QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

RATIO AND PROPORTION Application 2

A ratio is a relation between two or more quantities normally of A club had 3 boys and 5 girls. During a membership drive, same
same kind. The ratio a “to b” is written as a:b and is also expressed number of boys and girls joined the club. How many members
as a fraction a/b (b≠0). While considering homogeneous does the club have now if the ratio of boys to girls is 3:4?
quantities, the ratio is also expressed as percentage. (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 15
Ans: (b)
If two quantities are in the ratio a:b, it means that if the first
Solution
quantity is ax, then the second quantity is bx. A and B are in the
ratio a:b  as a proportion of the total, A is a/a+b and B is Number of boys = 3
b/a+b. Number of girls = 5
Let the number of boys and girls who joined during the
Ratio is a mere number and to find the ratio of two quantities,
membership drive be x each.
they must be expressed in the same units.
The increased number of boys = 3 + x
If two ratios are equal, then the four quantities are in The increased number of girls = 4 + x
proportion. Thus if a:b is equal to c:d, then a, b, c, d are in
3 x 3
proportion and the proportion is written as a:b::c:d, where 
5 x 4
a and d are called the extremes and b and c the means. Thus if
 4(3  x)  3(5  x)
a:b::c:d, then ad = bc.
12 4x  15 3x
Proportionality: The values of two quantities may not be
independent. For example, the volume of a cube is proportional x 3
to its side and vice versa. Two mutually dependent quantities The number of boys now = 3 + 3 = 6 and the number of girls
are proportional if the ratio of their values remains constant. =5+3=8

If a/b = c/d, then each term of the ratio a/b and c/d is called The club now has 6 + 8 = 14 members
proportional. a, b, c and d are respectively the first, second, third Application 3
and fourth proportionals. Here, a and d are known as extremes
If two numbers are in the ratio 6:13 and their least common
and b, c are known as means.
multiple is 312, what is the sum of the numbers?
Direct Proportion: If two quantities are so related that an (a) 60 (b) 76 (c) 65 (d) 75
increase or decrease in one quantity produces a proportional Ans: (b)
increase or decrease in the other, then the two quantities are Solution
said to be directly proportional to each other, e.g. the weight of a
Let the two numbers be 6x and 13x.
solid material is proportional to its volume.
LCM of the numbers = 78x = 312
Inverse Proportion: If two quantities are so related that an 312
increase in one of them produces a proportional decrease in the x 4
78
other or vice versa, then the two quantities are said to be
The two numbers are 6 × 4 = 24 and 13 × 4 = 52. The sum of the
inversely proportional to each other, e.g. the time a train takes 2 numbers = 24 + 52 = 76.
to travel a certain distance is inversely proportional to its speed.
Application 4
Application 1
The sum of the salaries of John and Mary is Rs.12000 per month.
If all the members of a team are either juniors or seniors and if John spends 80% of his salary and Mary spends 70% of her
the ratio of the juniors to seniors in the team is 3:5, what salary. If their savings are in the ratio 4:3, what is the salary of
percent of the team members are seniors? John?
(a) 50% (b) 60% (c) 62.5% (d) 65% (a) Rs.8000 (b) Rs.8500 (c) Rs.6500 (d) Rs.7850
Ans: (c) Ans: (a)
Solution Solution
Ratio of juniors to seniors Let John's salary be Rs.X and Mary's salary be Rs.(12000 – X).
= 3:5 (i.e. 5 out of 8 members are seniors) John's spending is 80% and his savings is 20%
Seniors as a percent of the team  X × 20/100 = 0.2X.
= 5/8 × 100 = 500/8 = 62.5 Mary's spending is 70% and her savings is 30%
Percentage of seniors = 62.5% 30
 (12000 – X).
100

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

The ratio of John's savings to Mary's savings = 4:3 Application 8

 0.2X : 0.3(12000 – X) = 4:3
A mixture of 180 ml contains milk and water in the ratio 7:2.
 3(2X) = 4 × 3(12000 – X) How much more water is to be added to get a new mixture
 6X = 144000 – 12X contain milk and water in the ratio 7:3.
 18X = 144000  X = 8000 (a) 25 ml (b) 30 ml (c) 18 ml (d) 20 ml
Salary of John = Rs.8000. Ans: (d)
Solution
Application 5
Mixture
Anand, Krish and Selva have invested a total of Rs.1,20,000 in a
Milk Water
business in the ratio 4:5:6. At the end of one year, the profit
7 : 2
earned was Rs.12,000. What is the profit share of Krish?
(a) Rs.3000 (b) Rs.4000 (c) Rs.5000 (d) Rs.6000  
Ans: (b) 180 ml of mixture v  140 ml 40 ml
Solution Let the water to be added now be x ml.
Anand : Krish : Selva  Diluted (180 + x) ml  140 ml 40 + x ml  7:3
4 : 5 : 6  140 × 3 = (40 + x) 7
5 Solving, x = 20
Proportion of Krish =
15
Water to be added = 20 ml
Total Profit = Rs.12,000
Application 9
5
 Profit share of Krish = × Rs.12000 = Rs.4000
15 There are 3 sections in standard III of a school. The ratio of
Application 6 students in sections A and B is 5:7 and that in B and C is 8:9. If
the total number of students in the class is 318, find the total
Find the number that must be subtracted from the terms of the number of students in section B.
ratio 13:17 to make it equal to 5:9. (a) 122 (b) 132 (c) 102 (d) 112
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 5 Ans: (d)
Ans: (c)
Solution
Solution
A B C
Let the number to be subtracted be x
Ratio of students in the sections 5 : 7
13  x 5
Then  8 : 9
17  x 9
 Combined ratio 40 : 56 : 63
 117 – 9x = 85 – 5x
Total students in the three sections = 318
 x=8
56
 Students in section B = 318 × = 112
Application 7 159

The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 7:2 and their Application 10
expenditures are in the ratio 4:1. If each saves Rs.1000 find their
expenditures. The ratio of present ages of Suresh and Naresh is 7:5. If after
6 years, their ages will be in the ratio of 4:3. What is the present
(a) Rs.20000, Rs.5000 (b) Rs.22000, Rs.7000
age difference of the two?
(c) Rs.18000, Rs.5000 (d) Rs.19000, Rs.6000
(a) 10 years (b) 12 years (c) 14 years (d) 11 years
Ans: (a)
Ans: (b)
Solution
Solution
Let the incomes of A and B be 7x & 2x and their expenditures 4y
& y respectively. Suresh Naresh
 7x – 4y = 1000 … (1) Present age 7 : 5 → 7x and 5x
2x – y = 1000 … (2) After 6 years, the ratio of ages 4 : 3 → (7x + 6) and (5x + 6)
Multiplying (1) by 2, 14x – 8y = 2000 … (3)  4 (5x + 6) = 3(7x + 6)
and multiplying (2) by 7, 14x – 7y = 7000 … (4) Solving, x = 6 and the present ages are 42 and 30 years.
Solving (3) and (4), y = 5000  Present age difference = 12 years
 Expenditure of A = 4y = Rs.20,000 and that of B = Rs.5,000

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Application 11 TWI QUESTIONS

In what ratio the two kinds of tea, one at Rs.90 per Kg and 1. The numbers are in the ratio 3:4. LCM of the numbers is
another at Rs.150 per kg, must be mixed so that the mixture may 360. Find HCF of the numbers.
cost Rs.102 per kg? 2. For every 3 litres of water, 2 litres of milk is mixed. After
(a) 4:1 (b) 5:2 (c) 4:3 (d) 7:5 adding 10 litres of water, the ratio of milk and water is
Ans: (a) 2:4. Initially the mixture was 50 litres. What is the total
quantity of milk (in litres) in the final mixture?
Solution
2nd kind 3. An automobile travels 176 miles on 8 gallons of gasoline.
1st kind How far can it go on a tankful of gasoline if the tank holds
Rs. per kg 90 Rs. per kg 150
14 gallons?

4. Place 10 dishes along the 4 edges of a table so that each

Mix Rs.per kg
102 edge has the same number of dishes.
48 12 5. The ratio of Arun's marks to Babu's marks is 3:2 and their
total marks are 165. What are Babu's marks?
1st 48 4
   4 :1
2nd 12 1 KEY POINTS

The two kinds are to be mixed in the ratio 4:1. • Ratio is nothing but a comparison of two or more
different quantities based on the same units.
Application 12
• If the ratio is a:b, then proportion of 'a' is (a/a + b).
Mary finishes the first half of her examination in two-third the Similarly, proportion of 'b' is (b/a + b).
time it takes her to finish the second half. If the whole exam • If the ratio of a large container containing milk and
takes her 75 minutes, in how much time did she finish the first water is 3:2, then each and every drop of the container
half of the exam? will have the same ratio.
(a) 40 min (b) 30 min (c) 45 min (d) 20ml
• When Ramu eats 'A' cookies, Peter eats 'B' cookies; and
Ans: (b) when Peter eats 'C ' cookies, Syed eats 'D' cookies. Here,
Solution the weighted ratio is A:(B+C):D
Let the time taken to finish the second half be x min. • If rice and sugar are in the ratio a:b and sugar and wheat
2 are in the ratio c:d, then the combined ratio must be
 Time for finishing first half = x
3 ac:bc:db. For instance, if the ratio of rice and sugar is 4:3
2 and the ratio of sugar and wheat is 5:2, then the
 x  x  75 combined ratio of rice, sugar and wheat is 4 × 5:3 × 5:2 ×
3
3 = 20:15:6.
 x = 45 min
2 PRACTICE EXERCISE
 Time taken to finish the first half = × 45 = 30 min
3
1. If two numbers are in the ratio 4:13 and their least
GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS common multiple is 312, then the larger number is
• If the elements of a ratio a:b are multiplied by a constant (a) 72 (b) 76 (c) 78 (d) 44
say m i.e. ma:mb, then the ratio remains the same i.e. a:b.
2. The difference between a two digit number and the
• If the elements of a ratio are increased by a constant say number obtained by interchanging the digits is 36. What
n i.e. a + n:b + n, then the ratio will not remain the same. is the difference between the sum and the difference of
the digits of the number, if the ratio between the digits of
• Difference between the ratio of two quantities is always the number is 2:1?
directly proportional to the difference when the ratio is
(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) None of these
multiplied by a constant.
3. The wages of labourers in a factory have increased in the
• Difference between the ratio of two quantities is always
ratio 22:25 and their number has decreased in the ratio
the same when the ratio is added by a constant.
15:11. What was the original wage bill of the factory if the
• In case of addition of ratio by a constant, the proportion present bill is Rs.5000?
of elements of the ratio will not remain the same. (a) Rs.4000 (b) Rs.5000
(c) Rs.6000 (d) Rs.7000

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

4. Ramu spends Rs.3620 for buying pants at the rate of Directions for Q13 to Q15:
Rs.480 each and shirts at the rate of Rs.130 each. What Answer (a) if statement I alone is sufficient to answer the
will be the ratio of the number of pants to the number of question but statement 2 alone is not sufficient to answer the
shirts when maximum number of pants is bought? question;
(a) 7:2 (b) 7:3 (c) 2:7 (d) None of these Answer (b) if statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
question but statement 1 alone is not sufficient to answer the
5. A bag contains Rs.600 in the form of one-rupee, 50 paise
question;
and 25 paise coins in the ratio 3:4:12. The number of
25 paise coins is Answer (c) if statements I and II together are sufficient to
answer the question but neither statement alone is sufficient to
(a) 600 (b) 900 (c) 1200 (d) 1376
answer the question;
Answer (d) if each statement alone is sufficient to answer the
question;
Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are not
I need to pay an employee each day for one week. His sufficient to answer the question and additional data specific to
wages are 1 piece of the gold bar per day. How can I cut the problem are needed.
the bar to allow for fair payment using minimum cuts.
You cannot fold the bar because it is gold. 13. In what ratio sugar and sand must be mixed to sell at
Rs.12/Kg?
6. Rs.79.20 is divided among 7 men, 11 women and 5 boys, (a) Cost price of 1 kg sugar is Rs.15.
so that each woman may have thrice as much as a boy and
(b) Cost price of 1 kg sand is Rs.5.
a man as much as a woman and a boy together. Find the
share of a man. 14. What is the profit in selling one kg of diluted HCl?
(a) Rs.1.20 (b) Rs.2.40 (c) Rs.4.80 (d) Rs.5 (a) 80% HCl solution is mixed in 3 litres of water.

7. The monthly income of A and B are in the ratio 4:5 and (b) 100% HCl costs Rs.200/litre.
their expenses are in the ratio 5:6. If A saves Rs.25 per 15. What is the resultant ratio of coffee and chicory, when
month and B saves Rs.50 per month, what are their two cups A and B are mixed?
respective incomes in rupees?
(a) Coffee and chicory are mixed in the ratio 3:2 in Cup A.
(a) 400 and 500 (b) 240 and 300
(b) Coffee and chicory are mixed in the ratio 4:7 in Cup B.
(c) 320 and 400 (d) 440 and 550

8. A, B and C play cricket. The ratio of A's runs to B's runs MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS
and that of B's runs to C's are both 3:2. They got
altogether 342 runs. How many runs did A make? Mixture is a material system made up of two or more different
substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A
(a) 162 (b) 108 (c) 72 (d) None of these
mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more
9. The ratio of marks obtained by Vinod and Basu is 6:5. If substances in which the identities are retained.
the combined average of their percentage is 68.75 and
A Solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed
sum of their marks is 275, find the total marks for which
together. One of them is called the solute and the other is the
examination was conducted.
solvent. A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). The
(a) 150 (b) 200 (c) 400 (d) None of these solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). Both the
10. The ratio of present age of A to that of B is 6:4. Five years substances may be of liquid form.
ago, the ratio was 5:3. Find their present age in years? ALLIGATION
(a) 42, 28 (b) 36, 24 (c) 30, 20 (d) 25, 15 It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which
11. A, B and C working alone can complete a job in 6, 8 and 12 two or more ingredients at the given prices must be
days respectively. If all three of them work together to mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
complete the job and earn Rs.2340, what will be C’s share • MEAN PRICE
of the earnings?
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the
(a) Rs.520 (b) Rs.1080 (c) Rs.1170 (d) Rs.630 mean price.
12. The marks scored by a student in three subjects are in the • RULE OF ALLIGATION
ratio of 4:5:6. If the candidate scored an overall aggregate
When two or more quantities of different products are
of 60% of the sum of the maximum marks and the
mixed together to produce a mixture of a mean value,
maximum marks is the same in all three subjects, in how
the ratios of their amounts are inversely proportional to
many subjects did he score more than 60%?
the difference of their values from the mean value.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of the subjects

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

If two ingredients are mixed, then 3 2  7 3 

13  x  y   7  x  y 
Quantity of cheaper = C.P. of dearer – Mean Price  10 5   10 5 
Quantity of dearer = Mean price – C.P. of cheaper
 26 21   49 39 
    y    x  or
Alligation is represented as: 5 5  10 10 

y  x x : y  1 :1

Aliter:

The ratio in which the quantity of the cheaper is mixed with the
quantity of the dearer to obtain the mean value is given as:

Therefore, the required ratio is 1:1.

To be known: Type 2:
1. Choose any one constituent of the mixture or solution.
(There is no rule in selection) Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution with the ratio of the
constituents.
2. Check out the proportion or percentage or amount of the
chosen constituent in the two mixtures or solutions
To find: The quantity of similar mixture or solution of same
available and also in the resultant mixture.
constituents to be added to obtain a desired ratio of constituents
PROBLEMS ON MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS FALL UNDER in the resultant mixture.
FIVE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES:
Example
Type 1
A container has 60 liters of 40% alcohol solution. How many
Given: Two similar mixtures or solutions containing the same
liters of a 50% alcohol solution should be added to this solution
two constituents in two different ratios.
so that the resultant solution will have 42% alcohol?
To Find: Ratio in which these two mixtures are to be mixed to
(a) 2:3 (b) 5:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 3:4
obtain a desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant
mixture. Ans: (c)
Solution
Example
Let the quantity of 50% alcohol to be added be x litres.
In what ratio should a coffee blend containing coffee and chicory
in the ratio 3:7 and another blend with coffee to chicory ratio as Quantity of alcohol in 60 litres of 40% solution
2:3 be mixed so that the resultant blend will have a coffee to  60  0.4  24 litres
chicory ratio of 7:13? Quantity of alcohol in x litres of 50% solution  x0.5  0.5x.
Solution Quantity of alcohol in (60 + x) litres of the resultant solution
Let x and y be the quantities of the first and the second blends  24  0.5x.
respectively to be mixed. Then in the resultant blend, the Percentage of alcohol in (60 + x) litres of resultant solution
3 2
quantity of coffee  x  y  24  0.5x  / 60  x   100.
10 5
This is required to be 42%.
7 3
and the quantity of chicory  x  y. Equating,
10 5
By the given condition, 24  0.5x  / 60  x   100  42 or
3 2  7 3  24  0.5x  0.4260  x or
 x  y  :  x  y   7 :13 or
 10 5   10 5  24  0.5x  25.2  0.42x or

3 2  0.08x  1.2 or
 x  y
 10 5  7 x  1.2 / 0.08  15.
 or
7 3  13
 x  y  So, 15 litres of 50% alcohol are to be added.
 10 5 

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

Aliter: Type 4:

Given: The quantity of one mixture or solution of two

constituents in a particular ratio.

To Find: The ratio of the two constituents in the resultant

mixture or solution when certain quantity is removed and
replaced with one of the constituents.

Example

A vessel is filled with a liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 4 parts
Therefore, 15litres of 50% alcohol solution are to be added.
milk. How much of the mixture must be drawn off and replaced
Type 3: with water so that the mixture may be half water and half milk?
Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution of two constituents 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
in a particular ratio. 7 4 8 6

To find: The quantity of either of the constituents to be added to Ans: (c)

obtain a desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant Solution
mixture or solution. Suppose the vessel initially contains 7 litres of liquid.

Example Let x litres of this liquid be drawn off and replaced with water.
3x
Sea water contains 5% salt by weight .How many kilograms of Quantity of water in the new mixture  3   x litres
7
fresh water must be added to 40 kg of sea water for the salt
content of the solution to be 2%? 4x
Quantity of milk in the new mixture  4  litres
7
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c)65 (d) 70
Ratio of water to milk in the resulting mixture =1:1
Ans: (b)
Solution 3x 4x
3 x  4
7 7
Let the quantity of fresh water to be added be x kg.
Quantity of salt in 40 kg of sea water  40  0.05  2kg 1
 xx 1
7
Total quantity of the solution after adding water  40  x .
8
 x  1.
Percentage of salt in the resultant solution 7
 2/  40  x   100  2(given) 7
x
40  x  100 or x  60. 8
So, the part of the mixture to be drawn off and replaced
So, 60 kg of fresh water should be added.
1 7 1
   .
Aliter: 7 8 8
40 kg
Type 5:
Sea water 5% Fresh water 0%
A variation of type 4 where the process of removing and
replacing is repeated
2%
Solutions to the problems of this type can be worked out quickly
2–0=2 5–2=3 using the following formula.
Sea water 2
By the theory of alligation, 
Fresh water 3
where
40 2
  F.C. - Final Concentration of constituent
Fresh water 3
I.C. - Initial Concentration of constituent
120
Fresh water   60 kg P - Proportion of the quantity taken out and replaced
2
K - Number of repetitions
60 kg of fresh water must be added.

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

Example Application 2

A milkman has in his container 80 litres of pure milk. He sells 8 A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar part of which he sells at 8%
litres to his first customer. After adding 8 litres of water to his profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole.
container, he sells 8 litres to the second customer. Again after The quantity sold at 18% profit is
adding 8 litres of water to the container, he sells 8 litres to the (a) 400 kg (b) 560 kg (c) 600 kg (d) 640 kg
third customer. How many litres of pure milk does the third
Ans: (c)
customer get?
Solution
Solution
Let the quantity sold at 8% profit be x kg and that at 18% profit
In the problem, the initial concentration is 100% since the
be y kg
container contains pure milk. The quantity taken out and
 Profit on x kg = 8% x and profit on y kg = 18% y
replaced is 8 litres and the full quantity is maintained at 80 litres
each time before sale. The process is repeated twice. Profit on (x + y) kg = 14% (x + y)
So, initial concentration = 100% So, we get 8%x + 18%y = 14%(x + y)  6%x = 4%y

 8  Hence, the required ratio of x and y = 4:6

Concentration after first sale  100  1  
 80  Therefore, the quantity sold at 18% profit is 600 kg.

  8   8  Aliter:
Concentration after second sale  100 1     1   
  80   80 

  8 2
 100 1    
  80  
 
2
 100 0.9 = 81%
Hence, the third customer gets 81% of pure milk or
60
80.81  6.48 liters of pure milk.  Quantity sold at 18% profit  1000   600 kg
10
Application 1
Application 3
In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of pulses costing
In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of tea worth Rs.60
Rs.15 and Rs.20 per kg respectively so as to get a mixture worth
a kg and Rs.65 a kg so that by selling the mixture at Rs.68.20 a
Rs.16.50 kg? kg, he may gain 10%?
(a) 2:3 (b)5:1 (c) 7:3 (d) 3:4 (a) 3:2 (b) 3:4 (c) 3:5 (d) 3:7
Ans: (c) Ans: (a)
Solution Solution
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 1 = Rs.15 Selling price of the mixture per kg = Rs.68.20
Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg. Gain = 10%
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 2 = Rs.20 100
 Cost price of the mixture  68.20   Rs.62
Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg 110
Cost of 1 kg pulses of the mixture = Rs.16.50 Cost price of 1 kg of variety 1 = Rs.60
Quantity of the mixture = (x + y) kg Cost price of 1 kg of variety 2 = Rs.65
So, we get 15x + 20y = 16.50 (x + y) Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg
1.50x = 3.50y  x:y = 3.5:1.5 = 7:3 Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg
So, we get 60x + 65y = 62(x + y)  2x = 3y
Aliter:
So, the required ratio = 3:2

Aliter:

Therefore, required ratio = 3.50:1.50 = 7:3.

Therefore, the required ratio = 3:2.

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

Application 4 Applying the principle of alligation,

A vessel is filled with a mixture 3 parts of which are water and 5

parts syrup. How much part of the mixture must be drawn off
and replaced with water so that the final mixture may be half
water and half syrup?
1 1  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 5 6 6 100  x
   6  x  20  4 100  x   x  52
Ans: (c) 4 x  20

Solution Strength of acid in the new mixture = 52%

Let the vessel initially contain 8 litres of mixture. Application 7

Let x litres of this mixture be drawn off and replaced with water.
Ratio of milk and water in one container is 5:1 and that in the
3x other container is 7:2. In what ratio the contents of the two
Quantity of water in the new mixture  3   x litres
8 containers should be mixed so that the quantity of milk in the
resulting mixture may become 80%?
5x
Quantity of syrup in the new mixture  5  litres (a) 3:4 (b) 2:3 (c) 4:3 (d) 2:5
8
Ans: (b)
3x 5x
3   x  5 Solution
8 8
Let the contents of the two containers be added in the ratio x:y
8
 5x  24  40  5x  10x  16  x  . 5 7
5  Quantity of milk in the new mixture  x y
6 9
So, the part of the mixture drawn off and replaced with water  Percentage of milk in the new mixture
8 1 1
   . 5 7
5 8 5 x y
 6 9  100  45x  42y  100  80% given
xy 54  x  y 
Application 5

A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container, 4 45x  42y5  454x  y
litres of milk were taken out and replaced with water. This  x : y  2:3
process was repeated further two times. How much milk is now The contents of the two containers should be mixed in the ratio 2:3.
contained by the container?
Application 8
(a) 26.34 litres (b) 27.36 litres
(c) 28 litres (d) 29.16 litres Two alloys contain zinc and copper in the ratio of 2:1 and 4:1
respectively. In what ratio the two alloys should be melted to get
Ans: (d)
a new alloy having zinc and copper in the ratio 3:1?
Solution
(a) 3:5 (b) 3:7 (c) 4:7 (d) 7:5
k
Applying the formula, F.C.  I.C.  1  9 Ans: (a)

amount of milk left after 3 repetitions Solution

3
Let the two alloys be mixed in the ratio x:y.
 4 
 40  1   litres 2 4
 40  Quantity of zinc in the new alloy  x  y
3 5
9 9 9  Percentage of zinc
 40     29.16 litres.
10 10 10
2 4
x y
Application 6 3 5  100  10x  12y  100 … (1)
xy 15  x  y 
Four litres of 100% pure sulphuric acid is added to six litres of 20%
Ratio of zinc and copper in the new alloy = 3:1
sulphuric acid. What is the strength of the acid in the new mixture?
3
(a) 48% (b) 42% (c) 52% (d)51%  Percentage of zinc in the new alloy   100 … (2)
31
Ans: (c)
From (1) and (2),
Solution
10x  12y 3
Let the strength of the acid in the new mixture be x%.   x : y  3:5
15  x  y  4

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Application 9 GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS

In what ratio must a person mix three kinds of solution costing • Mixing 80% milk solution and 90% milk solution does
Rs.12, Rs.14.40 and Rs.17.40 per kilogram so that the mixture not always result in a 85% milk solution - this is possible
may be worth Rs.14.10 per kilogram? only if equal quantities are mixed.
(a) 11:77:7 (b) 11:17:7 (c) 11:7:77 (d) 13:11:77 • In 20 litres of milk solution, milk and water are in the
Ans: (a) ratio 3:2. When 10 litres of water added to the solution,
the ratio becomes 2:3, but not at 3:2.
Solution
• In 10 litres of mango juice, milk and mango are in the
Let the ratio in which the three kinds of solution are to be mixed
ratio 1:2. Then every drop of the 10 litres will bear the
be x:y:z. Applying first the principle of alligation to the 1st and
same ratio.
2nd kinds and then to the 1st and 3rd kinds, we get
• In case of solid mixtures, the ingredients should be
powdered and mixed so that they become
homogeneous. Then only
each and every part of the
mixture will bear the same ratio.
TWI QUESTIONS

1. How many kgs of Basmati rice costing Rs.42/kg should a

x 14.40  14.10 0.30 1 shopkeeper mix with 25 kgs of ordinary rice costing Rs.24
  
y 14.40  12.00 2.10 7 per kg so that he makes a profit of 25% on selling the
mixture at Rs.40/kg?
x 17.40  14.10 3.30 11
and   
z 14.10  12.00 2.10 7 2. A zookeeper counted the heads of the animals in a zoo
 1st:2nd = 1:7 and found it to be 80. When he counted the legs of the
animals he found it to be 260. If the zoo had only pigeons
1st:3rd = 11:7
and horses, how many horses were there in the zoo?
 Combined ratio 1st:2nd:3rd = 11:77:7
3. How many litres of a 12 litre mixture containing milk and
Application 10 water in the ratio of 2:3 are to be replaced with pure milk
A vessel contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio so that the resultant mixture contains milk and water in
7:5. When 9 litres of mixture are drawn off and the flask is filled equal proportions?
with liquid B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7:9. 4. The milk and water in two vessels A and B are in the ratio
How many litres of liquid A was present initially in the flask? 4:3 and 2:3 respectively. In what ratio the liquids in the
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 24 (d) 21 two vessels be mixed to obtain a new mixture in vessel C
consisting half milk and half water?
Ans: (d)
Solution 5. A goldsmith has two qualities of gold, one of 10 carat and
the other of 15 carat purity. In what proportion should he
Let the volume of the vessel be a litres. mix both to make an ornament of 12 carat purity?
7 PRACTICE EXERCISE
Initial Concentration of liquid A 
12
1. In what ratio two varieties of milk costing Rs.8 and Rs.9
7
Final Concentration of liquid A  per litre respectively are to be mixed, so that the mixture
16
costs Rs.8.30 per litre?
Applying the formula,
(a) 9:8 (b) 7:3 (c) 3:7 (d) 8:9
Final Concentration(FC)
Initial Concentration(IC) 2. How many litres of pure alcohol should be added to 10
litres of a 30% alcohol solution to make it a 44% alcohol
Initial Volume  Volume of mixture taken out and replaced solution?

Initial Volume
(a) 7.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 5.0 (d) 2.5
7
3. A grocer bought two kinds of rice at Rs.38 and Rs.32 per
16 a  9 12 a  9
     a  36 litres kg respectively. In what ratio should these be mixed, so
7 a 16 a
12 that by selling the mixture at Rs.42.5 per kg, 25% may be
gained?
7
 liquid A in the vessel  36   21 litres (a) 2:1 (b) 3:2 (c) 3:4 (d) 1:2
12

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4. In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. If 13. Two glasses are filled with a solution of water and spirit.
the ratio of the milk to water is to be 1:2, then the amount In the first glass, the volume of water is thrice the volume
of water to be added is of spirit, while in the second glass the volume of spirit is
(a) 20 litres (b) 30 litres twice the volume of water. The contents of the two glasses
(c) 40 litres (d) 60 litres are emptied into a third glass of capacity 15 litres, so that
it contains an equal amount of spirit and water. What is
5. A trader mixes ‘Ariel’ detergent costing Rs.64 per kg with
the volume (in litres) of the solution taken from the
‘Surf Excel’ which costs Rs.76 per kg in the ratio 1:3. If the
cost of ‘Surf excel’ drops to Rs.74 per kg, then in what second glass?
ratio should he mix the two to leave the cost of mixture (a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) None of these
unchanged?
Directions for Q14 and Q15:
(a) 1:9 (b) 1:8 (c) 9:1 (d) None of these
Answer (a) if statement I alone is sufficient to answer the
6. A milkman dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. The question but statement 2 alone is not sufficient to answer the
percentage of milk in the solution is now 80%. How many question;
litres of water did he add?
Answer (b) if statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 36
question but statement 1 alone is not sufficient to answer the
7. From a vessel containing only milk, 5 litres are drawn and question;
replaced with water. This action is repeated once more Answer (c) if statements I and II together are sufficient to
(i.e. 5 litres of the mixture are drawn and replaced with
answer the question but neither statement alone is sufficient to
water). The ratio of milk to water now is 36:13. How
answer the question;
many litres of solution does the vessel hold?
Answer (d) if each statement alone is sufficient to answer the
(a) 35 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) None of these
question;
8. A vessel contains wine solution, wine and water being in Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are sufficient to
the ratio 4:1. How many litres of water should be added to
answer the question and additional data specific to the problem
this solution so that the ratio of wine to water becomes
are needed.
3:2 in the resultant solution of 100 litres?
(a) 25 (b) 9 (c) 23 (d) None of these 14. What is the ratio of the gold added to the gold present in
the alloy originally?
9. The cost price of three kinds of sugar is Rs.5, Rs.6 and
Rs.6.80 per bag respectively. In what ratio should they be I. In an alloy, the ratio of gold and tin present is 5:3.
mixed so that the price of the mixture is Rs.6.50 per bag? II. By adding certain quantity of gold, the ratio becomes
(a) 1:3:10 (b) 1:10:3 (c) 1:2:3 (d) None of these 2:1.

10. Two vessels contain a litre each of kerosene and petrol. 15. A cowboy dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. How many
100 ml of kerosene is added to the vessel containing litres of water did he add?
petrol. Now, 100ml from the vessel originally containing
I. After adding water, percentage of milk in the solution
only petrol is poured back into the vessel originally
is 80%.
containing only kerosene. Then, the fraction of kerosene
in petrol is same as the fraction of petrol in kerosene. II. Cost of milk is Rs.15 per litre
State whether the above statement is true or false.
SIMPLE EQUATION BASED PROBLEMS
(a) True (b) False
(c) Cannot say (d) None of these WORD PROBLEMS

11. A grocer mixes 38 kg of rice that cost him Rs.8 per kg with PRACTICE EXERCISE
42 kg of rice that cost him Rs.12.50 per kg. He sells the
1. There are 3 societies A, B, C having some tractors each.
mixture at Rs.11.25 per kg. Find his gain or loss
percentage. A gives B and C as many tractors as they already have.
(a) 8.05% (b) 7% After a few days B gives A and C as many tractors as they
(c) 7.05% (d) None of these have.
After a few more days C gives A and B as many tractors as
12. A can contains 200 litres of pure spirit. From this can, 20
they have.
litres of spirit is removed and replaced with water. This
process is repeated two more times. Find the Finally, each society has 24 tractors. What is the original
concentration of spirit in the resultant solution. No. of tractors each had in the beginning?
(a) 72.9% (b) 70.9% (a) A-39, B-21, C-12 (b) A-49, B-21, C-12
(c) 52.9% (d) None of these (c) A-39, B-26, C-12 (d) A-29, B-21, C-11

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2. 24 apples were divided among 3 brothers. Each of them 8. If the number of insects on the roof, on day 1 is 63, then
got the same No of apples as their age 3 years ago. The the number of insects that are killed on the fourth day is
youngest of them kept half of his share and divided the (a) 72 (b) 63 (c) 50 (d) 55
rest of them equally between other two. The other two
did the same thing. They all ended up with 8 apples each. 9. The minimum number of insects that he kills on any of the
Determine their ages. last three days is
(a) 8, 12, 16 (b) 9, 12, 15 (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) 1
(c) 7, 10, 16 (d) 5, 10, 15
10. The minimum number of insects that he left on day 1 is
Directions for Q3 and Q4: The cost of fuel for running the (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) 1
engine of an army tank is proportional to the square of the
speed and is Rs.64 per hour for a speed of 16 kmph. Other costs 11. Three persons Suresh, Devesh and Prashant were born on
amount to Rs.400 per hour. The tank has to make a journey of different days in the same year. If the date and month of
400 km at a constant speed. birth of Suresh, Devesh and Prashant are numerically
3. The most economical speed for this January is equal, then what could be the minimum difference in the
ages of youngest and oldest in days?
(a) 20 kmph (b) 30 kmph
(c) 35 kmph (d) 40 kmph (a) 61 (b) 57 (c) 60 (d) 70

4. The total cost for the journey at this most economical 12. In a green view apartment, the houses of a row are
speed is numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Assuming that
(a) 8000 (b) 10000 there is a value of 'x' such that the sum of the numbers of
the houses preceding the house numbered 'x' is equal to
(c) 12000 (d) 14000
the sum of the numbers of the houses following it. Then,
5. Abhishek had a certain number of Rs.1 coins, Rs.2 coins what will be the value of 'x'?
and Rs.10 coins. If the number of Rs.1 coins he had is six
(a) 35 (b) 49 (c) 17 (d) 20
times the number of Rs.2 coins Abhishek had, and the
total worth of his coins is Rs 160, find the maximum 13. In a cricket match, Team A scored 232 runs without losing
number of Rs.10 coins Abhishek could have had. a wicket. The score consisted of byes, wides and runs
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 10 scored by two opening batsmen: Raj and Shyam. The runs
scored by the two batsmen are 26 times wides. There are
6. In a family of husband, wife and a daughter, the sum of the
8 more byes than wides. If the ratio of the runs scored by
husband’s age, twice the wife’s age, and thrice the
daughter’s age is 85; while the sum of twice the husband’s Raj and Shyam is 6:7, then the runs scored by Raj is
age, four times the wife’s age, and six times the daughter’s (a) 40 (b) 70 (c) 50 (d) 10
age is 170. It is also given that the sum of five times the
husband’s age, ten times the wife’s age and fifteen times 14. A and B collect fruits from some trees such that A picks 4
the daughter’s age equals 450. The number of possible from each tree while B picks 3 from each tree and the
solutions, in terms of the ages of the husband, wife and number of trees that B used is 4 more than that of A. If A
the daughter, to this problem is and B have equal number of fruits then what will be the
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) many total number of fruits in their collection?
(a) 40 (b) 70 (c) 50 (d) 96
7. The currencies in countries X and Y are denoted by
Xs. and Ys. respectively. The exchange rate in 1990 was 15. The time taken by a hose to fill up a cistern is less than the
1 Xs. = 0.6 Ys. The price level in 2006 in X and Y are 150 time taken by another hose used for the same purpose by
and 400 respectively with 1990 as a base of 100. The 6 minutes. If 1st one is 5/2 times faster than the second,
exchange rate in 2006, based solely on this purchasing What is the time taken (minutes) by the 1st hose to fill
power parity consideration, is 1 Xs.=
up?
(a) 1.6 Ys (b) 0.8 Ys (c) 2 Ys (d) 1.2 Ys
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 1
Directions for Q8 to Q10: A boy is roaming on the roof of his
16. Village A has a population of 6,800, which is decreasing at
house observes that insects are there in bunches. He found 'p'
insects on day 1. On day two, the number of insects doubled and a rate of 120 per year. Village B has a population of 4, 200,
he takes out 'q' insects and kills them. On the third day again, the which is increasing at a rate of 80 per year. In how many
insects left have doubled and he again takes out 'q' insects and years will the population of the two villages be equal?
kills them. On the fourth day also he found the same, insects left (a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 16
have doubled and he takes out 'q' insects again. He is surprised
to find that there are no insects left on his roof.

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17. The number of blues was two more than the total number 1. If the present age of ‘A’ is ‘x’ years, then
of reds and greens. Three times the number of reds added ‘n’ years ago  Age of ‘A’ was (x – n) years.
to twice the number of greens was twice the number of
‘n’ years after  Age of ‘A’ will be (x + n) years.
blues. If there were 22 total, how many were there of each
colour (red, green and blue)? 2. In general, at the starting of the solution we have to
(a) 4, 6, 12 (b) 6, 4, 12 assume the present age of one person. It is better to
assume the present age as ‘x’ years.
(c) 8, 2, 12 (d) None of these
3. It is advisable to assume the age of the younger person as
18. Ram and Mohan are friends. Each has some money. If Ram ‘x’ years.
gives Rs.30 to Mohan, then Mohan will have twice the 4. If the present age ‘A’ and ‘B’ are ‘x’ and ‘y’ years
money left with Ram. But, if Mohan gives Rs.10 to Ram, respectively, then ‘n’ years ago  Age of ‘A’ and ‘B’ were
then Ram will have thrice as much as is left with Mohan.
(x – n) and (y – n) years respectively.
How much money does each have?
‘n’ years after  Age of ‘A’ and ‘B’ will be (x + n) and (y +
(a) Rs.62, Rs.34 (b) Rs.6, Rs.2
n) years respectively.
(c) Rs.170, Rs.124 (d) Rs.43, Rs.26
5. The age difference between you and your friend is let’s
19. A lady went to the market with a few one-rupee notes and a suppose 6 years. And after 10 or 15 years, this will be
few 20-paise coins. When she returned, she had as many same, because clock will run equally for all.
one-rupee notes as she originally had 20-paise coins and
vice versa. She actually came back with about one-third of Why should I learn:
what she had gone with. How much does she spend in the  ‘Problems on ages’ is an important topic in quantitative
market? exams which is very essential in bank exam. It is based on
(a) Rs.14.40 (b) Rs.14.70 algebra equation solving
(c) Rs.15.50 (d) Rs.17.40  Algebra is a very powerful branch of Mathematics. It
provides solution to real–world problems. It helps in
20. Ramesh has two examinations on Wednesday - transforming word problems into mathematical
Engineering Mathematics in the morning and Engineering expressions in the form of equations using variables to
Drawing in the afternoon. He has a fixed amount of time denote unknown quantities or parameters thus providing
to read the textbooks of both these subjects on Tuesday.
numerous techniques to solve these mathematical
During this time he can read 80 pages of Engineering
equations and hence, determining the answer to the
Mathematics and 100 pages of Engineering Drawing.
problem.
Alternatively, he can also read 50 pages of Engineering
Mathematics and 250 pages of Engineering Drawing.  In CAT you will be getting very tricky problems and there
Assume that the amount of time it takes to read one page would be multiple instances where you have to make use
of the textbook of either subject is constant. Ramesh is of linear equations to find the solution of the problem. So,
confident about Engineering Drawing and wants to to successfully apply linear equations, we first need to
devote full time in reading Engineering Mathematics. The learn to translate aptly the word problem into them.
number of Engineering Mathematics text book pages he
Example 1
can read on Tuesday is
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 200 (d) 175 The present age of the mother is 5 times the age of her son. Five
years ago, the age of the mother was ten times the age of her son
PROBLEMS ON AGES at that time. How old is the mother at present?
(a) 45 years (b) 40 years
Problems on ages can be categorized into three types, i.e.
(c) 48 years (d) 49 years
questions based on calculating the present age, questions to
determine the age of person after k years and questions to (e) None of these
calculate the age of a person before k years. These three types Ans: [a]
may cover cases of various types with different combinations of
REGULAR METHOD TO SOLVE AGE PROBLEM
ratios, fractions etc.
Step 1:
Let us assume mother’s present age as M.
Let us assume the present age of the son to be as S.
Step 2:
As mentioned in the question, the present age of the mother is 5
times the age of son
M=5  S ... (i)

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Step 3:  K – 8 = 4/3 (V – 8) and K + 8 = 6/5 (V + 8)

Now an equation now  3/4(K – 8) = V – 8 and 5/6(K + 8) = V + 8
(M – 5) = 10 (S – 5) ...(ii) V = 3/4 (K – 8) + 8 = 5/6 (K + 8) – 8
Step 4:  3/4 K – 6 + 8 = 5/6 K + 20/3 – 8
M – 5 = 10S – 50
 10 – 20/3 = 10/12 K – 9/12 K
5S – 5 = 10S – 50 (Applying equation (i))
 10/3 = K/12  K = 40.
5S = 45
S =9 Example 4
F = 9 x 5 = 45 When Vijay was born, his mother was 32 years older than his
SMART METHOD TO SOLVE AGE PROBLEMS cousin brother whose mother was 25 years older than Vijay’s
sister. If Vijay's brother is 6 years older than Vijay and the
Step 1:
brother’s mother is 3 years younger than Vijay’s mother, how
To solve this question using the smart method, we need to old was Vijay's sister when Vijay was born?
understand the question carefully. (a) 6 years (b) 8 years (c) 10 years (d) 12 years
As mentioned in the question that the mother’s age is 5 times Ans: [c]
the age of son, we can clearly make out that the mother’s age
Vijay age when he was born = 0 years
should be a multiple of 5.
=> His cousin brother's age = 6 years
By this, we can easily eliminate the options which are not the
multiples of 5. => Vijay’s mother's age = brother age + 32 years = 6 + 32 = 38

Therefore, option 3 and option 4 are eliminated. => Brother’s mother's age = 38 – 3 = 35

Step 2: So Vijay’s sister's age = 35 – 25 = 10 years.

Now we take the second condition into consideration and check Example 5
which option satisfies the condition.
On a women’s tombstone, it is said that one sixth of her life was
Option 1: 45 years. spent in childhood and one twelfth as a teenager. One seventh of
If the mother’s present age is 45 then the son’s age would be 9, her life passed between the time she became adult and the time
since the mother is 5 times the son’s age. she married; five years later, her son was born. Siva, her son,
died four years before she did. She lived to be twice as old as her
Now, five years ago mother’s age would be 40 and son’s age
son did. How old did the women live to be?
would be 4.
Let the woman live to be x years and her son live to be y years.
Hence, the second statement states that 5 years ago mother’s
age was 10 times the age of the son.  x/6 + x/12 + x/7 + 5 + y + 4 = x ... (1)
As, 40 = 10 x 4; option 1 satisfies both the condition. x = 2y ... (2)
Therefore the mother’s present age is 45. Solving (1) and (2),

Example 2 x = 84

The total age of P and Q is 25 years more than the total age of Q The woman lived to be 84 years.
and R. R is how many years younger than P?
PRACTICE EXERCISE
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
1. The ratio of Abhishek’s age 4 years ago and Salman’s age
Ans: [b]
after 4 years is 1 : 1. If at present, the ratio of their ages is
Given that P + Q = 12 + Q + R
5 : 3, then find the ratio between Abhishek’s age 4 years
=> P – R = 25 + Q – Q = 25 hence and Salman’s age 4 years ago.
=> R is younger than P by 12 years (a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
Example 3 2. 4 years ago, sister’s age was 6 times the age of her brother
Eight years ago, Krishna’s age was 4/3 times that of Vishal. Eight and the sum of the present ages of the sister and the
years hence, Krishna's age will be 6/5 times that of Vishal. What brother is 29 years. What will be the age of her brother
is the present age of Krishna? after 5 years?
(a) 41 yrs (b) 40 yrs (c) 37 yrs (d) 33 yrs
(a) 12 years (b) 13.5 years
Ans: [b]
(c) 15 years (d) 20 years
Let the present ages of Krishna and Vishal be 'K' and 'V' years
respectively.

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3. Father is 3 times more aged than his son. If after 5 years, 2

12. Peter’s current age is th of the age of his father. After 8
he would be 3 times of son’s age, then further after 5 5
years, how many times he would be of his son’s age? 1
years, he will be of the age of his father. What is the age
(a) 1 (½) times (b) 2 times 2
(c) 2.5 times (d) 3 times of the father at present?
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 33 (d) 30
4. Paviesh is 15 years older than Mohan. If 5 years ago,
Paviesh was 3 times as old as Mohan, then find Paviesh's 13. The age of a person is ten times the total age of his 2
present age. daughters. 0.5 decade hence, his age will be five times the
(a) 32.5 years (b) 27.5 years total age of his daughters. Then what is the father’s
(c) 25 years (d) 24.9 years current age? [0.5 Decades = 5 Years]
(a) 55 years (b) 80 years
5. What is Akshay's present age, if after 20 years his age will
be 10 times his age 10 years back? (c) 90 years (d) 87 years
(a) 6.2 years (b) 7.7 years 14. 0.1 decade ago, Vimala was quadrice as old as her
(c) 13.3 years (d) 10 years daughter Sasi. 0.6 decades hence, Vimala’s age will beat
6. The ratio of Sachin’s age 4 years ago and Dravid’s age her daughter’s age by 0.9 decades. The proportion of the
after 4 years is 1: 1. Presently, the ratio of their ages is 5: current ages of Vimala and Sasi is [0.1 Decades = 1 Year;
3. Find the ratio between Sachin’s age 4 years hence and quadrice = 4 times]
Dravid’s age 4 years ago. (a) 8:1 (b) 10:2 (c) 11:4 (d) 13:4
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
15. The ratio of Kishore’s and Kaviya’s age is 4: 5. If the
7. Six years ago Aditi was P times as old as Bhema was. If difference between the present age of Kaviya and the age
Aditi is now 17 years old, how old is Bhema now in terms of Kishore 5 years hence is 3 years, then what is the total
of P? of the present age of Kishore and Kaviya?
(a) 11/P + 6 years (b) P/11 +6 years
(a) 56 years (b) 62 years
(c) 17 – P/6 years (d) 17/P years
(c) 69 years (d) 72 years
8. Sum of present ages of Pooja and Quincy is 41. Age of
16. The average of the ages of W, X and Y is 43 years and the
Pooja 2 year hence is equal to age of Riya 1 year ago. Age
average of the ages of W, Y and Z is 49 years. If Z is 54
of Pooja, 4 year hence is equal to age of Quincy 1 year ago
and ratio of present age of Pooja and Sruthi is 3 : 4. Find years old, what is the age of X?
the difference of age of Riya and Sruthi. (a) 48 yrs (b) 42 yrs (c) 40 yrs (d) 36 yrs
(a) 2 years (b) 3 years (c) 4 years (d) 5 years 17. Dileep is twice more than the age of Rohini. After 10
9. The average age of Vijay and Paviu is 24 years. If a new years, he would be twice the age of Rohini. After 30 years,
person Uma is also included, the average age increases by how many times would he be of Rohini’s age?
1.5 years. What is the age of Uma? (a) 2.5 times (b) 1.5 times
(a) 28.5 years (b) 29.5 years (c) 2 times (d) 3 times
(c) 30.5 years (d) 27 years
18. Joseph is six years older than Sangeetha. 30 years ago, the
10. Arun's present age is 9 years more than that of what difference between thrice Joseph’s age and four times
Pavi's age will be after five years. Pavi's present age is Sangeetha's age was 6.They got married when Sangeetha
seven years more than that of what Vino's age was 4 years was 22 years old. How old would they be when they
ago. Vino's present age is 19 years. What will be Arun's celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary?
age after 5 years? (a) 74, 80 (b) 68, 74
(a) 39 yrs (b) 36 yrs (c) 46 yrs (d) 41 yrs (c) 70, 76 (d) 78, 72

11. Mr. Anand got married 12 years ago to Priya and she 19. A father has a daughter and a son. The son is four years
became the 7th member of the family. Today his mother older than the daughter. In two years, the father will be
died and Mrs. Priya gave birth to a girl baby. The average seven times as old as the daughter is now. In ten years the
age of Anand’s family at the time of his marriage was the father will be fourteen years older than the combined
same as of today. What is the age of his mother when she ages of his children. Find the present age of the father.
died?
(a) 32 years (b) 40 years
(a) 60 (b) 72 (c) 84 (d) 54
(c) 25 years (d) 50 years

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20. Father’s age is twice more than his son’s age. After 6 28. Mr. Nagaraj got married 12 years ago to Parvathy and she
years, father’s age will be rd of his son's age. How many became 7th member of the family. Today his mother died
and Mrs. Parvathy gave birth to a girl baby. The average age
times would his age be of his son's age after 12 years?
of Nagaraj’s family at the time of his marriage is the same as
(a) Twice (b) Two and half times
of today. What is the age of his mother when she died?
(c) Thrice (d) One and half times
(a) 60 years (b) 72 years
21. Three sisters Rina, Meena and Tina whose ages are in the (c) 84 years (d) 54 years
ratio 7:4:3, had to divide the total of 770 pearls among
them in the ratio of their ages. How many pearls did Tina 29. The sum of present ages of father and son is 55 years. If
the father is to live another year’s equal to present age of
get?
son, then the sum of their ages will be 93 years. Find the
(a) 330 (b) 75 (c) 144 (d) 165
present ages of father and son respectively (in years)?
22. Twice the age of the eldest child in a family is just 6 years (a) 38, 20 (b) 36, 19 (c) 37, 20 (d) 32, 18
short of thrice the age of the youngest child. Twice the age
of the youngest child exceeds the age of the eldest child by 30. In January of the year 2000, I was one more than eleven
times as old as my son William. In January of 2009, I was
19 years. By how many years is the youngest child
seven more than three times as old as him. How old was
younger than the eldest child?
my son in January of 2000 (in years)?
(a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 16
(a) 5 years (b) 4 years
23. The average age of 10 lecturers of a department is the (c) 3 years (d) 6 years
same as it was 5 years ago, because a lecturer has been
replaced by another lecturer. What is the age of the 31. A says to B, “I am twice as old as you were, when I was as
lecturer who left the department? old as you are”. The sum of their present ages is 63 years,
what are the present ages (in years) of A and B
(a) 50 yrs (b) 55 yrs
respectively?
(c) 60 yrs (d) Cannot say
(a) 36, 27 (b) 35, 25 (c) 35, 27 (d) 38, 24
24. Sampath is as much as younger to Vamsi as he is older to
32. Father is aged three times more than his son Sunil. After
Rakesh. If the sum of ages of Vamsi and Rakesh is 56, how
8 years, he would be two and a half times of Sunil's age.
old is Sampath now?
After further 8 years, how many times would he be of
(a) 28 years (b) 26 years
Sunil's age?
(c) 24 years (d) 25 years
(a) 4 times (b) 3 times
25. Jerry went to get his driving license. When asked his age, (c) 2 times (d) None of these
he said “My age today is three times what it will be three
33. Aftab tells his daughter “Seven years ago, I was 7 times as
years from now minus three times what my age was three
old as you were then. Also, three years from now, I shall
years ago”. How old is Jerry?
be three times as old as you will be”. Find the present ages
(a) 22 years (b) 21 years
of Aftab and his daughter (in years)?
(c) 18 years (d) 20 years
(a) 42, 12 (b) 40, 10 (c) 45, 12 (d) 41, 10
26. A man has a daughter and a son. The son is 3 years older
34. Ravi is three years older than Vimala. When they got
than the daughter. In 1 year, the man will be 6 times as
married 40 years ago, the difference of twice Ravi age
old as daughter is now. In ten years, man will be 14 years
from thrice Vimala’s age was 16 years. How old will each
older than the combined age of children at that time. What
of them be when they celebrate their golden anniversary
is man’s present age?
(50th year) (in years)?
(a) 42 years (b) 41 years
(a) 75, 72 (b) 70, 68 (c) 74, 72 (d) 74, 69
(c) 44 years (d) 45 years
35. Nitin’s age was equal to square of some number last year
27. Three times the age of my father added to seven times the and the following year it would be cube of a number. If
age of my sister is 183 years. Six times the difference of again Nitin’s age has to the cube of some number, then for
their ages added to 9 years is three times the sum of the how long he will have to wait?
ages. Determine the sister’s present age.
(a) 16 years (b) 30 years
(a) 12 years (b) 10 years
(c) 38 years (d) 64 years
(c) 16 years (d) 18 years

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36. The present age of a father is 3 years more than three Like this, percentages are used frequently in all walks of life.
times the age of son. Three years later, father’s age will be "30% increase in fuel prices this winter", "20% off all shoes",
10 years more than twice the age of son. Find the present "79% of people in UK have an Internet connection", "50% extra
age of father? free".
(a) 33 years (b) 28 years In one recent study…51% of adults could not calculate a 10% tip
(c) 34 years (d) 30 years on a lunch bill.

37. In three more years, Arun’s grandfather will be six times Why should I learn This Topic?
as old as Arun was last year. When Arun’s present age is Percentages are used in two main ways in everyday life:
added to his grandfather’s present age, the total is 68.
How old is Arun’s grandfather? 1. As operators

(a) 57 years (b) 60 years In many real life situations you find a percentage of an amount.
For example, if you buy something at 30% discount you pay
(c) 63 years (d) 68 years
70% of the usual price.
38. A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. The 70% operates on the usual price, e.g. 70% of Rs.60 is Rs.42.
total of the ages of A, B and C is 27. How old is B?
2. As proportions
(a) 10 years (b) 9 years
(c) 8 years (d) 7 years Percentages are often used to compare two or more
proportions. For example, to compare two shooters in a netball
39. I am three times as old as my son. Five years later, I shall be game, you might convert the statistics into percentages.
two and half times as old as my son. How old is my son? Selma gets 32 out of 40 shots and so her shooting percentage is
(a) 10 years (b) 15 years 80%.
(c) 12 years (d) 8 years Niki gets 33 out of 44 shots and so her percentage is 75%.
40. Sobha’s father was 38 years of age when she was born How to find percentage:
while her mother was 36 years old when her brother four
As we have already learnt, percentages are ways of dividing the
years younger to her was born. What is the difference
whole into 100 equal parts. The whole can be anything, an
between the ages of her parents?
amount of money, a period of time, your body weight – the
(a) 6 years (b) 5 years whole is simply the whole amount of something or 100%.
(c) 4 years (d) 3 years
1 % of £500 is, therefore, £500 ÷ 100. That is £5. 1% of £500 = £5.
PERCENTAGES Once you have worked out what 1% is equal to, you can multiply
it by the percentage you are looking for, in this case 20%. So £5 ×
DEFINITION: 20 = £100. Therefore 20% of £500 = £100. The laptop computer
The term ‘per cent’ means one out of a hundred. In Mathematics will therefore cost £500 – 20% which is £500 – £100 = £400.
percentages are used to describe parts of a whole – the whole The easy way to work out 1% of any number:
being made up of a hundred equal parts.
1% is the whole (whatever that may be) divided by 100. When
Percentage is a concept evolved so that there can be a uniform we divide something by 100, we simply move the place values
platform for comparison of various things. (Since each value is two columns to the right,
taken to a common platform of 100) Once you have mastered dividing by 100 to work out 1% of the
For example, whole, the relevant questions can be answered as per following
steps.
To compare three different students depending on the marks
1. Find your whole value and the number that you want to
they scored, we cannot directly compare their marks until we
turn into a percentage.
know the maximum marks for which they took the test. But by
calculating the percentages, they can directly be compared with 2. Turn the two numbers into a fraction.
one another.
3. Place the number you want to turn into a percentage over
There are lots of reasons why you may want to find the the whole value.
percentage of a number. Let's suppose that you want to buy a
4. Convert the fraction into a decimal.
new laptop computer for £500 – you have checked with the
suppliers and one company has offered to give you 20% off the 5. Multiply the decimal by 100 to get the percent.
price. How much will the laptop cost taking into account the
6. Use the percent as your answer.
discount offered?

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PERCENTAGES – FRACTIONS CONVERSIONS Example: 3

For faster calculations we can convert the percentages or Find 49% of 70.
decimal equivalents into their respective fraction notations. The Solution:
following is a table showing the conversion of percentages and 50% of 70 = 35
decimals into fractions: 1% of 70 = 0.7
FRACTIONS PERCENTAGE (%) So 49% of 70 = 50% – 1% => 35 – 0.7 = 34.3
1 100 Example 4:
1/2 50 Find 33.33% of 60.
1/3 33.33 Solution:
1/4 25 We know that fraction value of 33.33% is 1/3.
Applying, we get, 1/3 of 60 = 20
1/5 20
1/6 16.66 Example 5:

1/7 14.28 Find 120 % of 50.

Solution:
1/8 12.5
120 % of 50 = 50% of 120
1/9 11.11
Finding 50% of 120, we get 60.
1/10 10
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Finding 100%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% of any value helps
1. Find 62.5% of 160.
to find the given percentage easily.
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 120 (d) 200
PROPERTIES OF PERCENTAGE:
2. Find 166.66% of 1200.
a) X% of y = y% of x (a) 1000 (b) 2000 (c) 1500 (d) 2100
(x/100) * y = (y/100) * x 3. If 40% of a = b, then b% of 40 is the same as:
b) X as a % of y y as a % of x (a) 33.33% of a (b) 16 % of a
(c) 40% of a (d) a% of b
a a
y  x
100 100 4. Orange fruit contains 68% water and the dry fruit
contains 15% water. How much dry fruit will be
Example 1: equivalent to 15 kg of oranges?
Find 100%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% of 80. (a) 34 kg (b) 15 kg (c) 68 kg (d) 100 kg
Solution:
5. Hari spends 45% of his income on food, 25% on children's
100% = 80 education and 80% of the remaining on house rent. What
50% = 40 percent of his income he is left with?
10% = 8 (a) 5% (b) 6% (c) 8.25% (d) 10%
5% = 4
6. 72% of 180 + 24 % of 210 – x = 420
1% = 0.8 (a) – 240 (b) – 244.8 (c) – 278 (d) – 120
0.5% = 0.4
7. A bag contains 400 coins of 25 p denomination and 600
Example 2: coins of 50 p denomination. If 24% of 25 p coins and 12%
Find 52% of 60. of 50 p coins are removed, the percentage of coins
removed from the bag is nearly:
Solution:
(a) 15.2 (b) 36% (c) 16.8% (d) 25%
50% of 60 = 30
1% of 60 = 0.6 8. A bag contains 400 coins of 25 p denomination and 600
coins of 50 p denomination. If 24% of 25 p coins and 12%
So 2% of 60 = 1.2
of 50 p coins are removed, the percentage of money
Hence, 52% can be written as 50% + 2% => 30 + 1.2 = 31.2
removed from the bag is nearly:
(a) 16% (b) 15% (c) 14% (d) 36%

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9. In some quantity of milk, 60% is pure milk and 40% is 20. How many votes are not valid?
water. If 10 litres of pure milk is added, then the (a) 100 (b) 205 (c) 185 (d) 195
concentration of water becomes 20%. The original
SUCCESSIVE PERCENTAGES:
quantity was:
[

(a) 5 litres (b) 15 litres If a value is increased by some percentage and decreased by
(c) 10 litres (d) 20 litres some percentage subsequently or vice–versa then it is known as
successive percentages or percentage increase or decrease.
Directions for Q10 and Q11: George spends 10 % of his
You can use the formula for effective percentage change in case
income on travel, 25% on food, 20% on house rent and 15% on
of successive percentage changes of a% and b% is (a + b +
medical and he is left with Rs.594/–.
ab/100)
10. What is his income? Note: Please keep in mind the +/– sign while using the formula.
(a) 2010 (b) 1980 (c) 1680 (d) 1800 + sign is used to increase the price amount in case of tax, GST
etc. and – sign is used to decrease the price amount in case of
11. What is the amount spent on medical expenses?
discount offers.
(a) 297 (b) 300 (c) 500 (d) 420
PRODUCT CONSTANCY:
12. 79% of 8400 + 66.66% of 4800 = 120% of 7200 + x% of
Petrol/Diesel price is regularly hiked. But we are not affected as
4784. What is the value of x?
we always fill for 100 Rupees.
(a) 33.33 (b) 25 (c) 11.11 (d) 20
Formula:
13. In a town of total population, 40% are educated and the
remaining are uneducated. 35% educated are employed If Z = XY, where X and Y are the price and quantity of an object
and Z is the total expenditure and if there is p% increase in X (or
and 45% uneducated are unemployed. What is the total
Y) then Y (or X) should decrease by p/(100 + p) x 100 to keep Z
percentage of people who are employed?
constant.
(a) 55% (b) 58% (c) 49% (d) 47%
If there is p% decrease in X(or Y) then Y (or X) should increase
Directions for Q14 to Q16: A school is conducting exams for by p/(100 – p) x 100 to keep Z constant.
Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and English and the maximum
marks are 120, 150, 125 and 75 respectively. A student scored Example 1:
65% in Physics, 78% in Chemistry, 84% in Mathematics and The price of a bokeh flower increases from Rs.5 to Rs.7. What
totally he scored 354 marks. percentage increase is this?
14. What is the percentage of marks secured by him in (a) 40% (b) 20% (c) 35% (d) 50%
English? Ans: [a]
(a) 66.67% (b) 54% (c) 72% (d) 68% Percentage increase = 7–5 * 100 / 5  2 * 100 / 5  40%
Therefore, it is 40% increase in the price of bokeh flower.
15. What is the overall percentage of the student?
(a) 75.31% (b) 63.28% (c) 70.8% (d) 76.66% Example 2:

16. If 35% of A = B, what is B% of 35? A number 98 is misread as 89. Find the reading error per cent.

(a) 35%A (b) 70%A (c) 12.25%A (d) 25%A (a) 8.5 (b) 7.3 (c) 9.18 (d) 10.32
Ans: [c]
17. A and B are 2 digit numbers. If 25% of A + B = A and Reading error percentage = 98 – 89 * 100 / 98  900/98
33.33% of B = A, what is the ratio between A and A + B?  9.18%
(a) 1:4 (b) 3:4 (c) 4:3 (d) 1:2
Example 3:
18. 20% of 1750 is what percentage over 20? What would be the final value of 120 if increased by 20% and
(a) 20% (b) 1250% (c) 1500% (d) 1750% then decreased by 25%?
(a) 144 (b) 108 (c) 180 (d) 132
Directions for Q19 and Q20: Out of total, party A secured 35%
votes and party B got 52% of votes. Difference in the number of Ans: [b]
votes between party A and party B is 255. Remaining votes are 20% of 120 = 1/5 of 120 = 24 yielding 144
not valid. 1
25% of 144  of 144 = 36 yielding 108
4
19. What is the total number of votes?
The final value of 120 when it is increased by 20% and then
(a) 1800 (b) 1500 (c) 1200 (d) 1000
decreased by 25% would be 108.

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Example 4: 26. Mr. Sam purchases some articles with market price of
The price of an article has been reduced by 20%. In order to Rs.6000. If the tax of the article increased from 7% to
restore the original price, the new price must be increased by 28% then what will be the difference in his purchases?
how much percentage? (a) Rs.1275 (b) Rs.2303
(a) 25% (b) 20% (c) 33 1/3% (d) 50% (c) Rs.1960 (d) Rs.1260
Ans: [a]
27. The price of a washing machine is increased by 20 % and
The price of an article is reduced to 20%. then decreased by 20%. If the original price of washing
The new price of an article is to be increased by 20/(100–20) * machine was 8900, then what is the final price of washing
100 machine and the percentage change in the price?
 20 / 80 *100  25% (a) 7896 and 8% decrease (b) 9078 and 2% increase
So, the new price must be increased by 25% to restore the (c) 7990 and 10% decrease (d) 8989 and 10% increase
original price.
28. The population of a town increased by 10% in the first
Example 5: year, decreased by 20% in the 2nd year and increased by
If the price of oil be raised by 20%, then the percentage by 10% in the next year. If the population of the town was
which a person must reduce his consumption so as not to 28500 three years before, then the population of the town
increase his expenditure on oil is at present is

(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 75% (a) 24010 (b) 27588 (c) 25004 (d) 24545
Ans: [b] 29. In a test, minimum passing percentage for boys and girls
The price of oil is raised by 20%. is 40% and 50% respectively. A girl scored 360 marks and
To maintain the expenditure, the person has to reduce the failed by 140 marks. How many more marks did a boy
consumption by b = a/(100 – a) * 100 require to pass in the test if he scored 220 marks?
 20/100–20 * 100  20/80 * 100  25% (a) 112 (b) 160 (c) 180 (d) 160
The person has to reduce the consumption by 25% to maintain
30. If K is 200 percentage of S, then S is what percentage of S
the expenditure.
+K?
PRACTICE EXERCISE (a) 33.33% (b) 40% (c) 75% (d) 80%

21. What is the overall change when 120 is increased by 20% 31. Mahesh buys a television for Rs.7580. He gets discount of
and then decreased by 25%? 8% on it. After getting the discount, he pays service tax at
(a) 12% (b) 11% (c) 10% (d) 8% 18%. Find the amount he will have to pay for the
television.
22. A new bike costs Rs.85000. The customer was asked to
pay 10% for extra accessories and 5% was added as road (a) Rs.6876.10 (b) Rs.8228.848
tax. Finally, how much did the customer pay? (c) Rs.8216.78 (d) Rs.8118.36
(a) Rs.98175 (b) Rs.98000
32. Three successive discounts of 10%, 16%, 20% are equal
(c) Rs.97355 (d) Rs.98375
to a single discount of
23. The population of a town was 280000 two years ago. If it (a) 53.12% (b)49.23% (c) 36.78% (d) 39.52%
increased by 7% & 5% respectively in the last two years,
then the present population is: 33. What conditions must be suitable for the percentage
increase and the subsequent percentage decrease of a
(a) 400170 (b) 296150 (c) 314580 (d) 382110
good resulting in no change in the price?
24. Initially, Ramesh has Rs.800 in his phonepe wallet. Then A A
he increased it by 25%. Once again he increased his (a)  100 (b)  100
  A
100   A
100
amount by 20%. The final value of money in his wallet
will be how much percentage greater than the initial
(c)
100  A  100 (d)
100  A  100
amount? A A
(a) 40% (b) 50% (c) 80% (d) 60%
34. The output of a company was increased by 15% to keep
25. The revenue of a shop in the month of June was ₨ 75,000. up with rising demand. To handle the holiday rush, this
In the month of July, the shopkeeper announced a new output was increased by 30%. By approximately
discount of 30% and hence, his sales went up by 30%. what percentage would the output now have to be
What will be the revenue in the month of July? decreased in order to restore the original output?
(a) 65750 (b) 68250 (c) 69420 (d) 64550 (a) 20.36% (b) 24.96% (c) 30.45% (d) 33.11%

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35. A person started from Bangalore at 60 kmph to reach If P is the principal, R% is the rate of interest per annum
Chennai at 600 kms in certain time. Due to some engine and T the time in years,
problem, he wasted 1 hr while starting. By how much
PR T
percentage should the person increase the speed to reach S.I. 
100
on time?
(a) 10% (b) 11.11% (c) 12.5% (d) 14.28% PRT
Amount  P 
100
36. The price of sugar increased by 25%. What should be the
percentage decrease in the consumption of sugar by a 6. Compound Interest:
family, such that their expenditure on sugar remains the If after specific intervals, the interest is also added to the
same?
principal for calculation of further interest, then the interest
(a) 25% (b) 22.5% (c) 20% (d) 17.5% is called compound interest.
37. 30 books in the length of 50 cm are arranged in box. If the The specific interval may be annual, half yearly and
length of the book is reduced by 50%, then, how many quarterly.
books can be arranged in that box?
(a) 40 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 60 7. Formulae for compound interest:
Let P be the principal, rate of interest r% per annum and
38. 50 men can do a work in 10 days. If the number of men is
‘n’ the time in number of years.
decreased by 50%, then by how much percentage the
number of days gets increased? (i) When the interest is compounded annually
(a) 75% (b) 80% (c) 90% (d) 100% Compound Interest = A – P where
39. The price of petrol increases by 45%. A family reduces its r 
n

consumption so that the expenditure of the petrol is up by A  P1  
 100 
20% only. If the total consumption of petrol before the
price rise was 20 litres per month, then the consumption (ii) When the interest is compounded half-yearly
of petrol per month at present ( in lts)
2n
 r 
(a) 17.65 litres (b) 16.55 litres Compound Interest = A – P where A  P  1  
 200 
(c) 18.92 litres (d) 19.24 litres

40. If the price of barley be raised by 37%, find by how much (iii) When the interest compound quarterly,
percentage a person must reduce his consumption so as 4n
 r 
not to increase his expenditure? Compound Interest = A – P, where A  P  1  
 400 
(a) 24% (b) 25% (c) 26% (d) 27%
(iv) When the interest is compounded annually, but time is
INTEREST CALCULATION 1
in fraction, say 3 years
1. Principal: 2
3 1/2
The amount of money initially borrowed for a certain  R   R 
Amount  P  1   1  
period is called the principal or the sum.  100   100 

2. Interest: (v) Present worth of Rs.x due n years hence is,

Extra money paid for use of the principal after the certain
x
period is called the interest.  n
Present worth  R 
1  
3. Amount:  100 
The sum of the principal and the interest after a certain
Application 1
period is called the amount.
Find the simple interest on a principal of Rs.5000 at an interest
4. Rate of Interest: rate of 6% p.a. for a period of 6 years.
The rate at which the interest is calculated is called the Solution:
rate of interest, which is always specified as a percentage.
P = Rs.5000, R = 6% p.a., T = 6 years
5. Simple Interest (S.I): PRT 5000  6  6
Simple interest    Rs.1800
If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is 100 100
reckoned uniformly, it is called simple interest.

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Application 2 Application 5
If Rs.5000 becomes Rs.5700 in a year’s time, what will Rs.7000 If the difference between the compound interest and the simple
become at the end of 5 years at the same rate of interest? interest on a certain sum of money is Rs.72 at 12% per annum
Solution for 2 years, find the amount.
Amount = Principal + Interest Solution
 Interest = Amount – Principal Let the amount be P.
= 5700 – 5000 = Rs.700 P  12  2 24P
Simple interest    0.24 P
PRT 100 100
I
100 2
 12 
Compound interest  P  1   P
5000  r  1 7000 70  100 
 700  r    14%
100 500 5
 The rate of interest = 14%
 28 2 
 P    1
The interest on Rs.7000 at 14% interest for 5 years  25  

7000  14  5  P 1.122  1  0.2544 P

  Rs.4900  
100
 Amount = 7000 + 4900 = Rs.11900
Difference = 0.2544 P – 0.24 P = Rs.72
Application 3  0.144P  Rs.72
Find the compound interest on Rs.16,000 at 20% per annum for
9 months, compounded quarterly. 72 720000
P   Rs.5000
Solution 0.0144 144
Principal = Rs.16,000, Rate = 20% per annum = 5% per quarter  The amount is Rs.5000.
Time = 9 months = 3 quarters GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS
3
5 
 Amount = 16000   1  
1. While calculating the interest, the time period is always
 100  years. If months are given, it has to be converted to years
3 by dividing by 12.
 21  21  21  21
 16000     Rs.16000  = Rs.18522
 20  20  20  20 2. If the rate of interest is specified as half-yearly or
 Compound interest = Amount – Principal quarterly, time to be taken in terms of 6 months or 3
= 18522 – 16000 = Rs.2522 months.

Application 4 1
3. The half yearly interest rate will be of the annual rate
A sum of money doubles itself at compound interest in 15 years. 2
In how many years will it become 8 times? 1
of interest and the quarterly interest rate will be of the
Solution 4
15 15 annual rate of interest.
 r   r 
P1    2P   1   2 … (i)
 100   100  4. While calculating compound interest, the principal should
Let it become 8 times in n years. be subtracted from the amount calculated.
n n TWI QUESTIONS
 r   r 
P  1    8P   1   8 … (ii)
 100   100  1. Ranjan deposited Rs.2000 in a bank. The bank pays 5%
interest per annum. What will be his annual income?
From (i) and (ii)
3 2. Shyam lent Rs.2100 at compound interest of 5% p.a. for 2
 r 
n  r  
15
 1  100   8   1  100   years to his friend. Find the amount after 2 years.
    
3. Find the rate of interest if the amount after 2 years of
 r  
n
r 
45 simple interest on a capital of Rs.1200 is Rs.1440.
 1    1  
 100   100  4. At what rate percent per annum simple interest will a sum
 n  45 years of money double in 16 years?

 The required time is 45 years. 5. At what time will Rs.1000 become Rs.1331 at 10% per
annum compounded annually?

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

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PRACTICE EXERCISE 10. The difference between compound interest and simple
interest on a certain sum of money at 10% p.a. for 3 years
1. Find the difference between the simple interest and
is Rs.620. Find the principal if it is known that the interest
compound interest at 5% per annum for 2 years on a
is compounded annually.
principal of Rs.2000.
(a) Rs.5 (b) Rs.105 (c) Rs.50 (d) Rs.5.50 (a) Rs.200,000 (b) Rs.20,000
(c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.100,000
2. The SBI lent Rs.1331 to the Tata group at compound
interest and got Rs.1728 after 3 years. What is the rate of 11. Find the least number of complete years in which a sum of
interest charged if the interest was compounded annually? money put out at 20% compound interest will be more
(a) 11% (b) 9.09% (c) 12% (d) 8.33% than doubled.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
3. Ranjan purchased a Maruthi van for Rs.1,96,000 and the
2 12. Mr. Dhas invested money in 2 schemes A and B offering
rate of depreciation is 14 % per annum. Find the value
7 compound interest at 8% per annum and 9% per annum
of the van after 2 years. respectively. If the total amount of interest accrued
(a) Rs.1,40,000 (b) Rs.1,44,000 through the two schemes together in 2 years was
(c) Rs.1,50,000 (d) Rs.1,60,000 Rs.4818,30 and the total amount invested was Rs.27,000.
Find the amount invested in scheme A.
4. A sum was invested at simple interest at certain rate for
(a) Rs.12,000 (b) Rs.13,500
2 years. It would have fetched Rs.60 more had it been
invested at 2% higher rate. Find the sum. (c) Rs.15,000 (d) None of these
(a) Rs.1500 (b) Rs.1300 Directions for Q13 to Q15
(c) Rs.2500 (d) Rs.1000 Answer (a) if Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the
5. Shashikanth derives an annual income of Rs.688.25 from question but statement II alone is not sufficient to answer the
Rs.10,000 invested partly at 8% per annum and partly at question.
5% per annum simple interest. Find the sum of money Answer (b) if Statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
invested at 5%. question but Statement I alone is not sufficient to answer the
(a) Rs.5000 (b) Rs.4225 question.
(c) Rs.4800 (d) Rs.3725 Answer (c) if Statements I and II together are sufficient to
answer the question but neither Statement alone is sufficient to
6. A sum of money doubles itself in 5 years. In how many
years will it become four-fold if interest is compounded answer the question.
annually? Answer (d) if each Statement alone is sufficient to answer the
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 12 question.
Answer (e) if both Statements I and II together are not sufficient
7. If a person repaid Rs.22500 after 10 years of borrowing a
to answer the question and additional data is needed.
loan at 10% per annum simple interest, find out the
amount he took as loan. 13. What is the compound interest earned by Akash at the end
(a) Rs.11225 (b) Rs.11250 of 2 years?
(c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.7500 I: Simple interest at the same rate for 1 year in Rs.1020
and the rate of interest is 12% per annum.
8. The RBI lends a certain amount to the SBI on simple
interest for 2 years at 20%. The SBI gives this entire II: The amount invested is Rs.8500.
amount to Bharathi Telecom on compound interest for 2
14. An amount of money was lent for 3 years. Find the
years at the same rate annually. Find the percentage
difference between the simple and the compound interest
earning of the SBI at the end of 2 years on the entire
earned on it at the same rate.
amount.
I: The rate of interest was 8% per annum.
1 2 6
(a) 4% (b) 3 % (c) 3 % (d) 3 % II: The total amount of simple interest was Rs.1200.
7 7 7

9. Find the compound interest at the rate of 10% for 2 years 15. What is the principal deposited by Krishna in a bank?
on the principal which in 3 years at the rate of 10% p.a. I: The interest earned on a fixed deposit for 2 years is
gives Rs.300 as simple interest. Rs.4830.
(a) Rs.331 (b) Rs.310 II: The bank offers 10% interest compounded annually on
(c) Rs.330 (d) Rs.333 fixed deposits.

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

16. Kaviya borrowed a sum of Rs.4800 from Anitha as a loan. 23. The simple interest accrued on an amount of Rs.27,500 at
She promised Anitha that she would pay it back in two the end of three years is Rs.9900. What would be the
equal instalments. If the rate of Interest be 5% per annum difference between compound interest and simple
compounded annually, find the amount of each instalment interest on the same amount at the same rate in the same
(a) Rs.2581.46 (b) Rs.4232.075 period?
(c) Rs.2845.16 (d) Rs.4243.075 (a) Rs.11550 (b) Rs.1262.52
(c) Rs.1235.52 (d) Rs.11135.52
17. Equal sums of money are deposited in two different banks
by M/s ABC Company, one at compound interest 24. Shawn invested one half of his savings in a bond that paid
(compounded annually) and the other at simple interest, simple interest for 2 years and received $ 550 as interest.
both at 15% per annum. If after two years, the difference He invested the remaining in a bond that paid compound
in the amounts comes to Rs.360, what is the amount interest, interest being compounded annually, for the
deposited with each bank?
same 2 years at the same rate of interest and received
(a) Rs.17200 (b) Rs.16400 $605 as interest. What was the value of his total savings
(c) Rs.16000 (d) Rs.18400 before investing in these two bonds?
(a) $5500 (b) $7750 (c) $3550 (d) $2750
18. Mr. X puts equal amount of money in two schemes: one at
10% per annum compound interest payable half yearly 25. Raj borrowed Rs.7000 from a bank at 5% simple annual
and the second at a certain percent per annum compound rate of interest. The amount is to be paid after five years.
interest payable yearly. If he gets equal amounts after Raj paid Rs.4000 after two years. How much amount
3 yrs, what is the value of the interest percent in the should he pay at the end of 5 years to pay off his debt
second scheme? completely?
(a) 10.25% (b) 15% (c) 22% (d) 21% (a) Rs.4050 (b) Rs.4100 (c) Rs.4150 (d) Rs.4200
19. A sum of Rs.5887 is divided between Prince and Fernando, 26. Effective annual rate of interest corresponding to nominal
such that Prince’s share at the end of 9 yrs is equal to rate of 6% per annum compounded half yearly will be
Fernando’s share at the end of 11 yrs both compounded
(a) 6.09% (b) 6.10% (c) 6.12% (d) 6.14%
annually at the rate of 5%. The share of Prince is
(a) Data inadequate (b) Rs.3087 27. Adam borrowed some money at the rate of 6% p.a. for the
(c) Rs.2000 (d) Rs.2088 first two years, at the rate of 9% p.a. for the next three
years, and at the rate of 14% p.a. for the period beyond
20. A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a
five years. If he pays a total interest of Rs.11,400 at the
certain rate. If simple interest instead of compound were
end of nine years, how much money did he borrow ?
reckoned, the interest for the first two years would be
(a) Rs.15000 (b) Rs.11000
diminished by Rs.20 and that for the first three years by
(c) Rs.12000 (d) Rs.18000
Rs.61. Find the sum.
(a) Rs.7000 (b) Rs.47405 28. The compound interest on a sum for 2 years is Rs.832 and
(c) Rs.45305 (d) Rs.8000 the simple interest on the same sum for the same period
is Rs.800. The difference between the compound and
21. An amount of Rs.7500 is invested in a compound interest
simple interest for 3 years will be
scheme for 4 years. The rate of interest is 2% for the first
(a) Rs.98.56 (b) Rs.99.86 (c) Rs.96.62 (d) Rs.97.77
year, 3% for the next 2 years and for the last year, it is 4%.
The final amount approximately is 29. Sally borrowed a sum of Rs.14000 at 9% rate of interest
(a) Rs.8356.7 (b) Rs.8557.45 per annum from Martha for a term of 2 years. After
(c) Rs.8440 (d) Rs.8635 completion of one year, Sally repaid some amount and
finally at the end of two years Sally completed the debt by
22. A took a sum of Rs.4500 from B. He promised B that he discharging a sum of Rs.11990. What amount did Sally
would give back her money at the end of the year but she pay at the end of the first year?
gave an option to him that he could pay her in two equal
(a) Rs.4560 (b) Rs.4260 (c) Rs.4460 (d) Rs.4360
annual instalments. A agreed on her suggestion. If the rate
of interest on the sum was 10% per annum, compounded 30. What annual instalment will discharge a debt of Rs.6450
annually, find the amount of the instalment given by A. due in 4 years at 5% simple interest?
(a) Rs.2390 (b) Rs.3429 (a) Rs.1000 (b) Rs.1200
(c) Rs.2560 (d) Rs.2592 (c) Rs.1450 (d) Rs.1500

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

31. A sum of Rs.10 is given as a loan to be returned in 8. The product of the two positive integers multiplied with
6 monthly instalments at Rs.3. What is the rate of interest? the square of its HCF is 240. How many such pairs exist?
(a) 500% (b) 620% (c) 640% (d) 580% (a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) None of these

32. Rs.7500 is to be paid in 3 years at 5% C.I in equal annual 9. If a two digit number pq has 3 divisors, then how many
instalments. Find the value of the instalment? divisors does the number pqpq have?
(a) Rs.2754 (b) Rs.2457 (c) Rs.2547 (d) Rs.2745 (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

33. Interest on a sum of money at the end of 3 years is 3/8th of 10. Find the number of divisors of 1400 which are not perfect
the sum itself. Find the rate of interest. squares.
(a) 11.5% (b) 12.2% (c) 12.5% (d) 13.5% (a) 24 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 16

34. Arun borrowed a certain sum from Manish at a certain 11. Find the number of even divisors of 2016.
rate of simple interest for 2 years. He lent this sum to (a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 30 (d) 24
Sunil at the same rate of interest compounded annually
for the same period. At the end of two years, he received 12. Find the sum of divisors of 2475.
Rs.2400 as compound interest but paid Rs.2000 only as (a) 2418 (b) 3627
simple interest. Find the rate of interest. (c) 4836 (d) Cannot be determined
(a) 40% (b) 30% (c) 10% (d) 20%
13. How many divisors of x x are perfect squares?
35. Divide Rs.3364 between A and B, so that A's share at the (a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18
end of 5 years may equal to B's share at the end of 7 years,
14. The numbers A, B, C and D have 10, 15, 27 and 49 divisors
the compound interest being at 5 percent.
respectively. Which of these could be a perfect cube?
(a) Rs.1764, Rs.1600 (b) Rs.1756, Rs.1608
(a) A and B (b) B and C (c) C and D (d) A and D
(c) Rs.1722, Rs.1642 (d) None of these
15. What is the unit's digit of ?
NUMBER PROPERTIES (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 3 (d) 1
1. Write 0.0512512... as a fraction in its lowest terms.
16. Find the last non zero digit of the number 801230 .
512 256 512 128
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
9990 4995 9900 2475
17. What is the unit's digit of ?
2. The number 43xy20xy is exactly divisible by 12. How
many two digit numbers as xy are possible? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6
(a) 4 (b) 6 18. Find the number of trailing zeros in 229!
(c) 8 (d) Cannot be determined (a) 50 (b) 55 (c) 60 (d) 65
3. Let N = 5ab42ab. If N is exactly divisible by 180, then the 19. Find the least number n such that no factorial has n
sum of the digits in N is trailing zeros or n+1 trailing zeros.
(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 27 (d) 36 (a) 29 (b) 30 (c) 49 (d) 50
4. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 73 and 2555 20. Find the greatest value of n such that exactly divides
respectively. If one number is 365, then the other number is 128!
(a) 73 (b) 146 (c) 438 (d) 511 (a) 30 (b) 15
5. Which of the following is the largest four digit number (c) 31 (d) such n does not exist
that can be added to 5793 so that the sum is divisible by 21. A number N gives a remainder of 6 when divided by D and
each of 12, 14, 33 and 42? a remainder of 19 when divided by 3D. What will be the
(a) 9854 (b) 9924 (c) 9963 (d) 9915 remainder when 2N is divided by D?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 19 (d) 24
6. Find the greatest number of five digits which when
22. What is the remainder when 690 – 590 is divided by 91?
divided by 10, 13, 15 and 26 gives remainders 4, 7, 9 and
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 89 (d) 90
20 respectively.
(a) 99854 (b) 99834 (c) 99844 (d) 99914 23. Find the remainder when 35555 + 53333 is divided by 23.
(a) 18 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) None of these
7. How many pairs of positive integers a, b exist such that
25
HCF (a, b) + LCM (a, b) = 77? 24. What is the remainder when 2324 is divided by 7?
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 6 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HSEM2BTECHSTANDARDQA1119

25. What is the remainder when 35182 is divided by 37? 43. The least perfect square number which is divisible by 4,
(a) 15 (b) 11 (c) 8 (d) 4 11, 13 and 18 is
(a) 736164 (b) 361524 (c) 1472328 (d) 723048
26. Find the remainder when the number 3451 + 3452 +…
+ 3794 is divided by 345. 44. Two numbers are in the ratio 16:15. If their HCF is 13,
(a) 340 (b) 175 (c) 53 (d) None of these what are the numbers?
(a) 210, 197 (b) 188, 173
27. How many integers are there from 1 to 500 that leaves a
(c) 228, 205 (d) 208, 195
remainder of 2 on division by 5 and a remainder of 5 on
division by 7? 45. How many pairs of non coprime positive integers x, y
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 exist such that sum of the numbers x, y and twice the
HCF(x, y) is 221?
28. A number when divided by 33 leaves a remainder 10. The
(a) 5 (b) 7
same number when divided by 22 leaves a remainder n.
(c) 9 (d) None of these
How many values can n take?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 46. How many divisors of 98000 are odd numbers?
(a) 60 (b) 48 (c) 12 (d) 6
29. Find the remainder when 264 is divided by 160.
(a) 36 (b) 66 (c) 96 (d) None of these 47. Find the unit digit of  .
30. What is the last two digits in the expression 91  92  93 (a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 1
 …  98? 48. What is the unit digit of ?
(a) 80 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50 (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) None of these
31. Find the last two digits in 3177  7584.
(a) 25 (b) 55 (c) 75 (d) 95 49. Find the difference of number of trailing zeros in 112! and
115!.
32. Find the last two digits in 5927.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 19 (b) 29 (c) 39 (d) 49
50. Find the greatest value of n such that exactly divides
33. Find the last two digits in 7835. 87!.
(a) 18 (b) 32 (c) 58 (d) 72 (a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 24 (d) 26
34. What is the last two digits of 1626? 51. Find the remainder when 670 + 870 is divided by 100.
(a) 16 (b) 26 (c) 06 (d) None of these (a) 86 (b) 68 (c) 42 (d) 0
35. What is the last two digits in the expression 3115 – 2415? 52. What is the remainder when (103 + 93)3089 is divided by
(a) 25 (b) 75 (c) 27 (d) 57 123?
36. How many divisors of 1405 will have at least one zero at (a) 1 (b) 729 (c) 1450 (d) 1727
its end? 54
53. What is the remainder when 5253 is divided by 17?
(a) 225 (b) 300 (c) 350 (d) 425
(a) 15 (b) 7 (c) 1 (d) 0
37. Let K be the largest number with exactly three factors that
54. Find the remainder when 72 + 1 is divided by 73.
divide 40! How many factors does K – 1 have?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 40
55. What is the remainder when 3101 is divided by 101?
38. How many factors does 6N have, if N is a number such
(a) 99 (b) 66 (c) 33 (d) 3
that 2N has 28 factors and 3N has 30 factors?
(a) 35 (b) 32 (c) 28 (d) None of these 56. What is the tens digit in the expression 1! + 2! + … + 150!?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
38
39. What is the unit digit in the expression 3838 ?
57. Find the last two digits in 8326.
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6 (a) 39 (b) 69 (c) 99 (d) 97
40. What is the last non zero digit in 25!? 58. Find the last two digits in 4463.
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) 26 (b) 24 (c) 86 (d) None of these
41. Write 0.22727... as a fraction in its lowest terms.
59. What is the difference between the number of even and
227 5 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) odd factors of 1080?
990 11 22 22 (a) 16 (b) 14 (c) 12 (d) 8
42. If 74p58p4 is divisible by 9 and if 757qp is divisible by 8, 60. If the sum of the (4n + 3) prime numbers is an even
then the minimum value of p + q is number, then one of the prime numbers must be
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 11 (d) 2

Page 25 of 25