Designation: C1819 − 15

Standard Test Method for

Hoop Tensile Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced
Advanced Ceramic Composite Tubular Test Specimens at
Ambient Temperature Using Elastomeric Inserts1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope posites can be composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hoop (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a
tensile strength including stress-strain response of continuous wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix
fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes subjected to an inter- compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and
nal pressure produced by the expansion of an elastomeric insert other compositions).
undergoing monotonic uniaxial loading at ambient tempera- 1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous
ture. This type of test configuration is sometimes referred to as fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or particulate-reinforced
an overhung tube. This test method is specific to tube ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be
geometries, because flaw populations, fiber architecture and equally applicable to these composites.
specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in 1.5 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen
composite tubes, as compared to flat plates. tube geometries based on a non dimensional parameter that
1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a includes composite material property and tube radius. Lengths
defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded via of the composite tube, push rods and elastomeric insert are
internal pressurization from the radial expansion of an elasto- determined from this non dimensional parameter so as to
meric insert (located midway inside the tube) that is longitu- provide a gage length with uniform, internal, radial pressure. A
dinally compressed from either end by pushrods. The elasto- wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii,
meric insert expands under the uniaxial compressive loading of wall thicknesses, tube lengths and insert lengths are possible.
the pushrods and exerts a uniform radial pressure on the inside 1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature
of the tube. The resulting hoop stress-strain response of the testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high temperature
composite tube is recorded until failure of the tube. The hoop furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and
tensile strength and the hoop fracture strength are determined measurement systems and temperature-capable grips and load-
from the resulting maximum pressure and the pressure at ing fixtures, which are not addressed in this test standard.
fracture, respectively. The hoop tensile strains, the hoop
1.6 This test method addresses tubular test specimen
proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity in the
geometries, test specimen methods, testing rates (force rate,
hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note
induced pressure rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), and
that hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers to
data collection and reporting procedures in the following
the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the induced
sections.
pressure of a monotonic, uniaxially-loaded elastomeric insert
Section
where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate Scope 1
without reversals from test initiation to final fracture. Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic Summary of Test Method 4
matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: Significance and Use 5
uni-directional (1-D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirec- Interferences 6
Apparatus 7
tional (2-D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional Hazards 8
(3-D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix com- Test Specimens 9
Test Procedure 10
Calculation of Results 11
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Report 12
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on Precision and Bias 13
Ceramic Matrix Composites. Keywords 14
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. DOI: Annexes
10.1520/C1819-15. Verification Of Load Train Alignment Appendix X1

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 C1819 − 15

Section Additional terms used in conjunction with this test method are
Stress Factors For Calculation Of Maximum Hoop Stress Appendix X2 defined in the following:
Axial Force To Internal Pressure Appendix X3
3.1.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high per-
1.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance formance predominantly nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic ma-
with the International System of Units (SI). terial having specific functional attributes. (See Terminology
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the C1145.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.3 breaking force, n—the force at which fracture occurs.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (See Terminology E6.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard 3.1.4 ceramic matrix composite (CMC), n—a material con-
statements are given in Section 8 and Note 1. sisting of two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in
which the major, continuous component (matrix component) is
2. Referenced Documents a ceramic, while the secondary component/s (reinforcing
component) may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 organic in nature. These components are combined on a
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics macroscale to form a useful engineering material possessing
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and certain properties or behavior not possessed by the individual
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced constituents.
Ceramics
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials 3.1.5 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines (CFCC), n—a ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or a
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- woven fabric.
someter Systems 3.1.6 gage length, n—the original length of that portion of
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in the specimen over which strain or change of length is deter-
ASTM Test Methods mined. (See Terminology E6.)
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy- 3.1.7 hoop tensile strength, n—the maximum tensile com-
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem- ponent of hoop stress which a material is capable of sustaining.
peratures) Hoop tensile strength is calculated from the maximum internal
E380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units pressure induced in a tubular test specimen.
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)3
3.1.8 matrix-cracking stress, n—the applied tensile stress at
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
which the matrix cracks into a series of roughly parallel blocks
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
normal to the tensile stress.
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In some cases, the matrix cracking
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
stress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviation
Force Application
from linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in the
SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for
stress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially with
Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern
materials which do not possess a linear region of the stress-
Metric System
strain curve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the
first stress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in the
3. Terminology
during unloading (elastic limit).
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.9 modulus of elasticity, n—the ratio of stress to corre-
3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to hoop tensile
sponding strain below the proportional limit. (See Terminology
strength testing appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the
E6.)
terms used in this test method. The definitions of terms relating
to advanced ceramics appearing in Terminology C1145 apply 3.1.10 modulus of resilience, n—strain energy per unit
to the terms used in this test method. The definitions of terms volume required to elastically stress the material from zero to
relating to fiber reinforced composites appearing in Terminol- the proportional limit indicating the ability of the material to
ogy D3878 apply to the terms used in this test method. absorb energy when deformed elastically and return it when
Pertinent definitions as listed in Practice E1012, Terminology unloaded.
C1145, Terminology D3878, and Terminology E6 are shown in 3.1.11 modulus of toughness, n—strain energy per unit
the following with the appropriate source given in parentheses. volume required to stress the material from zero to final
fracture indicating the ability of the material to absorb energy
beyond the elastic range (that is, damage tolerance of the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or material).
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM 3.1.11.1 Discussion—The modulus of toughness can also be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
referred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such is
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on regarded as an indication of the ability of the material to sustain
www.astm.org. damage rather than as a material property. Fracture mechanics

2
 C1819 − 15
methods for the characterization of CMCs have not been (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized (<50
developed. The determination of the modulus of toughness as µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these
provided in this test method for the characterization of the composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface
cumulative damage process in CMCs may become obsolete coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber
when fracture mechanics methods for CMCs become available. pull-out.
3.1.12 proportional limit stress, n—the greatest stress that a 5.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic
material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from
combination of material properties, interface coatings, porosity
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law).
control, composite architecture (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D), and
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Many experiments have shown that
geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of
values observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with the
sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricity the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with
of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is braid and 3-D weave architectures) cannot be made by apply-
plotted, and other factors. When determination of proportional ing measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of
limit is required, the procedure and sensitivity of the test tubes. In particular tubular components comprised of CMCs
equipment should be specified. (See Terminology E6.) material form a unique synergistic combination of material and
geometric shape that are generally inseparable. In other words,
3.1.13 slow crack growth, n—subcritical crack growth (ex-
prediction of mechanical performance of CMC tubes generally
tension) which may result from, but is not restricted to, such
cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates.
mechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion or
diffusive crack growth. Strength tests of internally-pressurized, CMC tubes provide
information on mechanical behavior and strength for a
4. Summary of Test Method multiaxially-stressed material.
4.1 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a 5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture
defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded by catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally
the radial expansion an elastomeric insert (located midway experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage
inside the tube) that is compressed longitudinally between process. Therefore, while the volume of material subjected to a
pushrods. The elastomericinsert expands under the uniaxial uniform hoop tensile stress for a single uniformly pressurized
compressive loading of the pushrods and exerts a uniform tube test may be a significant factor for determining matrix
radial pressure on the inside of the tube. The resulting hoop cracking stress, this same volume may not be as significant a
stress-strain response of the composite tube is recorded until factor in determining the ultimate strength of a CMC.
failure of the tube. The hoop tensile strength and the hoop However, the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions
fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum of the brittle matrices of CMCs requires a statistically signifi-
pressure and the pressure at fracture. The hoop tensile strains, cant number of test specimens for statistical analysis and
the hoop proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity
design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test speci-
in the hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data.
men volume on strength distributions for CMCs have not been
4.2 Hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers completed. It should be noted that hoop tensile strengths
to the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the induced obtained using different recommended test specimens with
pressure of a monotonic, uniaxially-loaded elastomeric insert different volumes of material in the gage sections may be
where monotonic refers to a continuous test rate with no different due to these volume effects.
reversals.
5.5 Hoop tensile strength tests provide information on the
4.3 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen
strength and deformation of materials under biaxial stresses
tube geometries based on a non dimensional parameter that
induced from internal pressurization of tubes. Non-uniform
includes composite material property and tube radius. Lengths
of the composite tube, push rods and elastomericinsert are stress states are inherent in these types of tests and subsequent
determined from this non dimensional parameter so as to evaluation of any non-linear stress-strain behavior must take
provide a gage length with uniform, internal, radial pressure. A into account the unsymmetric behavior of the CMC under
wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii, biaxial stressing. This non-linear behavior which may develop
wall thicknesses, tube lengths and insert lengths are possible. as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example,
matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture,
5. Significance and Use delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode,
5.1 This test method (a.k.a., overhung tube method) may be testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental
used for material development, material comparison, material influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of
screening, material down selection and quality assurance. This stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be
test method is not recommended for material characterization, minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in
design data generation and/or material model verification/ this test method.
validation. 5.6 The results of hoop tensile strength tests of test speci-
5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites mens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular
(CFCC) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally

3
 C1819 − 15
represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, minimum stresses occurring at the test specimen surface
full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different leading to fractures originating at surfaces or near geometrical
environments. transitions. In addition, if deformations or strains are measured
5.7 For quality control purposes, results derived from stan- at surfaces where maximum or minimum stresses occur,
dardized tubular hoop tensile strength test specimens may be bending may introduce over or under measurement of strains
considered indicative of the response of the material from depending on the location of the strain-measuring device on the
which they were taken for, given primary processing condi- specimen. Similarly, fracture from surface flaws may be
tions and post-processing heat treatments. accentuated or suppressed by the presence of the non-uniform
stresses caused by bending.
5.8 The hoop tensile stress behavior and strength of a CMC
are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the pres- 6.4 Friction between the insert and the rough and/or unlu-
ence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. bricated inner surface of tubular test specimen can produce
Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond compressive stresses on the inner bore of the tube that will
the scope of this test method, is highly recommended. reduce that hoop stress in the tube. In addition, this friction will
accentuate axial bending stress.
6. Interferences 6.5 Fractures that initiate outside the gage section of a test
6.1 Test environment (vacuum, inert gas, ambient air, etc.) specimen may be due to factors such as stress concentrations or
including moisture content (for example, relative humidity) geometrical transitions, extraneous stresses introduced by
may have an influence on the measured hoop tensile strength. fixtures/load apparatuses or strength-limiting features in the
In particular, the behavior of materials susceptible to slow microstructure of the specimen. Such non-gage section frac-
crack growth fracture will be strongly influenced by test tures will usually constitute invalid tests.
environment and testing rate. Testing to evaluate the maximum
strength potential of a material should be conducted in inert 7. Apparatus
environments or at sufficiently rapid testing rates, or both, so as 7.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for applying uniaxial
to minimize slow crack growth effects. Conversely, testing can forces to elastomeric inserts for hoop tensile strength testing
be conducted in environments and testing modes and rates shall conform to the requirements of Practice E4. The axial
representative of service conditions to evaluate material per- force used in inducing the internal pressure shall be accurate
formance under use conditions. When testing is conducted in within 61 % at any force within the selected force range of the
uncontrolled ambient air with the intent of evaluating maxi- testing machine as defined in Practice E4. A schematic showing
mum strength potential, relative humidity and temperature pertinent features of the hoop tensile strength testing apparatus
must be monitored and reported. Testing at humidity levels >65 is shown in Fig. 1.
% relative humidity (RH) is not recommended and any
7.2 Fixtures:
deviations from this recommendation must be reported.
7.2.1 General—Compression loading fixtures are generally
6.2 Surface preparation of test specimens, although nor- composed of two parts: (1) basic steel test machine grips (for
mally not considered a major concern in CMCs, can introduce example, hydraulically-loaded v-grips) attached to the test
fabrication flaws that may have pronounced effects on hoop machine and (2) push rods that are held rigidly in the test
tensile stress mechanical properties and behavior (for example, machine grips and act as the interface between the grips and
shape and level of the resulting stress-strain curve, hoop tensile elastomeric insert. A schematic drawing of such a fixture and a
strength and strain, proportional limit stress and strain, etc.). test specimen is shown in Fig. 2. A figure showing an actual
Machining damage introduced during test specimen prepara- test setup is shown in Fig. 3. Another variation of the
tion can be either a random interfering factor in the determi- compression loading fixture can use (1) compression platens
nation of ultimate strength of pristine material (i.e., increased attached to the test machine and (2) push rods that are held
frequency of surface initiated fractures compared to volume against the platens in the test machine and act as the interface
initiated fractures), or an inherent part of the strength charac- between the platens and elastomeric insert.
teristics to be measured. Surface preparation can also lead to 7.2.2 With insert testing, the only ‘connection’ between the
the introduction of residual stresses. Universal or standardized pressurizing ‘machinery’ and the tube under test is a trapped
test methods of surface preparation do not exist. It should be film of high pressure lubricant (Fig. 2). Tests have shown that
understood that final machining steps may, or may not negate this lubricant film retains a constant thickness during testing to
machining damage introduced during the initial machining. the maximum pressure (1). The objective is to transmit the
Thus, test specimen fabrication history may play an important applied force from the push rod through the lubricant film to
role in the measured strength distributions and should be the inner wall of the tube under test. However, evidence
reported. In addition, the nature of fabrication used for certain indicates that the insert behaves as a hydraulic fluid also up to
composites (for example, chemical vapor infiltration or hot longitudinal compressions of at least 5 % strain.
pressing) may require the testing of test specimens in the 7.2.3 Inserts—Typically, commercial insert material are
as-processed condition (that is, it may not be possible to used because of the wide range of hardnesses available. The
machine the test specimen faces). “correct” hardness is chosen by determining the insert force
6.3 Internally-pressurized tests of CMC tubes can produce and related pressure at failure of the CMC tubular test
biaxial and triaxial stress distributions with maximum and specimen.

4
 C1819 − 15

FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of One Possible Apparatus for Applying a Uniaxial Force to an Elastomeric Insert for Conducting a Internally
Pressurized Hoop Strength Test of a CMC Tube

NOTE 1—Common insert materials include urethane (such as Du Pont unpressurized tube ends can be made such that the stresses in
Adiprene™) or neoprene (1) mainly because of the wide range of the end surfaces during testing are negligible.
hardnesses commercially available. Other inert materials successfully
employed included silicon rubber such as Dow Corning Silastic™.
7.2.3.3 Previous studies (1)4 have shown that pressurized
length of the tube, L, and hence initial length of the insert
7.2.3.1 Inserts can be machined from a pre-cast block or should be:
cast “in place” (i.e., inside the tubular test specimen). However,
a final grinding to finished size on diameter and length is L $ 9⁄β
essential so that end surfaces are perpendicular to diameter. and
(1)
7.2.3.2 Insert length is chosen based on tubular test speci-
men dimensions and test material properties. The insert takes β5 Œ 4 3 ~ 1 2 ν 2!
~ r itube ! 2 t 2
up only the central portion of the tube for two reasons: (1) tube
ends act a guide for the push rods and (2) when correctly 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
dimensioned per the requirement of this test method, the this standard.

5
 C1819 − 15

FIG. 3 Example of Test Setup for Uniaxially Loaded Tube [Ref 1]

TABLE 1 Maximum Recommended Insert Pressure

Maximum recommended pressure
Shore Hardness (A)
(MPa=N/mm2)
70 12
90 50
95 ~130
FIG. 2 Schematic of Uniaxially Loaded Insert [Ref 1]

where: 7.2.4 Pushrods—Pushrods are made from any material with

ν = Poisson’s ratio of test material, sufficient compressive strength to prevent yielding of the
ritube = inner radius of tubular test specimen in units of mm, pushrod and sufficient stiffness to prevent buckling. Final
and grinding of the pushrod diameters and pushrod ends is required
t = wall thickness of tubular test specimen in units of to meet the requirements for wall clearance, face flatness, and
mm. perpendicularity/straightness as shown in Fig. 4.
NOTE 2—Example of a commercial CMC (ν = 0.15) tube with outer 7.2.4.1 Clearance between the pushrod and tube wall of the
diameter of 100 mm and wall and tube wall thickness of 2 mm. In this case
test specimen shall fall within the following limits:
β5 Œ4 3 ~ 1 2 ν 2!

tube 2 2
~ri ! t
5Œ4 3 ~ 1 2 0.152 !
~ @ 100 2 2 ~ 2 ! # ⁄ 2 ! 2 2 2
= 0.133 1/mm such that
0.04 mm # c 5 ~ r itube 2 r pushrod ! # max H 0.04 mm
0.05* ~ 2r pushrod
% (2)
L = 9/β = 9/0.133 = 67.38 mm. o
0 !

6
 C1819 − 15

FIG. 4 Details of Interface Between Pushrod and Insert

7.2.4.2 Concentricity of the pushrod over the entire length be less than 9 to 12 mm in length for the longitudinal direction
shall 0.005 mm. Flatness of the pushrod end shall be 0.005 and not less than 6 mm in length for the transverse direction.
mm. Perpendicularity of the pushrod end shall be 0.005 mm Note that larger strain gages than those recommended here may
with a run-out of 0.024 mm per 24 mm. be required for fabric reinforcements to average the localized
7.2.4.3 Length of each push rod should include the unpres- strain effects of the fiber crossovers. The strain gages, surface
surized length of the tube, plus the length of the pushrod preparation, and bonding agents should be chosen to provide
inserted into the grip, plus the length of the tube required to adequate performance on the subject materials and suitable
take up the compression of the insert during testing. Too long strain recording equipment should be employed. Note that
of a push rod could contribute to buckling during testing. Too many CMCs may exhibit high degrees of porosity and surface
short of a push rod could lead to interference of the test roughness and therefore require surface preparation including
specimen with the test machine /grip during testing. A recom- surface filling before the strain gages can be applied.
mended (1) push rod length is half minimum unpressurized
length of the tubular test specimen plus the grip length of the 7.4 Data Acquisition—At the minimum, autographic record
push rod, such that: of applied load and gage section elongation or strain versus
time should be obtained. Either analog chart recorders or
L pushrod $ 5 ~ 3.5 ⁄ β ! 1grip length
digital data acquisition systems can be used for this purpose
and
although a digital record is recommended for ease of later data
X 5 3.5⁄β (3) analysis. Ideally, an analog chart recorder or plotter should be
5minimum unpressurized half length used in conjunction with the digital data acquisition system to
of tubular test specimen provide an immediate record of the test as a supplement to the
NOTE 3—Example of a commercial CMC (ν = 0.15) tube with outer
diameter of 100 mm and wall and tube wall thickness of 2 mm. In this case
digital record. Recording devices shall be accurate to within

β5 Œ4 3 ~ 1 2 ν 2!

tube 2 2
~ri ! t
5 Π4 3 ~ 1 2 0.152 !
~ @ 100 2 2 ~ 2 ! # ⁄ 2 ! 2 2 2
X = 3.5/β = 3.5/0.133 = 26.2 in Lpushrod = 26.2 + Lgrip mm.
= 0.133 1/mm such that
60.1 % for the entire testing system including readout unit as
specified in Practices E4 and shall have a minimum data
acquisition rate of 10 Hz with a response of 50 Hz deemed
7.3 Strain Measurement—Strain should be determined by more than sufficient.
means of either a suitable diametral or circumferential 7.4.1 Strain or elongation of the gage section, or both,
extensometers, strain gages or appropriate optical methods. If should be recorded either similarly to the force or as indepen-
Poisson’s ratio is to be determined, the tubular test specimen dent variables of force. Cross-head displacement of the test
must be instrumented to measure strain in both longitudinal machine may also be recorded but should not be used to define
and lateral directions. displacement or strain in the gage section.
7.3.1 Diametral or circumferential extensometers used for 7.5 Dimension-Measuring Devices—Micrometers and other
testing of CMC tubular test specimens shall satisfy Test devices used for measuring linear dimensions should be
Method E83, Class B-1 requirements and are recommended to accurate and precise to at least one half the smallest unit to
be used in place of strain gages for test specimens with gage which the individual dimension is required to be measured. For
lengths of ≥25 mm and shall be used for high-performance the purposes of this test method, cross-sectional dimensions
tests beyond the range of strain gage applications. Extensom- should be measured to within 0.02 mm thereby requiring
eters shall be calibrated periodically in accordance with Test dimension measuring devices with accuracies of 0.01 mm.
Method E83. For extensometers mechanically attached to the
test specimen, the attachment should be such as to cause no 8. Hazards
damage to the specimen surface.
7.3.2 Alternatively, strain can also be determined directly 8.1 During the conduct of this test method, the possibility of
from strain gages. Ideally, to eliminate the effect of misaligned flying fragments of broken test material is high. The brittle
uniaxial strain gages, three element rosette strain gages should nature of advanced ceramics and the release of strain energy
be mounted to determine maximum principal strain which contribute to the potential release of uncontrolled fragments
should be in the hoop direction. Unless it can be shown that upon fracture. Means for containment and retention of these
strain gage readings are not unduly influenced by localized fragments for later fractographic reconstruction and analysis is
strain events such as fiber crossovers, strain gages should not highly recommended.

7
 C1819 − 15
8.2 Exposed fibers at the edges of CMC test specimens application where no machining is used; for example, as-cast,
present a hazard due to the sharpness and brittleness of the sintered, or injection molded part. No additional machining
ceramic fiber. All those required to handle these materials specifications are relevant. As-processed test specimens might
should be well informed of such conditions and the proper possess rough surface textures and nonparallel edges and as
handling techniques. such may cause excessive misalignment or be prone to
nongage section fractures, or both.
9. Test Specimens
9.2.3 Application-Matched Machining—The tubular test
9.1 Test Specimen Geometry: specimen should have the same surface/edge preparation as
9.1.1 General—The geometry of tubular test specimen is that given to the component. Unless the process is proprietary,
dependent on the ultimate use of the hoop tensile strength data. the report should be specific about the stages of material
For example, if the hoop tensile strength of an as-fabricated removal, wheel grits, wheel bonding, amount of material
component is required, the dimensions of the resulting test removed per pass, and type of coolant used.
specimen may reflect the wall thickness, tube diameter, and 9.2.4 Customary Practices—In instances where customary
length restrictions of the component. If it is desired to evaluate machining procedure has been developed that is completely
the effects of interactions of various constituent materials for a satisfactory for a class of materials (that is, it induces no
particular CMC manufactured via a particular processing route, unwanted surface/subsurface damage or residual stresses), this
then the size of the test specimen and resulting gage section procedure should be used.
(i.e. insert length or pressurized length) will reflect the desired
9.2.5 Standard Procedure—In instances where 9.2.2
volume to be sampled. In addition, calculated length of the
through 9.2.4 are not appropriate, 9.2.5 should apply. Studies to
insert (i.e., pressurized length) plus the length of the pushrods
evaluate the machinability of CMCs have not been completed.
(i.e., unpressurized length) will influence the final design of the
Therefore, the standard procedure of 9.2.5 can be viewed as
test specimen geometry. Tubular test specimen geometries to
starting-point guidelines and a more stringent procedure may
maximize or minimize stresses through the wall thickness have
be necessary.
been studied experimentally and analytically (1, 2, 3).
9.1.1.1 The following sections discuss the required hoop 9.2.5.1 All grinding or cutting should be done with ample
tensile strength tubular test specimen geometries although any supply of appropriate filtered coolant to keep the workpiece
geometry is acceptable if it meets requirements for pushrod and and grinding wheel constantly flooded and particles flushed.
test specimen dimensions as well as those fracture location, of Grinding can be done in at least two stages, ranging from
this test method. Deviations from the recommended geometries coarse to fine rate of material removal. All cutting can be done
may be necessary depending upon the particular CMC being in one stage appropriate for the depth of cut.
evaluated. Stress analyses of untried test specimens should be 9.2.5.2 Stock removal rate should be on the order of 0.03
conducted to ensure that stress concentrations that can lead to mm per pass using diamond tools that have between 320 and
undesired fractures outside the gage sections do not exist. It 600 grit. Remove equal stock where applicable.
should be noted that contoured specimens by their nature NOTE 5—Caution: Care should be exercised in storage and handling of
contain inherent stress concentrations due to geometric transi- finished test specimens to avoid the introduction of random and severe
tions that are in addition to stress due to finite length elasto- flaws. In addition, attention should be given to pre-test storage of test
meric inserts. Stress analyses can indicate the magnitude of specimens in controlled environments or desiccators to avoid unquantifi-
such stress concentrations while revealing the success of able environmental degradation of specimens prior to testing.
producing a near uniform hoop tensile stress state in the gage 9.3 Number of Test Specimens—A minimum of five test
section of the test specimen. specimens tested validly is required for the purposes of
9.1.2 Test Specimen Dimensions—Although the diameters estimating a mean. A greater number of test specimens tested
and wall thickness of CMC tubes can vary widely depending validly may be necessary if estimates regarding the form of the
on the application, analytical and experimental studies have strength distribution are required. If material cost or test
shown (1, 2, 3) that successful tests can be maximized by using specimen availability limit the number of possible tests, fewer
consistent ranges of overall tube length as follows: tests can be conducted to determine an indication of material
L t $ 16 ⁄β (4) properties.
NOTE 4—Example of a commercial CMC (ν = 0.15) tube with outer 9.4 Valid Test—A valid individual test is one which meets all
diameter of 100 mm and wall and tube wall thickness of 2 mm. In this case
the following requirements of this test method with final
β5 Œ4 3 ~ 1 2 ν 2!

tube 2 2
~ri ! t
Lt ≥ 16/β = 119.8 mm.
5Œ4 3 ~ 1 2 0.152 !
~ @ 100 2 2 ~ 2 ! # ⁄ 2 ! 2 2 2
= 0.133 1/mm such that fracture in the uniformly-stressed gage section (i.e. pressurized
insert length) unless those tests fracturing outside the gage
section are interpreted as interrupted tests for the purpose of
9.2 Test Specimen Preparation:
censored test analyses.
9.2.1 Depending upon the intended application of the hoop
tensile strength data, use one of the following test specimen
10. Test Procedure
preparation procedures. Regardless of the preparation proce-
dure used, sufficient details regarding the procedure must be 10.1 Test Specimen Dimensions—Determine the wall thick-
reported to allow replication. ness and outer diameter of the gage section of each test
9.2.2 As-Fabricated—The tubular test specimen should specimen to within 0.02 mm. Make measurements on at least
simulate the surface/edge conditions and processing route of an three different cross sectional planes in the gage section. To

8
 C1819 − 15
avoid damage in the critical gage section area it is recom- preferred test mode. However, in CMCs the non-linear stress-
mended that these measurements be made either optically (for strain behavior characteristic of the “graceful” fracture process
example, an optical comparator) or mechanically using a of these materials indicates a cumulative damage process that
self-limiting (friction or ratchet mechanism) flat, anvil-type is strain dependent. Generally, displacement or strain con-
micrometer. When measuring dimensions between the woven trolled tests are employed in such cumulative damage or
faces of woven materials, in general, use a self-limiting yielding deformation processes to prevent a “run away”
(friction or ratchet mechanism) flat anvil type micrometer condition (that is, rapid uncontrolled deformation and fracture)
having anvil cross sectional dimensions of at least 5 mm. In all characteristic of force- or stress-controlled tests. Thus, to
cases the resolution of the instrument shall be as specified in elucidate the potential “toughening” mechanisms under con-
7.5. Exercise caution to prevent damage to the test specimen trolled fracture of the CMC, displacement or strain control is
gage section. Ball-tipped or sharp-anvil micrometers may be preferred. However, for sufficiently rapid test rates, differences
preferred when measuring small-diameter test specimens or in the fracture process may not be noticeable and any of these
materials with rough or uneven nonwoven surfaces. Record test modes may be appropriate.
and report the measured dimensions and locations of the
measurements for use in the calculation of the hoop tensile
stress. Use the average of the multiple measurements in the
stress calculations.
10.1.1 Alternatively, to avoid damage to the gage section (or
in cases where it is not possible to infer or determine gage
section wall thickness), use the procedures described in 9.1 to
make post-fracture measurements of the gage section dimen-
sions. Note that in some cases, the fracture process can
severely fragment the gage section in the immediate vicinity of
the fracture thus making post-fracture measurements of dimen-
sions difficult. In these cases, it is advisable to follow the
procedures outlined in 9.1 for pretest measurements to assure
reliable measurements.
10.1.2 Conduct periodic, if not 100 %, inspection/
measurements of all test specimens and test specimen dimen-
sions to ensure compliance with the drawing specifications.
Generally, high resolution optical methods (for example, an
optical comparator) or high resolution digital point contact
methods (for example, coordinate measurement machine) are
satisfactory as long as the equipment meets the specifications
in 7.5. Note that the frequency of gage section fractures and
bending in the gage section are dependent on proper overall
test specimen dimensions within the required tolerances.
10.1.3 In some cases it is desirable, but not required, to
measure surface finish to quantify the surface condition. Such
methods as contacting profilometry can be used to determine
surface roughness parallel to the longitudinal axis. When
quantified, surface roughness should be reported.
10.2 Test Modes and Rates:
10.2.1 General—Test modes and rates can have distinct and
strong influences on fracture behavior of advanced ceramics
even at ambient temperatures depending on test environment or
condition of the test specimen. Test modes may involve force,
displacement, or strain control. Recommended rates of testing
are intended to be sufficiently rapid to obtain the maximum
possible hoop tensile strength at fracture of the material.
However, rates other than those recommended here may be
used to evaluate rate effects. In all cases the test mode and rate
must be reported.
10.2.1.1 For monolithic advanced ceramics exhibiting linear
elastic behavior, fracture is attributed to a weakest-link fracture NOTE 1—At the high strain portions of the curves two different possible
behaviors are depicted: cases where stress drops prior to fracture (solid
mechanism generally attributed to stress-controlled fracture line) and cases where stress continues to increase to the point of fracture
from Griffith-like flaws. Therefore, a force-controlled test, with (dashed line).
force generally related directly to hoop tensile stress, is the FIG. 5 Schematic Diagrams of Stress-Strain Curves for CMCs

9
 C1819 − 15
10.2.2 Strain Rate—Strain is the independent variable in where:
non-linear analyses such as yielding. As such, strain rate is a Ḟ = the required force rate in units on N/s,
method of controlling tests of deformation processes to avoid F = the applied force in units of N, and
“run away” conditions. For the linear elastic region of CMCs, T = time in units of s.
strain rate can be related to strain measurement such that: 10.2.5 Ramp Segments—Normally, tests are conducted in a
dε single ramp function at a single test rate from zero force to the
ε̇ L 5 (5)
dT maximum force at fracture. However, in some instances
multiple ramp segments might be employed. In these cases a
where:
slow test rate is used to ramp from zero force to an intermediate
ε̇L = strain rate of the insert in units of (mm/mm)/s, and force to allow time for removing “slack” from the test system.
dε/dT = slope of strain-time curve (mm/mm)/s. The final ramp segment of the test is conducted from the
Note that strain-controlled tests can be accomplished using intermediate force to the maximum force at fracture at the
an diametral or hoop extensometer contacting the gage section required (desired) test rate. The type and time duration of the
of the specimen as the primary control transducer. Strain rates ramp should be reported.
on the order of 5 × 10-6 to 50 × 10-6 s-1 are recommended to 10.3 Conducting the Hoop Tensile Strength Test:
minimize environmental effects when testing in ambient air. 10.3.1 Mounting the Test Specimen—The pushrods, insert
Alternately, strain rates shall be selected to produce final and tubular test specimen must be assembled before testing can
fracture in 5 to 10 s to minimize environmental effects when commence. Components required for each test should be
testing in ambient air. identified and noted in the test report. Mark the test specimen
10.2.3 Displacement Rate—The size differences of each test with an indelible marker as to top and bottom and front (side
specimen geometry require a different testing rate for any given facing the operator) in relation to the test machine. In the case
stress rate. Note that as the test specimen begins to fracture, the of strain-gaged test specimens, orient the test specimen such
strain rate in the gage section of the specimen will change even that the “front” of the test specimen and a unique strain gage
though the rate of motion of the cross-head remains constant. (for example, Strain Gage 1 designated SG1) coincide. Mark
For this reason displacement rate controlled tests can give only each pushrod to indicate the unpressurized length, X, from the
an approximate value of the imposed strain rate. Displacement end of the pushrod in contact with the insert.
mode is defined as the control of, or free-running displacement 10.3.2 Preparations for Testing—Clean and grease the
of, the test machine cross-head. Thus, the displacement rate can insert, puhrods and bore of the tubular test specimen. Slide the
be calculated as follows. Displacement rates shall be selected insert into the tube. Slide one push rod into each end of the
to produce final fracture in 5 to 10 s to minimize environmental tubular test specimen, “sandwiching the insert between the two
effects when testing in ambient air. Using the recommended (or ends of the pushrods inside the tube. Insert the two free ends of
desired) strain rate as detailed in 9.2.2, calculate the displace- the pushrods into the upper and lower “grips” of the test
ment rate for the linear elastic region of CMCs only as: machine. Set the test mode and test rate on the test machine.
Temporarily support the test specimen such that the inert is
dδ centered in the in the test specimen between the two pushrods.
δ̇ 5 (6)
dT Preload the insert to remove the “slack” from the load train and
where: to take up the clearance between the insert and tube wall such
δ̇ = displacement rate of the cross-head in units of mm/s, that the temporary supports are not necessary and can be
δ = cross-head displacement in units of mm, and removed. The amount of preload will depend on the insert
T = time in units of s. material and clearance between the insert and tube wall
therefore must be determined for each situation. Either mount
10.2.4 Force Rate—For materials that do not experience the proper extensometer on the test specimen gage section and
gross changes in cross sectional area of the gage section, force zero the output, or, attach the lead wires of the strain gages to
rate can be directly related to stress rate and hence to the the signal conditioner and zero the outputs. Ready the auto-
recommended (or desired) strain rate. Note that as the test graph data acquisition systems for data logging. Place shields
specimen begins to fracture, the strain rate in the gage section into place around the test specimen.
of the test specimen will change even though the rate of force
NOTE 6—Examples of lubricants include polybutylcuprysil (PBC) (1),
application remains constant. Stress rates >35 to 50 MPa/s plain silicon grease, or petroleum jelly.
have been used with success to minimize the influence of
10.3.3 Conducting the Test—Initiate the data acquisition.
environmental effects and thus obtain the greatest value of
Initiate the test mode. After test specimen fracture, disable the
ultimate hoop tensile strength. Alternately, stress or force rates
action of the test machine and the data collection of the data
should be selected to produce final fracture in 5 to 10 s to
acquisition system. The breaking force should be measured
minimize environmental effects when testing in ambient air. within 61.0 % of the force range and noted for the report.
For the linear elastic region of CMCs, force rate is calculated Carefully remove push rods (and insert if possible) from inside
as: the test specimen. If the tube has separated into pieces, take
dF care not to damage the fracture surfaces by preventing them
Ḟ 5 (7)
dT from contact with each other or other objects. Place the

10
 C1819 − 15
fractured portions of the test specimen along with other where:
fragments from the gage section into a suitable, non-metallic p = internal pressure in units of N/mm2 = MPa,
container for later analysis, being careful not be breath any F = axial force required by tubular test specimen along in
particles or fibers. units of N, and
10.3.4 Determine the relative humidity in accordance with ritube = internal diameter of tube units of mm.
Test Method E337. Note that the axial force has two components such that:
10.3.5 Post-Test Dimensions—A measure of the gage sec-
tion cross-sectional dimensions at the fracture location can be
made and reported to 0.02 mm if the gage section has not been
S
F5 1 1
s
S D
~ F t 2 F r! (9)

overly fragmented by the fracture process. If an exact measure where:

of the cross-sectional dimensions cannot be made due to s = stiffness of insert alone in units of N/mm,
fragmentation then use the average dimensions measured in S = stiffness of load train (including load fixtures and force
9.1. transducer) in units of N/mm,
10.3.5.1 Measure and report the fracture location relative to Ft = total force applied from the test machine in units of N,
the midpoint of the gage section. The convention used should and
be that the midpoint of the gage section is 0 mm with positive Fr = residual force on insert at fracture in units of N.
(+) measurements toward the top of the test specimen as tested It should be noted that for a “soft” (i.e., compliant) insert
(and marked) and negative (–) measurements toward the material, F = Ft.
bottom of the test specimen as tested (and marked).
10.3.5.2 Note that results from test specimens fracturing 11.3 Sections 11.4 to 11.15 are Optional data reduction
outside the uniformly pressurized gage section are not recom- methods based on the assumption that stress calculations
mended for use in the direct calculation of a mean hoop tensile applied for assumptions of isotropic, homogeneous, linear
strength for the entire test set. Results from test specimens elastic material, which may not be applicable or appropriate for
fracturing outside the gage section of the uniformly- CMC tubes.
pressurized length are considered anomalous and can be used 11.4 Hoop Tensile Stress—For the assumption of isotropic,
only as censored tests (that is, test specimens in which a tensile homogeneous, linear elastic material, calculate the hoop tensile
hoop stress at least equal to that calculated by Eq 7 was stress at the inner wall as:
sustained in the uniformly-stressed gage section before the test 2 ~ r itube ! 2
was prematurely terminated by a non-gage section fracture) as σ h 5 η mp tube 2 (10)
@~r o ! 2 ~ r itube ! 2 #
discussed in Practice C1239 for the determination of estimates
of the strength distribution parameters. From a conservative where:
standpoint, in completing a required statistical sample (for σh = hoop tensile stress in units of MPa,
example, N = 10) for purposes of average strength, test one p = internal pressure in units of N/mm2,
replacement test specimen for each test specimen that fractures ηm = maximum stress factor (see Appendix X2),
outside the gage section. ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm, and
10.3.5.3 Visual examination and light microscopy should be rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm.
conducted to determine the mode and type of fracture (that is, The stress factor, ηm, is a correction to account of differences
brittle or fibrous). In addition, although quantitatively beyond between analytical, numerical and experimental results for
the scope of this test method, subjective observations can be hoop tensile stresses in tubes obtained from pressurization of
made of the length of fiber pullout, orientation of fracture an internal elastomer insert (1).
plane, degree of interlaminar fracture, and other pertinent 11.5 Hoop Tensile Strain—If strain is not obtained directly
details of the fracture surface. from strain gages, calculate the hoop tensile strain as:
10.4 Fractography—Fractographic examination of each 2∆r
failed test specimen is recommended to characterize the εh 5 (11)
2r tube
o
fracture behavior of CMCs. It should be clearly noted on the
test report if a fractographic analysis is not performed. where:
εh = hoop tensile strain in units of mm/mm,
11. Calculation of Results ∆r = change in radius in units of mm, and
rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm.
11.1 General—Various types of CMC material, due to the
nature of their constituents, processing routes, and prior For test specimens that have been strain gaged, the appro-
mechanical history, may exhibit vastly different stress-strain priate strain values are obtained directly without measurement
responses. Therefore, interpretation of the test results will of gage section elongation.
depend on the type of response exhibited. 11.5.1 Note that in some cases the initial portion of the
stress-strain (σh – εh) curve shows a nonlinear region or “toe”
11.2 Internal Pressure—Calculate the internal pressure ex- followed by a linear region. This toe may be an artifact of the
erted on the tube by the expanding insert as follows: test specimen or test conditions and thus may not represent a
F property of the material. The (σh – εh) curve can be corrected
p5 (8)
π ~ r itube ! 2 for this toe by extending the linear region of the curve to the

11
 C1819 − 15
zero-stress point on the strain axis. The intersection of this 11.10 Modulus of Elasticity in the Hoop Direction—
extension with the strain axis is the toe correction that is Calculate the modulus of elasticity as follows:
subtracted from all values of strain greater than the toe ∆σ h
correction strain. The resulting (σh – εh) curve is used for all E5 (14)
∆ε h
subsequent calculations.
11.6 Hoop Tensile Strength—Calculate the hoop tensile where E is the modulus of elasticity, ∆σh/∆εh is the slope of
strength as: the (σh – εh) curve within the linear region. Note that the
modulus of elasticity in the may not be defined for materials
2 ~ r itube ! 2 that exhibit entirely non-linear (σh – εh) curves.
S hu 5 η m p max tube 2 (12)
@~r o ! 2 ~ r itube ! 2 #
11.11 Poisson’s Ratio—Calculate the Poisson’s ratio in
where: hoop direction (if longitudinal strain is measured) as follows:
Shu = hoop tensile strength in units of MPa, εL
pmax = maximum internal pressure in units of N/mm2, ν52 (15)
εh
ηm = maximum stress factor (see Appendix X2),
ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm, and where ν is Poisson’s ratio, and εL/εh is the slope of the linear
rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm. region of the plot of longitudinal strain εL versus hoop strain,
11.7 Strain at Hoop Tensile Strength—Determine strain at εh. Note that Poisson’s ratio may not be defined for materials
hoop tensile strength, εhu as the strain corresponding to the which exhibit non-linear (σh – εh) curves over the entire history
hoop tensile strength measured during the test. (although this must be verified by plotting εT versus εL to
11.8 Hoop Tensile Fracture Strength—Calculate the fracture determine whether or not a linear region exists).
strength as: 11.12 Proportional Limit Stress—Determine the propor-
2 ~ r itube ! 2 tional limit stress, σho, by one of the following methods. Note
S hf 5 η m P f tube 2 (13) that by its definition the proportional limit stress, σho, may not
@ ~ r o ! 2 ~ r itube ! 2 #
be defined for materials that exhibit entirely non-linear (σh –
where: εh) curves.
Shf = hoop tensile fracture strength in units of MPa, 11.12.1 Offset Method—Determine σho by generating a line
Pf = internal pressure at fracture in units of N/mm2, running parallel to the same part of the linear part of the σh –
ηm = maximum stress factor (see Appendix X2), εh curve used to determine the modulus of elasticity in 11.9.
ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm, and The line so generated should be at a strain offset of 0.0005
rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm.
mm/mm. The proportional limit stress is the stress level at
In some instances, Shu = Shf. which the offset line intersects the (σh – εh) curve.
11.9 Strain at Hoop Tensile Fracture Strength—Determine 11.12.2 Extension Under Force Method—Determine σho by
strain at fracture strength, εhf as the engineering strain corre- noting the stress on the (σh – εh) curve that corresponds to a
sponding to the fracture strength measured during the test. In specified strain. The specified strain may or may not be in the
some instances, εhu = εhf. linear region of the (σh – εh) but the specified strain at which

FIG. 6 Schematic Diagram of Methods for Determining Proportional Limit Stress

12
 C1819 − 15
σho is determined must be constant for all tests in a set with the n

specified strain reported. (X

i51
i
mean 5 x̄ 5 (20)
11.12.3 Deviation From Linearity Method—Determine σho n
by noting the stress σi, on the (σh – εh) curve at which there is n

!
2
a specified percent deviation (e.g., %dev = 10) from the stress ( ~X
i51
i 2 X̄ !
calculated from the elastic relation, σ = Eεi such that: standard deviation 5 s.d. 5 (21)
n21
%dev 5 100
~ Eε i ! 2 σ i
σi F G (16)
coefficient of variation 5 V 5
100~ s . d . !
(22)
X̄
where:
where:
σi and εi = the i-th stress and corresponding strain,
respectively, on the σh – εh curve, and X = measured value, and
E = the modulus of elasticity. n = number of valid test.

The proportional limit stress is determined, such that σho = σi 12. Report
when %dev first equals or exceeds the specified value when 12.1 Test Set—Report the following information for the test
evaluating increasing σi and εi starting from zero. set. Any significant deviations from the procedures and re-
11.13 Strain at Proportional Limit Stress—Determine strain quirements of this test method should be noted in the report:
at proportional limit stress, εho, as the strain corresponding to 12.1.1 Date and location of testing,
proportional limit stress determined for the test. 12.1.2 Internal pressure test specimen geometry used (in-
clude engineering drawing),
11.14 Modulus of Resilience—Calculate the modulus of 12.1.3 Specify visco-elastic insert material and lubricant,
resilience as the area under the linear part of the σh – εh curve 12.1.4 Type and configuration of the test machine (include
or alternatively estimated as: drawing or sketch if necessary). If a commercial test machine
ε ho 1 was used, the manufacturer and model number are sufficient
UR 5 * 0
σ h dε h ' σ ho ε ho
2
(17) for describing the test machine,
12.1.5 Type, configuration, and resolution of strain mea-
where: surement equipment used (include drawing or sketch if neces-
UR = the modulus of resilience in J/m3, and σho and εho as sary). If a commercial extensometer or strain gages were used,
used in Eq 17 have units of Pa (that is, N/m2) and m/m, the manufacturer and model number are sufficient for describ-
respectively. ing the strain measurement equipment,
12.1.6 Type and configuration of push rods and grip inter-
11.15 Modulus of Toughness—Calculate the modulus of
face (include drawing or sketch if necessary). If a commercial
toughness as the area under the entire σh – εh curve or
grip interface was used, the manufacturer and model number
alternatively estimated as:
are sufficient for describing the grip interface,
ε hf σ ho 1S hu 12.1.7 Number (n) of test specimens tested validity (for
UT 5 * 0
σ h dε h '
2
ε hf (18)
example, fracture in the gage section). In addition, report total
of number of specimens tested (nT) to provide an indication of
where UT is the modulus of toughness in J/m3, and σo and Su
the expected success rate of the particular specimen geometry
as used in Eq 18 have units of Pa (that is, N/m2) and εo has
and test apparatus,
units of mm/mm. Note that UT can be estimated as follows for
12.1.8 All relevant material data including vintage data or
materials for which σho is not calculated and that have a (σh –
billet identification data. (Did all test specimens come from one
εh) curve that can be assumed to be a parabola:
billet or processing run?) As a minimum, the date the material
ε hf 2 was manufactured must be reported. For commercial materials,
UT 5 * 0
σ h dε h ' S hu ε hf
3
(19)
the commercial designation must be reported. At a minimum
include a short description of reinforcement (type, layup, etc.),
11.15.1 Note that the modulus of toughness can also be
fiber volume fraction, and bulk density,
referred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such is
12.1.8.1 For non-commercial materials, the major constitu-
regarded as an indication of the ability of the material to sustain
ents and proportions should be reported as well as the primary
damage rather than as a material property. Fracture mechanics
processing route including green state and consolidation
methods for the characterization of CMCs have not been
routes. Also report fiber volume fraction, matrix porosity, and
developed. The determination of the modulus of toughness as
bulk density. The reinforcement type, properties and reinforce-
provided in this test method for the characterization of the
ment architecture should be fully described to include fiber
cumulative damage process in CMCs may become obsolete
properties (composition, diameter, source, lot number and any
when fracture mechanics methods for CMCs become available.
measured/specified properties), interface coatings
11.16 Mean, Standard Deviation, and Coeffıcient of (composition, thickness, morphology, source, and method of
Variation—For each series of tests the mean, standard manufacture) and the reinforcement architecture (yard type/
deviation, and coefficient of variation for each measured value count, thread count, weave, ply count, fiber areal weight,
can be calculated as follows: stacking sequence, ply orientations, etc.),

13
 C1819 − 15
12.1.9 Description of the method of test specimen prepara- 12.2.4.2 Strain at maximum internal pressure, εu,
tion including all stages of machining, 12.2.4.3 Internal pressure at fracture, pf,
12.1.10 Heat treatments, coatings, or pre-test exposures, if 12.2.4.4 Strain at hoop tensile fracture strength, εf,
any applied either to the as-processed material or to the 12.2.4.5 Proportional limit internal pressure, po (if appli-
as-fabricated specimen, cable) and method of determination,
12.1.11 Test environment including relative humidity (see 12.2.4.6 Strain at proportional limit internal pressure, εo (if
Test Method E337), ambient temperature, and atmosphere (for applicable),
example, ambient air, dry nitrogen, silicone oil, etc.), 12.2.5 Optional: For each test series the following measured
12.1.12 Test mode (force, pressure, or strain control) and properties:
actual test rate (force rate, pressure rate, or strain rate). 12.2.5.1 Hoop tensile strength, Su,
Calculated strain rate should also be reported, if appropriate, in 12.2.5.2 Strain at hoop tensile strength, εu,
units of s-1, 12.2.5.3 Hoop tensile fracture strength, Sf,
12.1.13 Mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of varia- 12.2.5.4 Strain at hoop tensile fracture strength, εf,
tion for each test series the following measurements: 12.2.5.5 Modulus of elasticity (hoop), E (if applicable),
12.1.13.1 Maximum internal pressure, pmax, 12.2.5.6 Poisson’s ratio, ν (if applicable),
12.1.13.2 Strain at maximum internal pressure, εu, 12.2.5.7 Proportional limit hoop tensile stress, σo (if appli-
12.1.13.3 Internal pressure at fracture, pf, cable) and method of determination,
12.1.13.4 Strain at hoop tensile fracture strength, εf, 12.2.5.8 Strain at proportional limit hoop tensile stress, εo
12.1.13.5 Proportional limit internal pressure, po (if appli- (if applicable),
cable) and method of determination, 12.2.5.9 Modulus of resilience, UR (if applicable), and
12.1.13.6 Strain at proportional limit internal pressure, εo (if 12.2.5.10 Modulus of toughness, UT (if applicable).
applicable), 12.2.6 Plot of the entire hoop tensile stress-strain curve,
12.1.14 Optional: Mean, standard deviation, and coefficient 12.2.7 Fracture location relative to the gage section mid-
of variation for each test series the following measured point in units of mm (+ is toward the top of the specimen as
properties: marked and – is toward the bottom of the specimen as marked
12.1.14.1 Hoop tensile strength, Su, with 0 being the gage section midpoint), and
12.1.14.2 Strain at hoop tensile strength, εu, 12.2.8 Appearance of test specimen after fracture as sug-
12.1.14.3 Hoop tensile fracture strength, Sf, gested in 10.3.5.3.
12.1.14.4 Strain at hoop tensile fracture strength, εf,
12.1.14.5 Modulus of elasticity (hoop), E (if applicable), 13. Precision and Bias
12.1.14.6 Poisson’s ratio, ν (if applicable), 13.1 The hoop tensile strength behavior of a ceramic com-
12.1.14.7 Proportional limit hoop tensile stress, σo (if appli- posite is not deterministic, but varies from one tubular test
cable) and method of determination, specimen to another. Sources of this variability are inherent
12.1.14.8 Strain at proportional limit hoop tensile stress, εo variations in ceramic composites fabricated with ceramic fiber
(if applicable), reinforcements and ceramic matrices. Variables include prop-
12.1.14.9 Modulus of resilience, UR (if applicable), and erty variation of fibers, matrix and interphase, as well as
12.1.14.10 Modulus of toughness, UT (if applicable). variations in the architecture, volume fraction of reinforcement
12.2 Individual Test Specimens—The report should include and bulk density of the composite. Such variations can occur
the following information for each test specimen tested. Any spatially within a given test specimen, as well as between
significant deviations from the procedures and requirements of different test specimens.
this test method should be noted in the report: 13.2 Because of the nature of the materials and lack of a
12.2.1 Pertinent overall specimen dimensions, if measured, wide data base on a variety of advanced ceramic composite
such as total length, length of gage section, gripped section tubes subjected to internal pressure, no definitive statement can
dimensions, etc. in units of mm, be made at this time concerning precision and bias of the test
12.2.2 Average surface roughness, if measured, of gage procedures of this test method.
section measured in the longitudinal direction in units of µm,
12.2.3 Average cross sectional dimensions, in units of mm, 14. Keywords
12.2.4 Plot of the entire internal pressure-strain curve, 14.1 ceramic matrix composite; CMC continuous fiber com-
12.2.4.1 Maximum internal pressure, pmax, posite; hoop tensile strength; internal pressure test; tubes

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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. VERIFICATION OF LOAD TRAIN ALIGNMENT

X1.1 Purpose of Verification—The purpose of this verifica- isotropic homogeneous materials should be as narrow as
tion procedure is to demonstrate that the compression test setup possible to minimize strain averaging. Equally space the four
can be used by the test operator to consistently meet the limit strain gages (90° apart) around the circumference of the gage
on percent bending. Thus, this verification procedure should section.
involve no more care in setup than will be used in the routine
testing of the actual compressive test specimen. The bending X1.3 Verification Procedure—Procedures for verifying
under compressive load should be measured using instru- alignment are described in detail in Practice E1012. However,
mented push rods. Conduct verification measurements (1) at salient points for circular cross sections are described here for
the beginning and end of a series of tests with a measurement emphasis. The following discussion is not intended to replace
at the midpoint of the series recommended, (2) whenever the Practice E1012, but rather is intended to elucidate those aspects
grip interfaces and load train couplers are installed on a which are directly applicable to this particular test method.
different test machine, (3) whenever a different operator is X1.3.1 Place the pushrod and test machine grips.
conducting a series of tests, (4) whenever damage or misalign- X1.3.2 Connect the lead wires of the strain gages to the
ment is suspected. conditioning equipment and allow the strain gages to equili-
brate under power for at least 30 min prior to conducting the
X1.2 For simplicity, mount a minimum of four foil resis-
verification tests. This will minimize drift during actual con-
tance strain gages on the verification pushrod as shown in Fig.
duct of the verifications.
X1.1. Note that the strain gage plane should be within 0.5 mm
of the longitudinal center of the reduced or designated gage X1.3.3 Zero the strain gages before applying any preload to
section. Avoid placing the strain gages closer than one strain the push rod. This will allow any bending due to the compres-
gage length from geometrical features that can cause strain sion fixture to be recorded.
concentrations and inaccurate measures of the strain in the X1.3.4 Apply a small preload to the push rod to stabilize it
uniform gage section. Strain gages push rods composed of within the compression fixture.
X1.3.5 Apply a sufficient load to the push rod to achieve a
mean strain equal to either one half the anticipated strain at
fracture in the test material or a strain of –0.0005 (that is, –500
microstrain) whichever is greater. It is desirable to record the
strain (and hence percent bending) as a function of the applied
load to monitor any self-alignment of the load train.
X1.3.6 Calculate percent bending as follows referring to
Fig. X1.1 for the strain gage numbers. Percent bending is
calculated as follows:
εb
PB 5 100 (X1.1)
εo

FS D S DG
1
2 2
ε1 2 ε3 ε2 2 ε4 2
εb 5 1 (X1.2)
2 2
ε 1 1ε 2 1ε 3 1ε 4
εo 5 (X1.3)
4

where:
ε1, ε2, ε3, and ε4 = strain readings for the individual strain
gages. Strain gage readings are in units
of strain and compressive strains are
negative.
X1.3.7 The direction of the maximum bending strain is
determined as follows:

θ 5 arctan F ε ~ next greatest

ε ~ greatest of
of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ! 2ε o

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ! 2ε o
G (X1.4)
FIG. X1.1 Illustration of Strain Gage Placement on Gage Section
Planes and Strain Gage Numbering (lo = Gage Section Length, where θ is measured from the strain gage with the greatest
SG = Strain Gage) reading in the direction of the strain gage with the next greatest

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 C1819 − 15
reading where counter clockwise is positive as viewed from the specifications, the maximum percent bending should be re-
top of the test specimen. corded and the compression tests may be conducted. If the load
X1.3.8 The effect of the push rod warpage can be checked train alignment is outside the specifications, then the load train
by rotating the push rod 180° about its longitudinal axis and must be aligned or adjusted according to the specific proce-
performing the bending checks again. If similar results are dures unique to the individual testing setup. This verification
obtained at each rotation, then the degree of alignment can be procedure must then be repeated to confirm the achieved
considered representative of the load train and not indicative of alignment.
the test specimen. If load train alignment is within the

X2. STRESS FACTORS FOR CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM HOOP STRESS

X2.1 Analysis of the pressurized overhung tube assumes the X2.2.1 At the outer radius in the pressurized length, hoop
unpressurized tuber ends are infinitely long. The effects of stress is:
pressurizing a tube for the central part of its length are as 2 ~ r itube ! 2
follows: σ h 5 η mp tube 2 (X2.1)
@~r o ! 2 ~ r itube ! 2 #
X2.1.1 Hoop stress varies along the pressurized length.
where:
X2.1.2 Bending stresses occur in the axial direction. σh = hoop tensile stress in units of MPa,
X2.1.3 Shear stresses act at right angles to the axis. p = internal pressure in units of N/mm2,
X2.1.4 Compressive stresses due to the pressure act in the ηm = maximum hoop stress factor = @ 1 2 1 ⁄ 2 ~ θ ~ β m !
pressurized length only. 1 θ ~ β n !! # 1νσ x (see Fig. X2.1 and Ref (1),
ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm,
X2.2 Despite this complex stress situation, the hoop stress rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm, and
remains the largest of the three stress systems. The maximum σx = axial tensile tress in units of MPa.
hoop stress a function only of the tube diameters and Poisson’s
X2.2.2 At the inner radius in the pressurized length, hoop
ratio of the test material for a internal pressure such that:

FIG. X2.1 Plot of Maximum Stress Factors λm and ηm for 1 # a/h = ritube/t # 50 with 0.15 # ν # 0.45 (1)

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 C1819 − 15
stress is: λm = maximum hoop stress factor = @ 1 2 1 ⁄ 2 ~ θ ~ β m !
tube 2 tube 2
@~r o ! 1 ~r i !# ν
σ h 5 λ mp tube 2 tube 2 (X2.2) 1 θ ~ β n !! # 2p ~ θ ~ β m ! 1 θ ~ β n !! 1νσ x (see Fig.
@~r o ! 2 ~r i !# 2
X2.1 and Ref (1),
where: ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm,
σh = hoop tensile stress in units of MPa, rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm, and
p = internal pressure in units of N/mm2, σx = axial tensile tress in units of MPa.

X3. AXIAL FORCE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

X3.1 The pressure generated at the inner surface of the test E insert ε x 2 σ x
p5 (X3.2)
specimen is related to the applied stress in the test material (2). 2ν insert
The axial strain in the insert is related elastic properties of the
X3.1.2 For an incompressible, linear elastic material such as
insert material, the axial stress and the radial stress (i.e.,
most elastomers, νinsert = 0.5, and Eq X3.2 becomes:
internal pressure) such that for isotropic, linear elastic material:
p 5 E insert ε x 2 σ x (X3.3)
1
εx 5
E insert
@ σ x 2 2ν insert σ r # (X3.1)
where:
where: σh = hoop tensile stress in units of MPa,
p = internal pressure in units of N/mm2,
εx = axial normal strain in units of mm/mm, ηm = maximum hoop stress factor = @ 1 2 1 ⁄ 2 ~ θ ~ β m !
Einsert = elastic modulus of insert material in units of
MPa=N/mm2, 1 θ ~ β n !! # 1νσ x (see Fig. X2.1 and Ref (1),
σx = axial normal stress in units of MPa=N/mm2, ritube = inner radius of tube units of mm,
νinsert = Poisson’s ratio insert material, and rotube = outer radius of tube units of mm, and
σr = radial normal stress in units of MPa=N/mm2. σx = axial tensile tress in units of MPa.
X3.1.1 For the tubular test specimen with insert, σr = -p
such that Eq X3.1 becomes:

REFERENCES

(1) K. Mosley, “The Stressing for Test Purposes in Tubular Form Using Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites,” J. of Testing and
Elastomeric Inserts-Experimental and Theoretical Development,” Evaluation, Vol. 33, No. 5 (2005).
Proc. Instn Mech Engrs, Vol 196, pp. 123-139 (1982). (5) T.R. Barnett, G.C. Ojard, and R.R. Cairo, “Relationships of Test
(2) R. Carter, “Compressed Elastomer Method for Internal Pressure Materials and Standards Development to Emerging Retrofit CFCC
Testing,” ARL-TR-3921, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD (2006). Markets,” in Mechanical, Thermal and Environmental Testing and
(3) J.A. Salem, J.L. Bail, N.G. Wilmoth, L.J. Ghosn, L.W. Kohlman, G.D. Performance of Ceramic Composites and Components, ASTM STP
Roberts, and R.E. Martin, “Burst Testing of Triaxial Braided Com- 1392, M.G. Jenkins, E. Lara-Curzio, S.T. Gonczy, eds. American
posite Tubes,” NASA/TM-2013-216615 (2013). Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
(4) M.J. Verrilli, J.A. DiCarlo, H.M., Yun, T.R. Barnett, “Hoop Tensile (2000).

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