Quest

ionNO1

Di
str
ibut
edDat
abaseManagement
 Sy
stem 
(DDBMS)
:
  A Di
str
ibut
ed Dat
abase
Management
 Sy
stem 
(DDBMS)consi
stsofasi
ngl
elogi
caldat
abaset
hati
sspl
i
tint
oa
number of f
ragment
s. A maj
or 
mot
ivat
ion 
behi
nd t
he dev
elopment of
dat
abase 
syst
ems 
i
sthedesi
ret
oint
egr
atet
heoper
ati
onaldat
aofanor
gani
zat
ionand
t
o pr
ovi
de 
cont
rol
l
edaccesst
othedat
a.

Themot
ivat
ioni
npr
ovi
dingsuchasy
stem:
Di
str
ibut
ed Dat
abase Management Sy
stem
(
DDBMS)i
sthesof
twar
esy
stem t
hatper
mit
sthemanagementoft
hedi
str
ibut
ed
dat
abaseandmakest
hedi
str
ibut
iont
ranspar
entt
o user
s.A Di
str
ibut
edDat
abase
ManagementSy
stem (
DDBMS)consi
stsofasi
ngl
elogi
caldat
abaset
hati
sspl
i
tint
oa
numberoff
ragment
s.Eachf
ragmenti
sst
oredononeormor
ecomput
ersundert
he
cont
rolofasepar
ateDBMS,wi
tht
hecomput
ersconnect
edbyacommuni
cat
ions
net
wor
k.Eachsi
tei
scapabl
eofi
ndependent
lypr
ocessi
nguserr
equest
sthatr
equi
re
accesst
olocaldat
a(t
hati
s,eachsi
tehassomedegr
eeofl
ocalaut
onomy
)andi
sal
so
capabl
eofpr
ocessi
ngdat
ast
oredonot
hercomput
ersi
nthenet
wor
k.User
saccesst
he
di
str
ibut
eddat
abasev
iaappl
i
cat
ions,whi
char
ecl
assi
fi
edast
hoset
hatdonotr
equi
re
dat
afr
om ot
hersi
tes(
localappl
i
cat
ions)andt
hoset
hatdor
equi
reDat
afr
om ot
her
si
tes(
global
appl
i
cat
ions)
.Wer
equi
reaDDBMSt
ohav
eatl
eastonegl
obal
appl
i
cat
ion.

ADDBMSt
her
efor
ehast
hef
oll
owi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cs:

1)Acol
l
ect
ionofl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
atedshar
eddat
a.

2)Thedat
aisspl
i
tint
oanumberoff
ragment
s.

3)f
ragment
smayber
epl
i
cat
ed.
 4)TheDBMSateachsi
tecanhandl
elocal
appl
i
cat
ions,
aut
onomousl
y.

5)EachDBMSpar
ti
cipat
esi
natl
eastonegl
obal
appl
i
cat
ion.

Amaj
ormot
ivat
ionbehi
ndt
hedev
elopmentofdat
abasesy
stemsi
sthe
desi
ret
oint
egr
atet
heoper
ati
onaldat
aofanor
gani
zat
ionandt
opr
ovi
de
cont
rol
l
edaccesst
othedat
aAl
thoughi
ntegr
ati
onandcont
rol
l
edaccess
mayi
mpl
ycent
ral
i
zat
ion,t
hisi
snott
hei
ntent
ion.I
nfact
,thedev
elopment
ofcomput
ernet
wor
ks pr
omot
es a decent
ral
i
zed mode ofwor
k.Thi
s
decent
ral
i
zed appr
oach mi
rr
orst
he or
gani
zat
ionalst
ruct
ure ofmany
compani
es whi
ch ar
elogi
cal
l
y di
str
ibut
ed i
nto di
vi
sions,depar
tment
s,
pr
oject
s,andsoon,
andphy
sical
l
ydi
str
ibut
edi
ntoof
fi
ces,
plant
s,f
act
ori
es,
wher
eeachuni
tmai
ntai
nsi
tsownoper
ati
onaldat
a(Dat
e,2000)
.Theshar
e
abi
l
ityoft
hedat
aandt
heef
fi
ciencyofdat
aaccessshoul
dbei
mpr
ovedby
t
he dev
elopmentofa di
str
ibut
ed dat
abase sy
stem t
hatr
efl
ect
sthi
s
or
gani
zat
ionalst
ruct
ure,makest
hedat
ainal
luni
tsaccessi
ble,andst
ores
dat
apr
oxi
mat
etot
hel
ocat
ionwher
eiti
smostf
requent
lyused.Di
str
ibut
ed
DBMSsshoul
dhel
presol
vet
hei
slandsofi
nfor
mat
ionpr
obl
em Dat
abases
ar
e somet
imes r
egar
ded as el
ect
roni
cisl
ands t
hatar
e di
sti
nctand
gener
all
y,l
i
ke r
emot
eisl
ands.Thi
s may be a r
esul
tofgeogr
aphi
cal
separ
ati
on, i
n compat
ibl
e comput
er ar
chi
tect
ures, i
ncompat
ibl
e
communi
cat
ionpr
otocol
s,andso on.I
ntegr
ati
ng t
hedat
abasesi
ntoa
l
ogi
cal
whol
emaypr
eventt
hiswayoft
hinki
ng.
QUSTI
ONNO2

Compar
eand cont
rasta DDBMS wi
th di
str
ibut
ed pr
ocessi
ng
Underwhatci
rcumst
anceswoul
dyouchooseaDDBMS ov
er
di
str
ibut
edpr
ocessi
ng?
ADi
str
ibut
edDBMSi
sasy
stem t
hatconsi
stsofdat
athati
sphy
sical
l
y
di
str
ibut
ed acr
oss a numberofsi
tes i
nthe net
wor
k.I
fthe dat
ais
cent
ral
i
zedev
ent
houghot
heruser
smaybeaccessi
ngt
hedat
aov
ert
he
net
wor
k,wedonotconsi
dert
hist
obeadi
str
ibut
edDMBSbutsi
mpl
ya
di
str
ibut
edpr
ocessi
ng.

Supposeacompanyhasdi
ff
erentdi
vi
sionsal
lov
erand eachdi
vi
sion
cont
rol
sit
sowndat
awhi
chmeanst
heyhav
ethei
rowndat
abases.Thi
s
woul
d be mor
e ef
fi
cientt
han hav
ing al
lthe di
vi
sions accessi
ng a
cent
ral
i
zeddat
abaseandupdat
ing/
changi
ngt
hei
rdat
a.

QUESTI
ONNO3

Compar
eandcont
rastaDDBMSwi
thapar
all
elDBMS.Under
whatci
rcumst
anceswoul
dyouchooseaDDBMSov
erapar
all
el
DBMS?

Di
ff
erenceBet
weenDDBMSandPar
all
elDBMS:

Themai
ndi
ff
erencebet
weendi
str
ibut
edandpar
all
eldat
abasei
sthatt
he
di
str
ibut
ed dat
abase i
s a sy
stem t
hat manages mul
ti
ple l
ogi
cal
l
y
i
nter
rel
ated dat
abases di
str
ibut
ed acr
oss a net
wor
k,whi
l
ethe par
all
el
dat
abasei
sasy
stem i
nwhi
chmul
ti
plepr
ocessor
sexecut
eandr
unquer
ies
si
mul
taneousl
y.

Adat
abasei
sanessent
ial
stor
ageuni
tforev
erybusi
nessor
gani
zat
ion.I
tis
acol
l
ect
ionofdat
ainanor
gani
zedmanner
.Ther
ear
evar
ioust
ypesof
dat
abases.Di
str
ibut
edandpar
all
eldat
abasesar
etwot
ypesofdat
abases.
Gener
all
y,apar
all
eldat
abasei
sfast
ert
hanadi
str
ibut
eddat
abase.

Par
all
elDBMSi
saDBMSr
unni
ngacr
ossmul
ti
plepr
ocessor
sand
di
skst
hati
sdesi
gnedt
oexecut
eoper
ati
onsi
npar
all
el,
whenev
erpossi
ble,
i
nor
dert
oimpr
oveper
for
mancewhi
l
ether
eisnopar
all
elexecut
ionof
dat
abase(
usi
ngmul
ti
plepr
ocessor
s)i
nDDBMS.Par
all
elDBMSi
sgener
all
y
usedf
orv
eryl
argedat
abasespossi
blyoft
heor
deroft
eraby
tes,
orsy
stems
t
hathav
etopr
ocesst
housandsoft
ransact
ionspersecond.Par
all
elDBMS
i
mpr
ovesper
for
mancet
hrough par
all
eli
zi
ng v
ari
ousoper
ati
ons:l
oadi
ng
dat
a,i
ndexi
ng,quer
yev
aluat
ion.Dat
amaybedi
str
ibut
ed,butpur
elyf
or
per
for
mance r
easons.I
n par
all
eldat
abase sy
stem,par
all
eli
zat
ion of
oper
ati
onsi
sper
for
medf
orenhanci
ngt
heper
for
manceoft
hear
chi
tect
ure.
I
nrealt
ime,
ther
ear
esi
tuat
ionswher
ecent
ral
i
zedsy
stemsar
enotenough
f
lexi
blet
o handl
e some appl
i
cat
ions l
i
ke i
nfl
uid mechani
cs.The
ar
chi
tect
uresr
elat
edt
oPar
all
elDBMS.