G.R. No.

136737 May 23, 2001

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

vs.
BEN LIBO-ON, accused-appellant.

GONZAGA-REYES, J.:

This is an automatic review of the decision1 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 17, Davao City convicting accused-
appellant Ben Libo-on of the crime of rape committed against Analyn Caballes, his fourteen year old niece, and
imposing on him the supreme penalty of death.

The Information dated 4 November 1997 charging accused-appellant of the crime of rape reads, as follows:

"The undersigned at the instance of complainant, Analyn Caballes, whose affidavit is hereto attached and
made an integral part hereto, accuses the above-named accused of the crime of RAPE under Article 335
of the Revised Penal Code in relation to Republic Act No. 7659 and Republic Act 8353, committed as
follows:

That on or about November 2, 1997, in the City of Davao, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above named accused, an Uncle of the complainant, by force, violence and
intimidation, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously had sexual intercourse with the said Analyn Caballes, a
14 year old minor, with a mind of child, against her will.

CONTRARY TO LAW."2

After the information had been filed in court but before arraignment, the prosecution submitted an affidavit of
desistance3 purportedly signed by complainant and with the conformity of her mother, Erlinda Caballes. The
prosecution did not file a motion to dismiss the case but instead, it manifested that it would abide with the disposition
of the court on the matter.

The incident was then set for clarificatory hearing on 27 January 1998 where the complainant and her parents were
summoned to shed light on the voluntariness of the execution of the affidavit of desistance.

During the clarificatory hearing, the mother of the complainant, Erlinda Caballes, affirmed the voluntariness of the
execution of the affidavit of desistance by her and her daughter4. She claimed that the reason she agreed to the
same was because she pitied the children of the accused-appellant. She denied being paid any amount in
consideration for their desistance. When asked by the court, she admitted that her husband didn't know about the
execution of said affidavit and that her husband still has not forgiven accused-appellant for what has been done to
their daughter.5

The father of the complainant, Ananias Caballes, was also questioned by the Court with respect to the affidavit of
desistance executed by his daughter. He stated that if he had his way, he would not agree to the desistance and
would continue the prosecution of the accused6. He admitted that there was a settlement of the case between his
wife and the accused but he did not agree to the same.7 He likewise stated that he had no hand in the preparation
of the affidavit of desistance signed by his wife and daughter. When asked by the court what his final decision on
the matter was, he stated that he would continue with the case and that he will support and encourage his daughter
to tell the truth about the incident8.

In view of the manifestation of the father of the complainant that he wanted to pursue the case, the Court declared,
in an Order dated January 27, 19989, that the affidavit of desistance executed by the complainant and her mother
was not binding on the court. Pending the resolution of the case, custody of the complainant was given to the
"Bahay Dangupan" of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Development Davao City.

The case was set for arraignment on February 5, 1998; accused-appellant pleaded not guilty to the charge.

The prosecution presented evidence tending to prove the following facts:

At the time of the alleged rape incident, complainant Analyn Caballes, then a fourteen-year-old minor, lived with
her parents, Ananias and Erlinda Caballes, at their home in Sasa, Davao City.10
On November 2, 1997, complainant was at the residence of her grandmother, a certain Victoria Lopez, to help in
the birthday celebration of her aunt, a certain Susan Lopez. Accused-appellant, together with his wife, was also at
that small party. She knew accused-appellant as he was the husband of her Aunt Mary.11

At around 9:00 in the evening, the grandmother of complainant asked her to buy beer from a nearby sari-sari store.
Complainant dutifully obeyed and proceeded to the sari-sari store which was about a kilometer away from her
grandmother's house.12

While passing through an unlighted street, accused-appellant suddenly appeared and took hold of complainant's
back and hands. She struggled to release herself but she failed to do so. Accused-appellant then took her to an
abandoned house near Km. 11 and brought her inside. According to complainant, the place was dark and deserted.
At the house, she again struggled to break free of accused-appellant's grasp but again she failed13.

She was then made to lie down on a wooden bed inside the abandoned house. Accused-appellant then unzipped
his pants and removed complainant's skirt. Accused-appellant then spread the legs of complainant and proceeded
to lie down on top of her. He then succeeded in inserting his penis into her vagina and proceeded to make a push-
and-pull movement. During this whole incident, complainant kept on crying. She could not estimate how long
accused-appellant had carnal knowledge with her as all she can remember was that she experienced excruciating
pain during the act14.

After her uncle succeeded in raping her, accused-appellant left her alone to cry in one corner of the house. After a
while, complainant went home and she immediately told her father about the incident. Her father accompanied her
to the police station where she executed an affidavit. She also went to the Davao Medical Center where she was
examined by Dr. Marivic Mosqueda, who issued a corresponding medical certificate on the result of her examination
of complainant15.

The prosecution likewise presented anew the mother of complainant, Mrs. Erlinda Caballes. She testified that she
now supports the decision of the complainant to proceed with the case against the accused. She declared that the
accused is the husband of her sister and, as such, the accused is the uncle of the complainant.16 She testified that
on the date of the commission of the crime, complainant was 14 years, 7 months, and 21 days of age, as evidenced
by her birth certificate.17

She claimed that at around 10:00 p.m. of November 2, 1997, complainant came home from the house of her mother
where she reported to her father that she was raped by the accused. They then immediately brought her to the
house of accused-appellant where they confronted him about the accusation of complainant. The accused allegedly
stated that they better submit complainant to a medical examination to determine the truth of the incident.18

Dr. Marivic Mosqueda, a resident physician at the Davao Medical Center was likewise presented by the
prosecution. She declared that she examined the complainant on November 3, 1997. Complainant reported to her
that she was raped by her uncle on November 2, 1997 at around 9:00 p.m.19. Physically, she found complainant to
be untidy and incoherent. She found no injury on her private organ and neither was there any laceration or
hematoma on the body of complainant. She examined complainant's hymen where she noted the presence of old
and healed lacerations. Inside the vagina of complainant, she found the presence of discharged spermatozoa,
which she indorsed to the laboratory for examination.20

A social worker assigned to the case of complainant was likewise presented where she testified on the results of
the case study21 conducted on the complainant.

The prosecution also presented SPO3 Conrado Sinsona, Jr. who testified that on November 2, 1997, he was the
policeman on duty at the Sasa Police Station. He stated that at around 10:30 p.m. the parents of the victim went to
the police station and reported the alleged incident of rape. After the incident was reported, he immediately went
to the house of the accused and invited him to the police station for questioning. The incident was then properly
blottered.22

For its part, the defense presented four (4) witnesses, namely, accused-appellant Ben Libo-on, Wilfredo Ongco,
Carlito Ugat, and Cesar Aquino.

Accused-appellant Ben Libo-on denied that he committed the rape against complainant. He claimed that prior to
the incident, the mother of the complainant Erlinda Caballes approached him to borrow money in the amount of
P5,000.00, which he accommodated. Afterwards, she again went back to him to borrow an additional amount of
P5,000.00 but this time he refused as he had no more money.23
On the day of the alleged incident of rape, he arrived in Davao City from Sto. Tomas, Davao and he met with
Erlinda Caballes and her husband in the house of her mother-in-law. He demanded from Erlinda Caballes the
payment of the P5,000.00. Instead of paying, Erlinda Caballes allegedly got mad at him. Accused then left the
house of his mother-in-law and proceeded to the house of his friend, Tata Ongco.24

He then proceeded to have a drinking session with his friends and he stayed at the house of Ongco until 10:00
p.m. His wife then fetched him and they proceeded to the house of his mother-in-law where they would spend the
night.25

At around 10:15 p.m., he was awakened from his sleep by some policemen who demanded to see him. He was
told to come with them to the police station although the policemen did not tell him what the problem was. When
he arrived at the police station, he was immediately put inside a jail cell.26

The following morning, Erlinda Caballes arrived and told the accused that he was in jail because he molested her
daughter. She allegedly demanded P50,000.00 from him so that the case may be settled. He told her that he could
not possibly agree to any settlement of the case as he had done nothing wrong. In fact, he reminded her that she
still owes him P5,000,0027.

They met again on November 5, 1997 where she again asked him about the possible settlement of the case. He
insisted however that he had not done anything wrong and he could not possibly pay such a large amount. Erlinda
Caballes then intimated that she was amenable to a reduced amount. He was not able to follow-up the matter
however as he was then detained. It was his mother and his friend, a certain Cesar Aquino, who proceeded to
meet with Erlinda Caballes regarding the possible settlement of the case.28

With respect to the rape incident, accused denied the accusation of complainant. He stated that the road from the
house of his friend, Tata Ongco, to the house of his mother-in-law is well-lighted. Likewise, the street going to the
Sasa Galera or cockpit, where the alleged rape was committed, was well-lighted. He estimated that the distance
between the house of his friend and the cockpit was about one kilometer.29

On the date of the alleged incident, he claimed that he could not have committed the crime as he was drinking with
his friends at the house of Tata Ongco from 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. According to him, he didn't leave the house of
his friend until his wife fetched him at around 10:00 p.m. Moreover, at the time of the alleged incident, the place
where the rape allegedly happened was already padlocked and nobody could enter the said cockpit.30

The testimony of accused-appellant was supported by his friend, Wilfredo Ongco. He affirmed that on November
2, 1997, accused-appellant was in his house as he was his close friend and "barkada." He claimed that on that
date, accused-appellant was in his house at Km. 11 Davao City having a drinking session with him and some
friends. He stated that from 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. accused stayed at his house and there was no time that he left
the place.31 He testified further that the road from the house of accused-appellant's mother-in-law and Sasa Galera,
where the alleged rape was committed, was quite heavily populated and people would easily notice if there was
any unusual incident.32

The defense likewise presented Carlito Ugat, another friend of accused-appellant. He testified that on November
2, 1997, at around 9:00 p.m., he went to the house of Wilfredo Ongco to borrow a screwdriver. He saw accused-
appellant at the said house drinking Tanduay rhum with Ongco. He then joined the drinking session until 10:00
p.m. after which they called it the night.33

Ugat also identified several pictures showing the cockpit or Gallera where the alleged raped happened. He likewise
testified that he personally inspected the place after the incident and he saw that the cockpit was abandoned and
padlocked. He also claimed to be familiar with the road to the cockpit and he stated that the said road was well-lit
with electric posts along the side of the road.34

Finally, the prosecution presented Cesar Aquino, a close friend of accused-appellant. He testified that when
accused was already detained by the authorities, he visited accused-appellant at the police station where the latter
asked him to help out in the case by inspecting the cockpit where the rape allegedly happened.35 He then went to
the Gallera where he saw that nobody could have possibly gone out or in of the premises as the gate thereof was
securely padlocked. He likewise saw that the Gallera was fenced in by a twelve-foot tall wooden fence. He
confirmed further that the road from the house of accused's mother-in-law was well lit by electric lampposts. He
estimated that the distance between the two places was more than one kilometer.36

He testified further that the mother of the accused requested him to contact Erlinda Caballes to follow-up her offer
of settlement. He was able to speak with Erlinda Caballes who demanded the amount of P35,000.00 for the
settlement of the case. He relayed the matter to the mother of the accused but she said that she couldn't afford the
amount. He went back to Erlinda Caballes who said to him that she was willing to reduce the amount to P25,000.00.
The amount was further reduced to P15,000.00 but the mother of the accused said that she could only afford
P8,000.00.37 Erlinda Caballes finally agreed to the said amount as she allegedly pitied the children of accused-
appellant. After receiving the amount, Erlinda Caballes then executed an affidavit of desistance which was also
signed by the complainant.38 Later on, the father of complainant objected to the settlement as allegedly, he also
wanted to demand for himself the additional amount of P10,000.00. When the mother of the accused was informed
of the demand of the father of complainant, she lost consciousness.39

After the presentation of these four witnesses, the defense rested its case.

Upon the request of the counsel for the accused, and without objection from the Assistant City Prosecutor, an
ocular inspection of the place where the rape allegedly happened was conducted. The results of the said ocular
inspection were contained in a report40 submitted to the court. The case was thus submitted for resolution.

In a Decision41 dated October 6, 1998, the trial court convicted appellant of the crime of rape and imposed on him
the supreme penalty of death. The dispositive portion of the decision is as follows:

"WHEREFORE, finding the evidence of the prosecution more than sufficient to prove the guilt of the
accused beyond reasonable doubt of the offense charged, accused BEN LIBOON pursuant to Article 335
of the Revised Penal Code as amended by Rep. Act 7659 in par. 8 thereof, is imposed the supreme
penalty of death by lethal injection under Rep. Act 8493 together with all accessory penalty (sic) provided
by law.

Moreover, relative to Article 100 in relation to Article 104 of the Revised Penal Code, governing the civil
aspect of this case, accused Ben Liboon is furthermore ordered to pay complainant Analyn Caballes the
amount of P50,000.00 by way of civil indemnity as decided by the Supreme Court in the case of PP vs.
Caballes, G.R. No. 102723-24, promulgated on June 19, 1997.

For lack of sufficient evidence to prove moral damages against the accused in the commission of the
offense charged, moral damages is denied with costs de oficio.

Pursuant to Art. 47, par. 2 of Rep. Act 7659, the Branch Clerk of Court of this court is ordered to
immediately elevate the entire records of the case with the Clerk of Court, Supreme Court, Manila for
automatic review of the said court of the decision in this case.

SO ORDERED."42

Hence, this automatic appeal where accused-appellant raises the following assignment of errors43:

I.

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GIVING FULL FAITH AND UNDUE CREDENCE TO THE INCREDIBLE
ACCOUNT OF PRIVATE COMPLAINANT RELATIVE TO THE CRIME CHARGED.

II.

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DISALLOWING ACCUSED-APPELLANT THROUGH HIS COUNSEL TO

CROSS-EXAMINE PRIVATE COMPLAINANT ANENT THE AFFIDAVIT OF DESISTANCE
VOLUNTARILY EXECUTED IN HIS FAVOR OF GROSS VIOLATION OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
TO CONFRONT HER.

III.

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT GIVING EXCULPATORY WEIGHT TO THE UNCONTESTED
EVIDENCE ADDUCED BY ACCUSED-APPELLANT WHICH WAS AMPLY CORROBORATED ON
MATERIAL POINTS.

IV.

THE TRIAL COURT MANIFESTLY ERRED IN CONVICTING ACCUSED-APPELLANT OF RAPE

DESPITE THE FACT THAT HIS GUILT WAS NOT PROVEN BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT.
After a thorough review of the records of the case, we find nothing on record that would justify a reversal of accused-
appellant's conviction.

We cannot simply disregard the clear and unequivocal testimony of complainant Analyn Caballes in pinpointing
accused-appellant as the author of the assault on her womanhood. It is simply unbelievable that a girl of such
tender age would fabricate such a sordid story of her ravishment at the hands of her uncle. If she is not motivated
by the truth, no woman, much less a 14-year old minor, would subject herself to the rigors of a public trial, describing
before total strangers the shameful, humiliating and degrading experience of the sexual assault.44

The complainant's narration revealed each and every relevant detail of the incident. She was abducted by accused-
appellant, her uncle, while she was on an errand and was taken to an abandoned cockpit. There, away from
possible witnesses, accused-appellant proceeded to commit his evil design on complainant. Complainant was
made to lie down and accused-appellant proceeded to unzip his pants and remove complainant's skirt and
underwear. Accused-appellant then forcibly spread the legs of complainant to facilitate his intrusion. She felt the
pain when he entered her and she proceeded to cry while her uncle was satisfying his lust. We believe that these
declarations sufficiently establish beyond reasonable doubt the commission of accused-appellant of the crime of
rape against complainant on February 2, 1997. Thus:

"Pros. Evangelio:

Q: At about 9:00 o'clock in the evening of February 2, 1997, where were you?

A: I was at that time in the house of my grandmother.

Q: While in the house of your grandmother, what were you doing then at that time?

A: At that time it was the birthday of my aunt.

Q: Now, at that time which was the birthday of your aunt, do you recall of anything that your aunt told
you to do?

A: Yes. She told me that day, buy for me beer.

Q: Now did you comply with the request of your aunt?

Atty. Sangco:

We object your Honor, leading.

Pros. Evangelio:

She testified that was ordered to buy beer, the question is, if she followed her aunt, it is a follow-
up question, your Honor.

A: Yes sir.

Q: Now, where are you going to buy beer at that time?

A: In the neighbor.

Q: How far is that place where you are supposed to buy beer from the house of your lola?

A: The distance is 1 and a half but actually, I do not know the distance sir.

Q: In going to that place, where are you supposed to buy beer (sic), kindly tell the court what is the
lighting condition in that place?

A: There was no street light sir.

Q: Now Analyn, do you know the accused in this case Ben Libo-on?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: Why do you know him?

A: Because he is the husband of my aunt, sir.

Q: Who is the aunt you are referring to?

A: Aunt Mary, sir.

Q: If that Uncle which you said according to you is in court and the husband of your aunt, will you point
at him if he is in court?

A: (witness pointing to a man who identified himself as Ben Libo-on).

Q: Since he is your Uncle being the husband of your aunt, where is the accused and your uncle and
your aunt living?

A: They are also living in the house of my grandmother sir.

Q: At that time when you said there was a party in the house of your Lola, where was the accused
Ben Libo-on?

A: He was there, sir.

Q: How about his wife, your aunt, where was she?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: Now by the way Analyn, will you describe the house of your lola? Is it a two-storey house or only
one floor?

A: Only one-storey house.

Q: While on your way to buy beer, according to you, you were to buy beer, please tell the court what
happened, if any?

A: Yes sir, something happened.

Q: What was that incident?

A: He took hold of my back and one of my hands.

Q: Who took hold of your back and held your hand?

A: Ben Libo-on.

Q: Now, how did you know that it was your uncle Ben Libo-on who took hold of your hand?

A: Because I saw him during that time.

Q: Alright, now in what part of the way when (sic) you were held by the accused?

A: On the street while I was walking on the street.

Q: Now, when your uncle held you, what happened next?

A: I tried to release myself sir.

Q: What happen (sic) when you struggled?

A: I lost strength while I was trying to release myself.

Q: What happened next?

A: He brought me to a certain house.

Q: Where was that house located?

A: Near Km. 11.

Q: Describe that house where you were brought.

A: It was a vacant house.

Q: Now, describe to this court the lighting condition of the house?

A: It was dark.

Q: While you were brought to that place, what did you do?

A: I kept on trying to release myself.

Q: Aside from trying what else did you do?

A: I struggled sir to release myself.

Q: Now, right at that very place, there was a house, what happened next?

A: He had me lie down.

Q: Where?

A: On a bed.

Q: Describe that bed which you said you were forced to lie down?

A: It was a wooden bed.

Q: What happened next?

A: He unzippered his pants

Q: And then what happened next after he unzippered his pants?

A: He removed my skirt.

Q: And after removing your skirt, what happened?

A: He also removed my panty.

Q: While your Uncle was removing your skirt and panty, what did you do?

A: He also removed my panty.

ATTY. SANGO:

That is leading.

PROS. EVANGELIO:

That is not leading Your Honor, I am asking her to describe.

COURT:

Answer.

ATTY. SANGO:

We request that this witness speak louder.

A: He spread my two legs.

PROS. EVANGELIO:

Q: Analyn, show to this court how exactly did this happen actually?

A: (witness demonstrating as if opening her two legs).

Q: Then while after that execution, what happened?

ATTY. SANGO:

We request that this witness speak louder Your Honor.

A: He inserted his penis in my vagina.

PROS. EVANGELIO:

Q: What made you say that the penis of your Uncle was inserted in your vagina?

A: Because I saw it sir, when he inserted his penis in my vagina.

Q: While he inserted his penis in your vagina, what else did you Uncle do aside from inserting his
penis in your vagina?

A: He kept on pumping and pushing and pulling.

Q: While your Uncle was pumping, sexually molesting you, what did you do?

A: I kept on crying.

Q: Aside from crying, what did you do?

ATTY. SANGO:

It is leading.

A: I just kept on crying.

PROS. EVANGELIO:
 Q: Now how long more or less Analyn did your Uncle made that push and pull situation in your vagina?

A: I cannot tell sir.

Q: Anyway, what did you feel about your private part when you said that you were sexually molested
by your Uncle?

A: An excruciating pain.

Q: After your Uncle sexually molested you, what did you do?

A: He left me alone.

Q: In your part, where did you go?

A: I also went home because he left me.

Q: To whom did you report the incident if you reported?

A: To my father.

Q: And what action was taken by your father?

A: He went to the police station and reported the matter45.

On cross-examination, the defense tried to demolish her testimony by making it seem that it was coached and
rehearsed. However, despite the rigorous questioning of the defense, complainant remained steadfast in her
assertion that she was testifying on her own accord and that it was accused-appellant who committed the rape on
her person.

Apart from her unequivocal declarations on the witness stand, the testimony of complainant is strengthened by her
actions immediately after the rape. It is settled that a woman's conduct immediately after the alleged assault is of
critical value in gauging the truth of her accusations.46 Thus, the complainant's declarations in court are bolstered
by the fact that immediately after the alleged rape incident, she did not hesitate in telling her parents about the
rape, reporting the same to the police authorities, and having herself examined by a medico-legal.

The report of the medico-legal likewise supports her claim that she was raped. It is well-settled in our jurisprudence
that the absence of spermatozoa and hymenal lacerations do not necessarily negate rape.47 In the case at bar,
spermatozoa was found in the complainant's sex organ. The presence of sperm cells in the victim's sex organ
affirmed her charge more than words or anger could prove.48

In his Appellant's Brief, accused-appellant argues that the testimony of private complainant is full of loopholes
which render her account of the rape unreliable and unconvincing and that private complainant's identification of
accused-appellant as her rapist has no legal and factual basis. Specifically, he points to the testimony of
complainant that the way leading to the cockpit where she was raped and the cockpit itself were dark and unlighted.
If so, appellant argues, there would have been no way for the victim to positively identify accused-appellant.

We are not persuaded by accused-appellant's arguments. Contrary to accused-appellant's claim, there can be no
doubt as to the identification of the victim. Complainant's familiarity with accused-appellant, who was her own uncle,
enabled her to readily recognize him even if the incident occurred at nighttime. Moreover, by accused-appellant's
own evidence and the findings of the ocular inspection, the way leading to the deserted cockpit was illuminated by
lampposts. Thus, it is not inconceivable that complainant would be able to recognize and identify her assailant. The
apparent inconsistencies in complainant's testimony regarding the lighting conditions do not detract from her
spontaneous recollection of her ordeal and her clear and categorical identification of accused-appellant as the
culprit. Ample margin of error and understanding should be accorded to the young complainant who, naturally
would be gripped with tension, when required to relive an experience she would most definitely rather
forget.49Accused-appellant next takes issue on the action of the trial court in disallowing his counsel from cross-
examining private complainant regarding the affidavit of desistance which she executed. Appellant argues that this
action of the trial court resulted in a violation of his right to confront his accuser guaranteed under the constitution.
As such, the question of whether or not private complainant voluntarily signed the affidavit of desistance remains
unanswered.
The right of an accused to confront his accuser is found in Paragraph 2, Section 14, Article III of the 1987
Constitution. Said provision provides, as follows:

"(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,
and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in
his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused
provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable."

The right to confrontation is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution to the person facing
criminal prosecution who should know, in fairness, who his accusers are and must be given a chance to cross-
examine them on their charges.50 The chief purpose of the right of confrontation is to secure the opportunity for
cross-examination, so that if the opportunity for cross-examination has been secured, the function and test of
confrontation has also been accomplished, the confrontation being merely the dramatic preliminary to cross-
examination.51

In the instant case, we fail to see how accused-appellant's right to confrontation was violated. Precisely, this right
was observed when complainant was presented on the witness stand and, after her testimony, the counsel for
accused-appellant conducted his cross-examination. In this regard, the presiding judge of trial court committed no
error in disallowing counsel for defendant from asking questions regarding the affidavit of desistance executed by
complainant and her mother. The question as to whether the same was executed voluntarily had already been
passed upon during the hearing on January 27, 1998 and had already been the subject of an Order52 dated January
27, 1998 declaring the affidavit as non-binding on the court. If accused-appellant had felt aggrieved about the said
Order, then he could have filed a petition for certiorari questioning the same. His failure to do so, however, has
rendered the Order final. 1âwphi1.nêt

At any rate, we fail to see how allowing counsel for the defense to continue with such line of questioning would
have helped accused-appellant's case. Complainant, by testifying on the witness stand and narrating her ordeal at
the hands of accused-appellant has effectively repudiated the contents of her affidavit and has shown her intention
to continue the prosecution of the case. Moreover, it must be stressed that the said affidavit of desistance was
executed and presented in court after the information had already been filed before the trial court. In such instances,
the trial court is not duty-bound to simply dismiss the case as it is still within its discretion whether or not to proceed
with the prosecution.53 This doctrine gains even more significance with the reclassification, under the Anti-Rape
Law of 1997 (R.A. 8493), of rape from a crime against chastity to a crime against persons.54 Under the new law,
the crime of rape may now be prosecuted even without the initiative or even consent of the offended party.55

Accused-appellant insists however that with the ruling of the trial court judge disallowing the questions made to
complainant regarding her affidavit of desistance, the question as to whether or not the said affidavit was executed
voluntarily remains unanswered. Assuming arguendo that the same was not executed voluntarily and/or disowned
by complainant, accused-appellant argues further that such "flip-flopping conduct"56 on her part weakens her
credibility to tell the truth.

We do not agree.

As previously discussed, the question of voluntariness of the execution of the affidavit is of no moment as it is still
the trial court which has the option of dismissing the case or proceeding with the trial once the information has
been filed in court. As such, even if the affidavit was executed voluntarily, the court still has the discretion to
disregard the same and proceeding with the trial of the accused. Moreover, by testifying on the witness stand and
recounting the details of her ordeal at the hands of accused-appellant, complainant has effectively renounced or
disowned her previous statements in the said affidavit.

Lastly, contrary to the assertions of accused-appellant, while there may be "flip-flopping conduct" on the part of the
complainant in deciding whether to pursue the prosecution of the case, there is no such equivocation in her
testimony with respect to what had happened to her on November 2, 1997 at the hands of accused-appellant.
Immediately after the rape incident, complainant told her parents about her ordeal and she voluntarily went to the
police station where she executed an affidavit detailing the rape against her. She also had herself submitted to a
physical examination that very same night. She gave the same account of her ordeal to the social workers who
interviewed her when she was remanded to the custody of the DSWD. And in open court, the complainant gave a
candid and straightforward account of her harrowing experience in a manner reflective of honest and unrehearsed
testimony. Clearly, contrary to the assertions of accused-appellant, complainant has been consistent in her
accusations. Such consistency enhances the credibility of her testimony.
For his last assignment of error, accused-appellant faults the trial court in not giving exculpatory weight to the
uncontested evidence adduced by accused-appellant which he claims was amply corroborated on material points.
Thus, he argues that the trial court manifestly erred in convicting accused-appellant of rape despite the fact that
his guilt was not proven beyond reasonable doubt.

Accused-appellant's defense consists mainly of alibi and in the imputation of ulterior motives on the part of the
parents of the complainant. With respect to alibi, accused-appellant testified that on the night of the alleged incident,
he was at the house of a friend having a drinking session. His alibi was supported by the testimony of three of his
friends who uniformly claimed that they saw him at the house of Wilfredo Ongco at the time of the incident. With
respect to the motive behind the filing of the charges, accused-appellant claims that the parents of the victim owed
him money and that they were also interested in extorting money from him in exchange for the dropping of the
charges.

Again, we are not convinced.

It is well settled that the defense of alibi is the weakest of all defenses as it is easy to contrive and difficult to
disprove.57 For this reason, the court looks with caution upon the defense of alibi especially when, as in this case,
it is corroborated mainly by relatives and friends of the accused.58 For the defense of alibi to prosper, one must not
only prove that he was somewhere else when the crime was committed but must also show that it was physically
impossible for him to have been at the scene of the crime.59 In the case at bar, accused-appellant's alibi merely
placed him at about one to two kilometers away from the crime scene. For this reason, the requirements of time
and place have not been met and the alibi must fail. More importantly, alibi cannot prevail and is worthless in the
face of positive identification by a credible witness.60 In the instant case, accused-appellant was directly identified
by the complainant as the perpetrator of the crime in the police station on the night of the crime and in court when
she gave her direct testimony.

With respect to the imputation of ill motives on the part of the parents of the complainant, we have previously held
that it is unlikely for a young girl like the complainant and her family to impute the crime of rape to their own blood
relative and face social humiliation if the purpose was not to vindicate the honor of the complainant.61 It is
unimaginable for them to undergo the expense, trouble and inconvenience of a public trial, not to mention the
scandal, embarrassment, and humiliation such action inevitably invites, as well as to subject complainant to an
examination of her private parts, and to sell her honor and being for mercenary considerations.62 Moreover,
whatever ill motives the defense was able to establish may only be imputed to the parents of the complainant and
cannot be taken against private complainant herself whose testimony in court shows that she was motivated by no
other consideration than to obtain justice and retribution. It would be farfetched to conclude that she was forced by
her parents to testify falsely against accused-appellant considering that at the time of the time of her testimony,
she was already remanded to the custody of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. Verily, if her
parents coerced her to implicate accused-appellant in the rape, such coercion already ceased when she took the
witness stand.

Although we affirm the conviction of accused-appellant, the trial court committed error in imposing the supreme
penalty of death. The trial court imposed the death penalty because it considered the special qualifying
circumstances of relationship of accused-appellant to the private complainant and the latter's minority. The
information dated November 4, 1997 charging accused-appellant of the crime of rape alleged that the accused,
"an Uncle of complainant, by force, violence and intimidation, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously had sexual
intercourse with the said ANALYN CABELLES, a 14 year old minor, with a mind of a child against her will."63 The
prosecution was able to prove that at the time she was raped Analyn Caballes was only 14 years, 7 months, and
21 days of age, having been born on March 11, 1983 as evidenced by her birth certificate.64 The prosecution
likewise proved accused-appellant's wife Mary is the private complainant's aunt, being the sister of her mother,
Erlinda. Accused-appellant was therefore private complainant's relative by affinity within the third civil degree.

Under Article 266-B of the Revised Penal Code, which now under R.A. 8493 provides the basis for the crime of
rape, the death penalty shall be imposed when, among others, "the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and
the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil
degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the victim."

It is well-settled that this attendant circumstance, as well as the other circumstances introduced by Republic Act
Nos. 7659 and 8493 are in the nature of qualifying circumstances. These attendant circumstances are not ordinary
aggravating circumstances which merely increase the period of the penalty. Rather, these are special qualifying
circumstances which must be specifically pleaded or alleged with certainty in the information; otherwise, the death
penalty cannot be imposed.65

In this regard, we have previously held that if the offender is merely a relation – not a parent, ascendant, step-
parent, or guardian or common-law spouse of the mother of the victim – it must be alleged in the information that
he is "a relative by consanguinity of affinity (as the case may be) within the third civil degree."66 Thus, in the instant
case, the allegation that accused-appellant is the uncle of private complainant is not specific enough to satisfy the
special qualifying circumstance of relationship. The relationship by consanguinity or affinity between appellant and
complainant was not alleged in the information in this case. Even if it were so alleged, it was still necessary to
specifically allege that such relationship was within the third civil degree.

Consequently, due to the defect in the information charging accused-appellant of rape, he can only be held liable
for simple rape even if it was proven during trial that he was the uncle of the victim and thus, a relative by affinity
of the victim within the third civil degree.

Neither may accused-appellant be sentenced to death by reason of the victim's alleged mental disability, or, as the
information puts it, having the "mind of a child."67 It is true that under Article 266-B of the Revised Penal Code, the
penalty of death is imposed "when the offender knew of the mental disability, emotional disorder and/or physical
handicap of the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime." However, aside from the testimony that
the complainant stopped schooling at the first-grade level and the report of the social worker that complainant was
mentally slow68, there is no showing that complainant suffered from any mental infirmity or weakness which
rendered her incapable of giving consent to the carnal act.69 In fact, complainant's testimony that she struggled and
cried while accused-appellant was raping her70 shows that she was aware of what was being done to her and that
she was not giving her consent thereto. Finally, even assuming that complainant was suffering from a mental
disability, the prosecution failed to prove, as required by law, that accused-appellant was aware of such mental
condition when he raped complainant.

In view of the foregoing, accused-appellant may only be convicted of simple rape. Under Article 266-B of the
Revised Penal Code, the penalty for simple rape is reclusion perpetua and accused-appellant must thus be
sentenced accordingly.

In addition to the trial court's award of civil indemnity of P50,000.00, we award to the victim, Analyn Caballes, moral
damages in the amount of P50,000.00, without need for pleading or proof of the basis thereof. The fact that the
complainant in rape has suffered the trauma of mental, physical, and psychological suffering which constitute the
basis for moral damages are too obvious to still require recital thereof at the trial by the victim since we assume
and acknowledge such agony on her part as a gauge of her credibility.71

WHEREFORE, accused-appellant Ben Libo-on, is found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape and
is sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua. Accused-appellant is also ordered to pay the victim, Analyn
Caballes, civil indemnity in the amount of P50,000.00 and moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00.

SO ORDERED. 1âwphi1