The document summarizes different types of linear transformations, including dilations, shears, rotations, reflections, and projections. Rotations in 2D have a matrix of the form with cosine and sine of the angle of rotation. Rotations in 3D are compositions of 2D rotations around different axes. Projections map vectors onto a subspace and have the property that applying the projection twice gives the same result as applying it once.
The document summarizes different types of linear transformations, including dilations, shears, rotations, reflections, and projections. Rotations in 2D have a matrix of the form with cosine and sine of the angle of rotation. Rotations in 3D are compositions of 2D rotations around different axes. Projections map vectors onto a subspace and have the property that applying the projection twice gives the same result as applying it once.
The document summarizes different types of linear transformations, including dilations, shears, rotations, reflections, and projections. Rotations in 2D have a matrix of the form with cosine and sine of the angle of rotation. Rotations in 3D are compositions of 2D rotations around different axes. Projections map vectors onto a subspace and have the property that applying the projection twice gives the same result as applying it once.
The document summarizes different types of linear transformations, including dilations, shears, rotations, reflections, and projections. Rotations in 2D have a matrix of the form with cosine and sine of the angle of rotation. Rotations in 3D are compositions of 2D rotations around different axes. Projections map vectors onto a subspace and have the property that applying the projection twice gives the same result as applying it once.
Math 19b: Linear Algebra with Probability Oliver Knill, Spring 2011
Projection Lecture 8: Examples of linear transformations While the space of linear transformations is large, there are few types of transformations which " # " # 1 0 0 0 are typical. We look here at dilations, shears, rotations, reflections and projections. A= A= 0 0 0 1
Shear transformations 4 A " projection #onto a line containing unit vector ~ u is T (~x) = (~x · ~u)~u with matrix A = u1 u1 u2 u1 . u1 u2 u2 u2 " # " # Projections are also important in statistics. Projections are not invertible except if we project 1 0 1 1 onto the entire space. Projections also have the property that P 2 = P . If we do it twice, it A= A= 1 1 0 1 is the same transformation. If we combine a projection with a dilation, we get a rotation 1 dilation.
In general, shears are transformation in the plane with the property that there is a vector w~ such that T (w) ~ =w ~ and T (~x) − ~x is a multiple of w ~ for all ~x. Shear transformations are invertible, and are important in general because they are examples which can not be diagonalized. Rotation
Scaling transformations " # A #= −1 0 " cos(α) − sin(α) A= 0 −1 sin(α) cos(α) " # " # 5 2 0 1/2 0 A= A= Any rotation has the form of the matrix to the right. 0 2 0 1/2 2 Rotations are examples of orthogonal transformations. If we combine a rotation with a dilation, we get a rotation-dilation. One can also look at transformations which scale x differently then y and where A is a diagonal matrix. Scaling transformations can also be written as A = λI2 where I2 is the identity matrix. They are also called dilations. Rotation-Dilation
Reflection " # " # 2 −3 a −b A= A= 3 2 b a A #= 6 " # " cos(2α) sin(2α) 1 0 A= sin(2α) − cos(2α) 0 −1 A rotation √ dilation is a composition of a rotation by angle arctan(y/x) and a dilation by a 3 factor x2 + y 2 . Any reflection at a line has the form of the matrix to the"left. A reflection at# a line containing If z = x + iy and w = a + ib and T (x, y) = (X, Y ), then X + iY = zw. So a rotation dilation 2u21 − 1 2u1u2 is tied to the process of the multiplication with a complex number. a unit vector ~u is T (~x) = 2(~x · ~u)~u − ~x with matrix A = 2u1 u2 2u22 − 1 Reflections have the property that they are their own inverse. If we combine a reflection with a dilation, we get a reflection-dilation. 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 Rotations in space A= B= C= −1 −1 1 1 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 3 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Rotations in space are determined by an axis of rotation and an −1 angle. A rotation by 120 ◦ around a line containing (0, 0, 0) and 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 D= E= F = 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 −1 7 0 0 1 (1, 1, 1) belongs to A = 1 0 0 which permutes ~e1 → ~e2 → ~e3 . 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 b) The smiley face visible to the right is transformed with various linear transformations represented by matrices A − F . Find out which matrix does which transformation: Reflection at xy-plane " 1 −1 # " 1 2 # " 1 0 # A= , B= , C= , " 1 1 # " 0 1 # " 0 −1 # 1 −1 −1 0 0 1 D= , E= , F= /2 0 −1 0 1 −1 0
To a reflection at the xy-plane belongs the matrix A = 1 0 0 A-F image A-F image A-F image 0 1 0 as can be seen by looking at the images of ~ ei . The 8 0 0 −1 picture to the right shows the linear algebra textbook reflected at two different mirrors.
Projection into space
To project a 4d-object into the three dimensional xyz-space, use
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 for example the matrix A = . The picture shows 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 the projection of the four dimensional cube (tesseract, hypercube) with 16 edges (±1, ±1, ±1, ±1). The tesseract is the theme of the 3 This is homework 28 in Bretscher 2.2: Each of the linear transformations in parts (a) through horror movie ”hypercube”. (e) corresponds to one and only one of the matrices A) through J). Match them up.
a) Scaling b) Shear c) Rotation d) Orthogonal Projection e) Reflection
Homework due February 16, 2011 " # " # " # " # " # 0 0 2 1 −0.6 0.8 7 0 1 0 1 What transformation in space do you get if you reflect first at the xy-plane, then rotate A= B= C= D= E= 0 1 1 0 0.8 −0.6 0 7# −3 1 around the z axes by 90 degrees (counterclockwise when watching in the direction of the " 0.6 0.8 # " 0.6 0.6 # " 2 −1 # " 0 0 " 0.8 −0.6 # z-axes), and finally reflect at the x axes? F = G= H= I= J= 0.8 −0.6 0.8 0.8 1 2 1 0 0.6 −0.8 2 a) One of the following matrices can be composed with a dilation to become an orthogonal projection onto a line. Which one?
