TITLE

 Rate of reaction

OBJECTIVES
 To study the effect of concentration, temperature and catalyst on the
reaction rate.
 To determine the average rate of reaction with the presence of
concentration, temperature and catalyst parameter.

APPARATUS
 Glass rod
 Water bath
 Stopwatch
 Boiling tube
 Thermometer
 Measuring cylinder (50mL)
 Conical flask (100mL)
 White paper with `X` mark
 0.1M hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 10% manganese sulphate (MnSO4)
 2.0M sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
 0.1M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
 0.02M potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
 0.25M oxalic acid (H2C2O4)

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INTRODUCTION

The reaction rate is the change in concentration of the reactants or

products per unit time. The factors that influence the rate of reaction are the
temperature, pressure, catalyst, size of particles and the concentration of
reactants. The rate of a reaction can be studied by observing the change in the
chemical properties or the change in physical properties of species involved in
the reaction. The reaction rate is inversely proportional to the time of the
reaction. The faster the reaction occurs, the shorter is the time for the reaction to
complete.
A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction, without being consumed by the
reaction. It increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy for a
reaction. A catalyst increases reaction rates in a slightly different way from
other methods of increasing reaction rate. The function of a catalyst is to lower
the activation energy so that a greater proportion of the particles have enough
energy to react. A catalyst can lower the activation energy for a reaction by 1)
orienting the reacting particles in such a way that successful collisions are more
likely and 2) reacting with the reactants to form an intermediate that requires
lower energy to form the product.
Earlier, it was mentioned that it is the collision of particles that causes
reactions to occur and that only some of these collisions are successful. This is
because the reactant particles have a wide range of kinetic energies and only
small fraction of the particles will have enough energy to actually break bonds
so that a chemical reaction can take place. The minimum energy that is needed
for a reaction to take place is called the activation energy.

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3
DATA
 Part A

Volume of Volume of Concentratio Volume of

0.1M Na2S2O3 distilled n of Na2S2O3 0.1M HCl Time,t (s) 1/t (s-1)
solution (mL) water (mL) (M) solution (mL)
50.00 0.00 0.10 10.00 219 0.005
40.00 10.00 0.08 10.00 257 0.004
30.00 20.00 0.06 10.00 314 0.003
20.00 30.00 0.04 10.00 427 0.002
10.00 40.00 0.02 10.00 1020 0.001

 Part B

Temperature Without catalyst MnSO4 With catalyst MnSO4

(°C) (A1 + B1) (A2 + B2)
t(s) 1/t(s-1) t(s) 1/t(s-1)
30 53 0.019 35 0.029
35 43 0.023 30 0.033
40 38 0.026 18 0.056
50 21 0.048 6 0.167

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 ANALYSIS OF DATA

Final concentration = (initial concentration of Na2S203 solution × volume of Na2S203 solution)

of Na2S203 ,M(M) (volume of Na2S203 solution + volume of distilled water)

 Conical flask 1
M=(0.1×50)/(50+0)
=0.10M

 Conical flask 2

M=(0.1×40)/(40+10)
=0.08M

 Conical flask 3

M=(0.1×30)/(30+20)
=0.06M

 Conical flask 4

M=(0.1×20)/(20+30)
=0.04M

 Conical flask 5

M=(0.1×10)/(10+40)
=0.02M

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ANALYSIS OF DATA

 Part A : The Effect of Concentration on The Reaction Rate

Time, t (s) 1/t (s-1)

219 1/219 = 0.005

257 1/257 = 0.004
314 1/314 = 0.003
407 1/407 = 0.002
1020 1/1020 = 0.001

 Part B : The Effect of Temperature and Catalyst on The Reaction Rate

Temperature Without catalyst MnSO4 With catalyst MnSO4

(°C) (A1 + B1) (A2 + B2)
t(s) 1/t(s-1) t(s) 1/t(s-1)
30 53 1/53 = 0.019 35 1/35 = 0.029
35 43 1/43 = 0.023 30 1/30 = 0.033
40 38 1/38 = 0.026 18 1/18 = 0.056
50 21 1/21 = 0.048 6 1/06 = 0.167

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GRAPH

 Part A

1/t against concentration

0.01

0.01

0
1/t (s-1)

0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
concentration of sodium thiosulphate (M)

 Part B

1/t against temperature

0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
1/t (s-1)

0.1 A1 + B1
0.08 A2 + B2
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
30 35 40 50
Temperature (°C)

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DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment, increasing the concentration of reactants

generally increases the rate of reaction because more of the reacting molecules
or ions are present to form the reaction products. This is especially true when
concentrations are low and few molecules or ions are reacting. When
concentrations are already high, a limit is often reached where increasing the
concentration has little effect on the rate of reaction. When several reactants are
involved, increasing the concentration of one of them may not affect the rate of
reaction if not enough of the other reactants is available. Overall, concentration
is only one factor influencing the rate of reaction, and the relationship is usually
not simple or linear. This can be shown when the concentration of Na2S2O3 is
0.100M with 50.00ml of volume of 0.1M Na2S2O3 solution, the time taken is the
lowest one which is 219s and the rate of reaction is higher. Meanwhile the
concentration of Na2S2O3 is 0.100M with volume of 0.1M Na2S2O3 solution is
10.00ml, the time taken is 1020s which the rate of reaction is the lowest one.
In a typical chemical reaction, several substances react to form new products.
The substances may be brought together as gases, liquids or in solution, and
how much of each reactant is present affects how fast the reaction proceeds.
Often there is more than enough of one reactant, and the rate of the reaction
depends on the other reactants present. Sometimes the rate of reaction can
depend on the concentration of all the reactants, and sometimes catalysts are
present and help determine the speed of the reaction. Depending on the specific
situation, changing the concentration of one reactant may have no effect.
As increasing the temperature, the rate of reaction increases. Particles can
only react when they collide. If you heat a substance, the particles move faster
and so collide more frequently. That will speed up the rate of reaction.
Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with enough energy to
get the reaction started. This minimum energy required is called the activation
energy for the reaction. Increasing the temperature increases reaction rates
because of the disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy
collisions. It is only these collisions (possessing at least the activation energy
for the reaction) which result in a reaction.

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 A catalyst can be thought of as an agent, which alters the speed of a
chemical reaction. A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction. That
alternative route has a lower activation energy. When less activation energy is
needed, a larger fraction of the collisions will possess the required energy, and
the rate will increase. Adding a catalyst has exactly this effect of shifting the
activation energy. A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction. That
alternative route has a lower activation energy. This can be shown in the
experiment, which the temperature 30 ̊C, the time taken without catalyst
MnSO4 is 53s while with the catalyst the value of MnSO4 is 35s. The
temperature is 50 ̊C, the time taken without catalyst is 21s while with catalyst is
6s.
The precaution to keep it safe and more accurate in this experiment , the
scales of thermometer must be read and seen which eyes is perpendicular with
its reading scales to avoid parallax error.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the concentration of solution, temperature and the catalyst

play an important role in the rate of a reaction and give the big effect on
reaction rate. At higher temperature , the rate of reaction increases, while in the
presence of the catalyst make the rate of reaction increases too.

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EXERCISE
Part A
1. State the relationship between the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution
with time and the rate of reaction.
= As the concentration of the reactant increases, the number of reacting molecules
increases. Because of the increases in the number of molecules, the number of
collisions also increases as a result the rate of the reaction increases too.

2. Write the equation for the reactions.

= Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + S + SO2.

Part B

1. Based on your graph, deduce the relationship between

 The temperature and the rate of reaction
= When the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases too.
 The catalyst and the rate of reaction
= When the reaction is added the catalyst, the rate of reaction increases.
2. What is the function of the catalyst?

= A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction

rate without getting consumed in the process. Catalysts typically speed up a
reaction by reducing the activation energy or changing the reaction mechanism.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

3. Write the equation for the reactions.

= 2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

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REFERENCE

Author : Zumdahl, Steven S. and Zumdahl Susan A.

Title : Chemistry
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Co.
Edition : 6th edition
Page : 59
Year : 2003

Author : Curtis, Hunt, Hill.g

Title : Edexcel A level chemistry student
Publisher : Hodder education
Published at : London, United Kingdom
Edition : 1th edition
Year : 2006

Author : Shagoury Richard

Title : Chemistry 1A Lecture Book
Publisher : Custom Publishing Print
Edition : 4th edition
Page : 23-24
Year : 2006

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