web sites • Adobe Flash
with interactive capabilities – Used to develop Web-based multimedia
• User supplies information that is translated – Includes its own scripting language,
into a request. ActionScript
• Scripting code controls automatic writing • XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
of the custom page returned to user’s – Enables designers to define data-based tags
computer – Makes it easier for Web site to transfer key
information on its page to another site
AJAX Building Mobile Applications

• Asynchronous JavaScript And XML • Special languages and supporting tools
– Allows creation of Web applications that can help speed development of applications
update information without requiring a page for mobile devices like smart phones and
refresh tablets
– Uses existing technologies to do more • Specific features include GPS capability,
processing in the browser
software keyboards, and touch-sensitive
– Users have a more responsive experience
screens
• User interface must take smaller screen
size into account
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Which of the following seeks intensive client

The Next Great Language involvement from the beginning of the project?
• Never easy to predict which language will 1. Program

become the next “great” language Development Life
• Experts predict that as projects grow in Cycle
size, time to compile will also grow 2. System Development
• Interpreted languages could become more Life Cycle
important because they have virtually no 3. Joint Application
compile time Development
– Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk 4. Client Development 0% 0% 0% 0%
Programming 1 2 3 4
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 60 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
In object oriented analysis, which of the

_____ provide a visual representation of following represents a “method” for an
the patterns an algorithm follows. employee?
1. Pseudo Code 1. Social Security

2. Flowcharts Number()
3. JAD 2. GoToWork()
4. Top-down designs 3. CollectPay()
4. Both 2 & 3
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Which of the following is NOT a

Which of the following is not a 3GL?
scripting language?
1. BASIC 1. JavaScript
2. COBOL 2. PHP
3. Java 3. JAVA
4. SQL 4. HTML
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Chapter 10 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Summary Questions

1. Why do I need to understand how to 2. What is a system development life cycle,
create software? and what are the phases in the cycle?

3. What is the life cycle of a program? 4. What role does a problem statement play
in programming?

5. How do programmers create algorithms 6. What steps are involved in completing
and move from algorithm to code? the program?
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7. How do programmers select the right
8. What are the most popular programming
programming language for a specific
languages for different types of
task?
application development?
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice Hall
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3/20/2013

Alan Evans • Kendall Martin Chapter 10

Information Systems include all

Variable declaration tells the operating system

Programming languages are

Life Cycle of an Information System System Development Life Cycle

Which of the following is NOT a

Problem & Opportunity Identification Analysis

• Development steering committee formed • Analysts explore problem to be solved

• Decides which projects to take forward • Feasibility assessment is performed

Design Development and Documentation

Testing and Installation Maintenance and Evaluation

Flowcharts and Data-flow diagrams are created

1. Problem • JAD helps designers adapt to changes in

Ethics in IT The Life Cycle of a Program

Program Development Life Cycle Step 1: Describing the Problem

Step 2: Making a Plan Step 3: Coding

Step 4: Debugging Step 5: Finishing the Project

Describing the Problem Creating Problem Statements

Parking Garage Example

Outputs: Total Pay Earned .................................... a positive number

3 3*7.50 Testing positive input

12 8*7.50 + 4*11.25 Testing overtime input

–6 Error message/ask user to Handling error

1. Ask the user how many hours they worked

Underlined words are information items that

Developing the Algorithm Top-Down Design

Object-Oriented Analysis Writing Program Code

Which of the following translates

Interpreter Coding Tools

Debugging Finishing the Project

I have used a beta version of a

Selecting the Right Language Building Applications

Visual Basic 2010 C and C++

Java and C# Objective C

Building Web Applications Scripting Languages for the Web

ASP, JSP, and PHP Flash and XML

AJAX Building Mobile Applications

Which of the following seeks intensive client

• Never easy to predict which language will 1. Program

In object oriented analysis, which of the

1. Pseudo Code 1. Social Security

Which of the following is NOT a

Chapter 10 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Summary Questions

Chapter 10 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Summary Questions

Chapter 10 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Summary Questions

Chapter 10 Summary Questions Chapter 10 Summary Questions

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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12 87.50 + 411.25 Testing overtime input