IIT–JEE SYLLABUS

Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a
point from a plane.
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and
product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a
square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.

CONTENTS

1 D ETERMINANT THEORY 1 – 13

2 MATRICES THEORY 14 – 42

3 EXERCISE – 1(A) 43 – 48

4 EXERCISE – 1(B) 48 – 54

5 EXERCISE – 1(C) 54 – 56

6 EXERCISE – 2(A) 57 – 65

7 EXERCISE – 2(B) 65 – 68

8 EXERCISE – 3 68 – 75

9 WIND OW TO I I T- JEE 76 – 79

10 ANSWERS K EY 80 – 82
1. DEFINITION

Let us consider the equations a1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0

a1 y a2
 – = =–
b1 x b2
a1 a2
 =
b1 b2
 a1b2 – a2b1 = 0
a1 b1
we express this eliminant as =0
a2 b2
a1 b1
The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by: D = a1 b2  a2 b1

2. EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT
a1 b1 c 1
The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order three.
a 3 b3 c 3
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2 b1 c1 b1 c1
D = a1  a2 + a3 OR
b3 c 3 b3 c3 b2 c2

b2 c 2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D = a1  b1 + c1 ... & so on.
b3 c 3 a3 c3 a3 b3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ; R1, R2, R3 or
C1, C2, C3.

1 1 3
3 1 2
1 The value of the determinant is
1 1 4
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) 0 (D) 5
a 1 1 1
1 1 1  4
2 If , then the value of a is
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) – 2 (D) 0

1. B 2. D

1
3. MINOR

The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a 1 in
a1 b1 c1 b2 c2 a1 c1
a2 b2 c2 is & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c3 a3 c3
a3 b3 c3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.

4. COFACTOR
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (1)i+j. Mij; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as:
D = a11M11  a12M12 + a13M13
or D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.

5. TRANSPOSE OF A DETERMINANT

The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.

a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
a
D= 2 b2 c2  DT  b1 b 2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

6. SYMMETRIC, SKEW-SYMMETRIC, ASYMMETRIC DETERMINANTS

(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its ith row is identical to its ith
column i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = – aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all
elements zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.

7. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2  b1 b 2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.

a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a 2 b 2 c 2 & D = a1 b1 c 1 Then D =  D.
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.

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 (iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = 2 b2
a c2 = 0.
a 3 b3 c3
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a 3 b3 c3
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the
determinant is multiplied by that number, i.e.

a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1

D = a2 b2 c 2 and D = a 2 b2 c2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.

a1x b1y c1z a1 b1 c1 x y z

a2 b2 c 2  a2 b2 c 2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vii) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row
(or column) a constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column),

a1 b1 c1 a1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c 1  mc 2
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2 and D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D.
a3 b3 c3 a 3  na1 b3  nb1 c 3  nc 1

EXAMPLES

a b c
1. Simplify b c a
c a b

Sol. Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3

abc abc abc 1 1 1

 b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b

Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3

0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a a b b

= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3

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 a b c
2. Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab

Sol. Given detereminant is equal to

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1 3 3 3 abc 3 3
= a b c = a b c3 , Apply C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
abc abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1

a2  b2 b2  c 2 c2 ab bc c2
2 2 2 2 3
= a3  b 3 b 3  c 3 c 3 = (a – b) (b – c) a  ab  b b  bc  c c
0 0 1 0 0 1

= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT

If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x  a) is a factor of the determinant.

Example

a b c
1. Prove that a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab

a b c
2 2 2
Sol. Let a = b  D= a b c =0
bc ac ab

Hence (a – b) is a factor of determinant

Similarly, let b = c, D = 0 , c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is

a b c
2 2
having degree five so a b c2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( (a2 + b2 + c2) + µ (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab

Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of  and µ. Let

a = 0, b = 1, c = – 1 – 2 = (2) (2 – µ)
(2 – µ) = – 1. ........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0

1 2 0
1 4 0 = (–1) 2 (– 1) (5 + 2µ)
0 0 2

 5 + 2µ = 2 .......(ii)
from (i) and (ii)  = 0 and µ = 1

a b c
Hence a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
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 a1 ma 1 b1
a2 ma 2 b2
1 The value of the determinant is
a3 ma 3 b3
(A) 0 (B) ma1a2a3 (C) ma1b2a2 (D) mb1b2b3

a ma  nx x
b mb  ny y
2 The value of is
c mc  nz z
(A) a + b + c (B) x + y + z
(C) m(a + b + c) + n(x + y + z) (D) 0

ax ax ax

3 If a  x a  x a  x  0 , then value of x are
ax ax ax
(A) 0, a (B) 0, – a (C) a, – a (D) 0, 3a

a a2 1 a3
b b2 1  b3
4 One factor of is
c c2 1  c3
(A) a b c (B) a + b (C) 1 + a b c (D) 1 – a b c

ka k2  a2 1
kb k 2  b 2 1
5 The value of the determinant is
kc k 2  c2 1
(A) k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (B) k abc (a2 + b2 + c2)
(C) k (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) k (a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b)

x x2 1 x3
y y2 1  y3  0
6 If x  y  z and , then the value of xyz will be
z z2 1  z3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None of these

0 ba c a
7 Find the value of  = a  b c b .0
ac bc 0

b 2  ab b  c bc  ac
8 Simplify ab  a 2 a  b b 2  ab .
bc  ac c  a ab  a 2

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 ab c 2a 2a
2b bc a 2b
9 Prove that = (a + b + c)3.
2c 2c c ab

1 a bc
10 Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab

8. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS

a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1b1 2 a1m1b1m 2

 
a2 b2 2 m2 a 2  1b 2  2 a 2 m1b 2 m 2

a1 b1 c1  1 m1 n1 a1 1  b1 2  c1 3 a1m1  b1m 2  c 1m3 a1n1  b1n2  c 1n3

a2 b2 c 2 ×  2 m 2 n2 = a 2  1  b 2  2  c 2  3 a 2m1  b 2m 2  c 2m3 a 2n1  b 2n2  c 2n3
a3 b3 c3  3 m 3 n3 a3  1  b 3  2  c 3  3 a 3m1  b3m 2  c 3m3 a 3n1  b 3n2  c 3n3

We have multiplied here rows by columns but we can also multiply rows by rows, columns by rows
and columns by columns.
If  = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |Aij| = n – 1. This is also known
as power cofactor formula.

EXAMPLES
1 2 3 0 1 8
1. Find the value of × and prove that it is equal to .
1 3 1 4  6 12

1 2 3 0 1 3  2  1 1 0  2  4 1 8
Sol. × =  1 3  3  ( 1)  1 0  3  4 =  6 12 = 60
1 3 1 4

a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3

2. Prove that a 2 x1  b 2 y1 a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3  b 2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x1  b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a3 x 3  b 3 y 3

Sol. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants

a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3 a1 b1 c 1 x1 x 2 x3

i.e. a 2 x1  b 2 y 1 a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3  b 2 y 3 = a 2 b 2 c 2 × y1 y 2 y3 = 0
a 3 x1  b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a3 x 3  b 3 y 3 a 3 b3 c 3 0 0 0

(a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2

3. Prove that (a 2  b1 )2 (a 2  b 2 )2 (a 2  b3 )2 = 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1).
(a 3  b1 )2 (a 3  b 2 ) 2 (a 3  b 3 )2

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 (a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2
Sol. (a 2  b1 ) 2
(a 2  b 2 ) 2
(a 2  b 3 )2
(a 3  b1 )2 (a 3  b 2 ) 2 (a 3  b 3 )2

2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  2a1b1 a1  b 2  2a1b 2 a1  b 3  2a1b 3
= a 2 2  b12  2a 2b1 a 2 2  b 2 2  2a 2b 2 2 2
a 2  b 3  2a 2b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a 3  b1  2a 3b1 a 3  b 2  2a 3b 2 a 3  b 3  2a 3b 3
2 2 2
a1 1  2a1 1 1 1 1 a1 a1 1 b1 b1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a 2 1  2a 2 b
× 1 b2 b3 = 2 1 a2 a2 × 1 b2 b2
2 2 2
a 3 1  2a 3 b1 b2 b3 1 a3 a3 1 b3 b3

= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1) (Try using factor theorem)

cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R )

4. Prove that cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R) =0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)

cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R )

Sol. cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R)
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)
cos A cos P  sin A sin P cos A cos Q  sin A sin Q cos A cos R  sin A sin R
= cos B cos P  sin B sinP cos B cos Q  sin B sin Q cos B cos R  sin B sinR
cos C cos P  sin C sin P cos C cos Q  sin C sin Q cos C cos R  sin C sin R

cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R

cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
= ×
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0

= 0 × 0 = 0.

9. SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS

f(r) g(r ) h(r )

Let (r) = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then

n n n

n
 f (r )  g(r )  h(r )
r 1 r 1 r 1

 (r ) =
r 1
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then
that row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have
elements dependent on r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.

7
EXAMPLES

2r  1 n Cr 2r
n
1. Evaluate D r , if Dr = x
2
cos 2 
n
y
n1
r2 n 2 1 2 2

n n n
n  (2r  1)  n Cr 2 r
n2 2n  1 2n 1  2
Sol. D
r 1
r = r 1
x
r 1
cos  2
r 1
y
= x
2
cos 2 
n
y
n 1
=0
n 2 1 2 2
n2 2n  1 2n1  2

n 2 n2 n2
Cr  2 Cr 1 Cr
2. Dr = 3 1 1
2 1 0

evaluate D
r 2
r

n 2 n2 n2
n n Cr  2 Cr 1 Cr
Sol. 
r2
Dr =  3 1 1
r 2
2 1 0

n2
C 0  n  2C1  ....  n 2 Cn 2 n2
C1  n 2 C 2  ....  n 2 Cn 2 n2
C 2  n 2 C3  ....  n 2 Cn 2
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

2n 2 2n  2  1 2n  2  1  n
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

C1  C1 – 2 × C2

2n 2  2n 1  2 2n 2  1 2n 2  1  n
2n2  2n1  2 2n2  1  n
= 1 1 1 = (–1)
1 1
0 1 0

= 2n – 1 – n – 3

r 1 1 0 n
3. If r = 2 3  r , find r 
r 1
r
r 1 1  2

Sol. On expansion of determinent, we get

Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r2 + 4r = 8r + 4
n
 
r 1
r = 4n (n + 2)

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10. CRAMER'S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

(i) Two Variables

(a) Consistent Equations:Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b) Inconsistent Equation:No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c) Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]

Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :

a1 b
 1  Given equations are consistent
a2 b2

a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are inconsistent &
a2 b2 c2

a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Three Variables

Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3............ (III)
D1 D D
Then, x= ,Y= 2 ,Z= 3 .
D D D

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1

Where D = a 2 b 2 c 2 ; D1 = d2 b 2 c 2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 & D3 = a 2 b 2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

(iii) Consistency of a system of Equations

(a) If D  0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3  0, then the given system of equations are consistent
and have unique non trivial solution.

(b) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.

(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.

(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have
no solution.

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 Note : If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero as the Solution for all its variables then the
given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.

(iv) Three equation in two variables :

If x and y are not zero, then condition for a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &

a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

EXAMPLES

1. Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.

x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0

1 2 3
Sol. Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5

apply C1  C1 – C2 , C2  C2 – C3
1 1 3
D= 1 1 4 =0 D=0
1 1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5

C3  C3 – C2

1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1

R1  R1 – R2 ,R2  R2 – R3

 2 1 0
D1 = 3 1 0 =5
0 4 1

D = 0 But D1  0 Hence no solution

2. Solve the following system of equations

x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol.  D = 2 2 2 = 0 , D1 = 2 2 3 = 0
3 3 3 3 3 4

D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D  0 ,

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 2 3
cofactor of D1  1 0
3 4
hence no values of x,y,z hence there is no solution.
Alternate solution :-
 Let z = t
x+y=1–t
2x + 2y = 3 – 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the given
equation.

3. Solve the following system of equations

x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6

1 1 1
2 2 2
Sol.  D= =0
3 3 3

D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t1, y = t2  x = 2 – t1 – t 2
where t1, t2  R.

4. Consider the following system of equations

x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 
Find values of  and  if such that sets of equation have
(i) unique solution
(ii) infinite solution
(iii) no solution
Sol. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 

1 1 1
1 2 3
D=
1 2 

Here for  = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for  = 3.

6 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 6
10 2 3 1 10 3 1 2 10
D1 = , D2 = , D3 =
 2  1   1 2 

If  = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10

(i) For unique solution D  0

i.e. 3
(ii) For infinite solutions
D=0  =3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0  µ = 10.

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 (iii) For no solution
D=0  =3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero  µ  10.

11. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS

Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:

(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:

x1 y1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x3 y3 1

x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1

(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)

a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.

(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:

a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

r x n  n  1 / 2 n

1 If Dr  2r  1 y n 2
, then D
r 1
r is equal to
3r  2 z n  3n  1 / 2

1 1 2
n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
2
(A) (B)
6 4
(C) 0 (D) None of these

n r 1 x 6
2 Evaluate 
r 1
Dr , if Dr = (r  1)2 y 4n  2
3
(r  1) z 3n2  3n

3 Solve the following system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3

12
4 Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x–y–z=0

5 Solve: (b + c) (y + z)  ax = b  c, (c + a) (z + x)  by = c  a, (a + b) (x + y)  cz = a  b
where a + b + c  0.

6 Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x2 + Rxy + 5y2 + 8x + Sy + 1 + T = 0, if the system of equations

in x and y are consistent then find the value of R + S + T is

  

13
1. DEFINITION
2 3 7
Rectangular array of m n numbers enclosed by a pair of brackets e.g. A = 1  1 5 . Unlike determinants
 
it has no value and are subjected to certain rules of operations..
 a11 a12 ...... a1n   a11 a12 ...... a1n 
a  
a 22 ...... a 2n   a 21 a 22 ...... a 2n 
A =  21  or
 : : : :   : : : : 
a a m2 ...... a mn   a a m2 ...... a mn 
 m1   m1 
Abbreviated as : A = [ai j ] 1  i  m ; 1  j  n, i denotes the row and j denotes the column is called
a matrix of order m × n. The elements of a matrix may be real or complex numbers. If all the elements of a matrix
are real, the matrix is called real matrix.
NOTE : A m × n matrix has mn elements.

2. SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES

(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
 a 11 
a 
A =  : 
21
(b) Column Matrix : having one column. (m × 1) matrix
(or column vectors)  
 a m1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om  n )
An m  n matrix all whose entries are zero.
 0 0  0 0 0
A =  0 0  is a 3  2 null matrix & B =  0 0 0 is 3  3 null matrix
 0 0  0 0 0
   
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4 
2 5 1 1
 

(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n.

2 5
1 1 

Example :  3 6
 
2 4
NOTE : Every row matrix is also a Horizontal but not the converse.
similarly every column matrix is also a vertical matrix but not the converse.

(f) Square Matrix : (Order n)

If number of rows = number of columns  a square matrix. A real square matrix all whose elements
are positive is called a positive matrix. Such matrices have application in mechanics and economics.

14
NOTE :
(i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate Elements.
 a 11 a 12 
e.g. in the matrix   , a and a12 are conjugate elements.
 a 21 a 22  21

(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which the diagonal
elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The quantity  aii = trace of the matrix written as, ( tr ) A = tr (A)

NOTE :

(i) Minimum number of zeros in an upper or lower triangular matrix of order n

n (n  1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + (n – 1) =
2
(ii) Minimum number of cyphers (zeros) in a diagonal/scalar/unit matrix of order
n = n(n – 1) and maximum number of cyphers = n2 – 1.

"It is to be noted that with every square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the
elements of A in the same order." If |A| = 0 then A is called a singular matrix and if |A|  0 then A is
called a non singular matrix.
0 0
NOTE : If A = 0 0 then det. A = 0 but not conversely..
 

3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES

   
The matrices A = a i j & B = b i j are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order.
(ii)ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j .
Hence two matrices are equal if and only if one is a duplicate of the other.

15
4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES

Addition : A + B = [ai j + b i j ] where A & B are of the same type . (same order)
If A and B are square matrices of the same type then, tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B),
where t r  A   sum of diagonal elements of A .

(a) Addition of matrices is commutative .

i.e. A + B = B + A where A and B must have the same order

(b) Addition of matrices is associative :

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Provided A , B & C have the same order.

(c) Additive inverse : If A + B = O = B + A [ A = mn]

and both A and B have the same order then A and B are said to be the to be the additive inverse of each
other where O is the null matrix of the same order as that of A and B. 'O' is the additive identity element.

If A  B  A  C  B  C 
 cancellation laws hold good.
and If B  A  C  A  B  C 

5. MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR

a b c   ka k b kc 
 
If A = b c a  ; k A =  kb kc ka  i.e. k(A + B) = kA + kB
 c a b   kc ka k b 
NOTE : If A is a square matrix then tr (kA) = k[tr (A)]

6. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES : (ROW BY COLUMN)

AB exists if , A = m  n & B = n  p
23 33
A B is matrix of 2 × 3
Note that, AB exists , but BA does not  AB  BA
(number of columns in the pre multiplier = number of rows in post multiplier)
 A  pre factor
Note : In the product AB , 
 B  post factor
 b1 
 
 b2 
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B=  :
 
 bn 
1n n1
A B = [a1b1 + a2b2 + ...... anbn]
If A = [a i j] be an m  n matrix & B = [bij ] be an n  p matrix,
n
then (A B)i j =  ai r . br j is a matrix of order m × p.
r 1
PROOF :
Let A = [aij] be an m x n matrix and B = [bij] be an n x p matrix. Then the m x p matrix
C = [cij] is called the product if Cij = AiBj
where Ai is the ith row of A and Bj is the jth column of B. Thus the product AB is obtained as follows :
16
 C1 C2 Cj Cp
   
 b11 b12 ...........b1j ...........b1p 
R1   a11 a12 a13 ...........a1j ...........a1n   
  b21 b22 ...........b2 j ...........b2p 
R 2   a21 a22 a23 ...........a 2 j ...........a2n 
X ................................................ 
Ri   ai1 ai2 ai3 ...........aij ...........ain   
   bi1 bi2 ...........bij ...........bip 
Rm  am1 am2 am3 ...........amj ...........amn   

 bn1 bn2 ...........bnj ...........bnp 

 R 1C1 R 1C 2 ........ R 1C j ........ R 1C p 

 
 R 2 C1 R 2C 2 ........ R 2C j ........ R 2Cp 
 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 
=   Thus (AB)ij = AiBj
 R iC1 R iC 2 ........ R i C j ........ R iC p 
 
 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 
R C RmC2 ........ R m C j ........ R m C p 
 m 1
 b1 j 
b 
 2j
 . 
(AB) i j = [ai1 ai2 ............. ain]  .  = [ai1b1j + ai2b2j + .............+ainbnj]
 . 
 . 
b 
 nj 

 a 
n

(AB)ij = ir
 b rj
r 1

7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

1. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION IS NOT COMMUTATIVE

i.e. AB  BA (in general)

In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA may be not defined or have different order
A B
(1) 3×2 2×3 then AB is of order 3 × 3 and BA is of order 2 × 2
(2) 2×2 2×3 then AB is of order 2 × 2 and BA is not defined

NOTE :
If AB = 0 
 that one of the matrices is zero however if any one of either A or B is null matrix then
AB = 0 provided the product exists.
A and B are two square matrix of the same order such that AB = 0
1 2 a b  0 0
3 4 c d  = 0 0 and det. A  0 then B must be a null matrix.

1 2 a b 
Verification: det 3 4 det c d  = 0
   
a b 
at least one of | A | or | B | must be if det. (A)  0  det c d  = 0
 
a  2c  0
b  0  b  2d  0   a  0  c  0
d  0  3 a  4 c  0 
3b  4d  0

17
(2) If AB = AC 
 B = C but if B = C  AB = AC

(3) If AB = BA matrices A and B are said to be commutative

If AB = – BA then they are said to be anticommutative
a 0  c 0
e.g. A = 0 b  and B = 0 d  [AB = BA]
   

Note that multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be commutative.

(4) For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of the same order such that
IA = AI = A where I is the unit matrix of the same order.

(5) If A = 0 then det. A = 0, however if det A = 0 

 A= 0

2. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION IS ASSOCIATIVE

If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC , then

(AB) C = A (BC)
A = [ai j] is m  n ; B = [bi j] is n  p ; C = [ci j ] is p  q

NOTE :
(A B)C & A (BC) have the same order  comparable
p
(AB)C ]ij =  (AB)i r Cr j
r 1

p  n  p n
=    a i s bs r  c =   (ai s bs r) cr j
  rj
r 1 s  1  r 1 s1

p n
=   ai s (bs r cr j) (associativity in R)
r 1 s1

n p n
=  ai s  bs r cr j =  ai s (BC)s j
s1 r 1 s1

= [ A (B C)]i j
 [ (AB)C]i j = [ A(BC)]i j
 (AB)C = A(BC)

3. DISTRIBUTIVITY

A (B  C )  A B  A C 
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A  B) C  A C  BC 
A=m×n ;B=n×p;c=n×p
n n
[ A (B + C)]ij = a
r 1
ir
(B + C)r j =  a
r 1
ir
(br j + cr j)
n n
=  a
r 1
ir
br j + 
r 1
ai r cr j
= (A B)i j + (A C)i j
= (AB + AC)i j

18
4. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
For a square matrix A ,A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .

NOTE :
For a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m  N .
It can be easily seen that Am. An = Am+n and (Am)n = Amn.
In particular we define, A0 = In, n being the order of A.

MATRIX POLYNOMIAL

If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the matrix
polynomial f (x).

Note that (A)0 is not defined if A is a null matrix.

DEFINITIONS

(a) Idempotent Matrix :

A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A. For an idempotent matrix A,
An = A  n > 2 , n  N  An = A, n  2.

(b) Nilpotent Matrix :

A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of index p, (p  N), if Ap = O , Ap–1  O
i.e. if p is the least positive integer for which Ap = O, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.
e.g.
1 1 3
(1) A =  5 2 6 Note that A3 = 0 but A2  0  index of nilpotency = 3
 2  1 3

 ab b2 
(2) A =  a 2  ab is a nilpotent matrix of index 2.


(c) Periodic Matrix :

A square matrix which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K then A is periodic with
period K i.e. if K is the least positive integer for which AK+1 = A then A is said to be periodic with
period K. If K = 1 then A is called idempotent.
 2 3 5 
e.g. the matrix   1 4 5  has the period 1.
 1  3  4 

NOTE : (1) Period of a square null matrix is not defined.

(2) Period of an idempotent matrix is 1.

(d) Involutary Matrix :

If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix. An involutary matrix is its own inverse.
0 1 0 1 1 0
e.g. A =     =  ;
1 0 1 0 0 1

19
8. THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX : (CHANGING ROWS & COLUMNS)

Let A be any matrix . Then , A = [ ai j ] of order m  n

 AT or A = [ aj i ] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order n  m
Thus AT is obtained by changing its rows into column and columns into row.

Properties of Transpose :

If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,

(a) (AT)T = A
Proof : [(AT)T] i j = [AT] j i = A i j

(b) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order .

Proof : [ (A + B)T ]i j = [ (A + B) ]j i = aj i + bj i = (AT)i j + (BT)i j= (AT + BT)i j

(c) (KA)T = KAT , K be any scalar (real or complex)

(d) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB

Proof : A = [ ai j ] is m  n ;
B = [ bi j ] is n  p
[ (AB)T ]i j = (AB)j i
n
=  aj r · br i
r 1
n
=  (AT)r j (BT)i r
r 1
n
=  (BT)i r (AT)r j = (BT AT)i j
r 1

9. SPECIAL TYPES OF SQUARE MATRIX

1. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX

Symmetric: A square matrix A = a i j   is said to be , symmetric if ,

 3 1 1 
 5 
ai j = aj i  i & j, for e.g.   1 2 
 1 5 2
 (A)ij = (AT)ij  A = AT  A – AT = O

Skew Symmetric: A square matrix A = [a i j] is said to be, Skew-Symmetric if,

ai j =  aj i  i & j

NOTE :
(i) The pair of conjugate elements of a skew symmetric matrix are additive inverse of
each other.
n ( n  1)
(ii) Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
n (n  1)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n) =
2
20
(iii) The diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all zero , but not the converse.

(iv) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0.

Since A is skew symmetric hence AT = – A then | AT | = | –A | = (–1)2p – 1 | A | = – | A |
but | AT | = | A |, hence | A | = – | A |  | A | = O.

(v) If A is both symmetric as well skew symmetric matrix then A must be a null matrix.

2. PROPERTIES OF SYMMETRIC AND SKEW MATRIX

P–1 : If A be a square matrix then

(a) A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
(b) A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
(c) A AT and AT A are symmetric matrices.
Verify in each case.

P–2 : Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
Sol. A= (A + AT) + (A – AT) = P + Q (say),
2 2
1 1
where P = (A + AT) & Q = (A – AT)
2 2
T
1 T  1
Now, PT =  ( A  A )  = (A + AT)T [ (kA)T = kAT]
2  2
1 1 1
= (A + (AT)T) = (AT + A) = (A + AT) = P  P is symmetric matrix.
2 2 2
T
1 T  1 1
Also QT =  ( A  A )  = (A – AT)T = (AT – (AT)T)
2  2 2
1 T 1
= (A – A) = – (A – AT) = – Q
2 2
 Q is a skew symmetric matrix.
Thus A = P + Q when P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric matrix. ]

1 If for any square matrix A = [a ij ] , a ij = 0, when i  j, then A is

(A) unit matrix (B) scalar matrix
(C) diagonal matrix (D) none of these

6 4  0 2 
2 If 2A + B =   and A – B =   , then A =
6 11 6 2 
2 2  2 0 
(A)   (B)  
4  3 4  3
 2 2
(C)   (D) None of these
4 3
21
  cos  sin  
If A = 
cos  
3 , then A2 equals
 sin 
 cos 2 sin 2  cos 2  sin 2 
(A) 
cos 2 
(B) 
 sin 2  sin 2 cos 2 

sin 2  sin 2  1 0
(C) 
cos 2 
(D)  
sin 2 0 1 

3 2   1 2
4 If A =   and B =   , then correct statement is
1 4  1 1 
(A) AB = BA (B) AAT = A2 (C) AB = B2 (D) None of these

  2 1
5 If A =   and f(x) = 2x2 – 3x, then f(A) equals
 0 3
14 1   14 1 14  1  14  1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) 
 0  9  0 9 0 9   0  9

6 If A – A = 0 then A is
(A) orthogonal matrix (C) symmetric matrix
(C) skew – symmetric matrix (D) triangular matrix

1 2 3
7 If A   2 1 2 , then A is
 
 3 2 1 
(A) A symmetric matrix (B) A skew symmetric matrix
(C) A singular matrix (D) Non singular matrix

 cos  sin  
8 If A    , then A.A T is equal to
  sin  cos  
0 0  1 1 1 0  0 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 0  1 1 0 1  1 0 

9 Every square matrix can be expressed as, the sum of

(A) Two symmetric matrices
(B) Two skew symmetric matrices
(C) A symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix
(D) A singular matrix and a nonsingular matrix

10 If A is symmetric matrix and B is a skew symmetric matrix, then for any n  N , which of
the followings is not correct ?
(A) A n is symmetric (B) A n is symmetric if n is odd
(C) Bn is skew symmetric if n is odd (D) Bn is symmetric if n is even

22
11 Solve the equation, [x 2 y 3 z]  2 [y z x] + 3 [ z x y] = [12 , 1 , 17]

1 2 0 1 2 2
  2 1 3 2 3 1
12 If A =   and B =   then find 2A + 3B  5I
 0  1 2  0 1 0 

13 A matrix has 12 elements. Number of possible orders it can have.

  
 
 
  


10. ORTHOGONAL MATRICES (NOT IN NCERT)

A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix, if A AT = I = AT A

Note that :
 a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
 b 3  then AT = a c2 
(a) A = b1 b2
  2
b2

 c1 c2 c 3   a 3 b3 c 3 

 a2  a2  a2 a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3b 3 a1c1  a 2 c 2  a 3c3 

1 2 3
 
AA = b1a1  b 2a 2  b 3a 3
T b12  b 22  b 32 b1c1  b 2c 2  b 3c3 
c a  c a  c a c1b1  c 2 b 2  c3b 3 c12  c 22  c32 
 1 1 2 2 3 3

1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 1 
 
comparing,
3
 a i2   bi2   ci2 = 1 and
i 1
3
 a i b i   b i c i   ci a i =0
i 1

NOTE :
All the 3 rows or 3 columns of an orthogonal matrix are pair wise orthogonal triad of 3 unit vectors.

23
EXAMPLE

1. If li , mi , ni ; i = 1, 2, 3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors in space,

 l1 m1 n1 
l m2 n 2 
prove that the matrix A =  2 is an orthogonal matrix.
 l3 m3 n 3 
Sol. Since l1, m1, n1 ; l2 , m2, n2 and l3, m3, n3 are the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors.
Therefore, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1, l22 + m22 + n22 = 1, l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 = 0
and l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0
 l1 m1 n1   l1 l2 l3 
 n2  m m m3 
Now, A AT = l2 m2
  1 2 
l3 m3 n 3  n
 1 n 2 n 3 

 l12  m12  n12 l1 l2  m1m 2  n1n 2 l1 l3  m1m 3  n1n 3 

 
l l  m1m 2  n1n 2 l22  m 22  n 22 l 2 l3  m 2 m 3  n 2 n 3 
= 1 2
l l  m m  n n l 2 l3  m 2 m 3  n 2 n 3 l32  m 32  n 32 
1 3 1 3 1 3 

1 0 0
 
= 0 1 0  = I
0 0 1 
Similarly, it can be shown that AT A = I

11. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

 a11 a12 a13 

 a 23 
Let A = a i j  = a 21 a 22  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the cofactors
a 31 a 32 a 33 
 C11 C12 C13 
 C 23  .
of [ai j ] in determinant A is = C 21 C 22

C31 C32 C33 
 C11 C 21 C31 
 
Then (adj A) = C12 C 22 C32 
C13 C 23 C33 
Hence the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A in det. A is called the adj A.

NOTE:

p q   s  q
(1) If A =  r s  then Adj A =   r p 
   
Hence adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and
changing the signs of the off diagonal elements.

 2 3  4  3
e.g. A = 1 4 then adj. A is  1 2 
   

24
(2) The adjoint of a scalar matrix is also a scalar matrix, adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix and
adjoint of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.

PROPERTIES OF ADJOINT

The following are some properties of adjoint of a square matrix which are stated as theorems.

Theorem-1 :
A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In where A is any square matrix
 a11 a12 a13   C11 C 21 C31 
   
Proof : A . (adj A) =  a 21 a 22 a 23   C12 C 22 C32 
a  C 
 31 a 32 a 33   13 C 23 C33 

 |A| 0 0   1 0 0
   
=  0 |A| 0  = | A |  0 1 0 
 0 0 |A|   0 0 1
   
 A . (Adj A)= | A | I
(whatever may be the value only | A | will come out as a common element)
A . (adj . A)
If | A |  0, then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A.
|A |

Theorem-2 :
Let A be a non-singular matrix of order n. Then
| adj A | = | A | n – 1 (Note: in particular for n = 3 | adj. A | = | A |2 )
Proof : A (adj A) = | A | In

| A | 0 0 ... 0 
 0 |A| 0 ... 0 
 0 
A (adj A) =  0 0 |A| ...

    
 0 0 0 ... | A | n  n

|A| 0 0 ... 0
0 |A| 0 ... 0
 | A (adj A) | = 0 0 |A| ... 0 = | A |n
  
0 0 0 ... | A |
 | A | | adj A | = | A | n

 | adj A | = | A | n – 1 [ | AB | = | A | | B | ]

Theorem-3 : If A is a non singular square matrix, then

2
( n 1)
(a) adj (adj A) = | A | n – 2 A ; (b) | adj (adj A) | = | A |

Proof : We know that, B (adj B) = | B | In for every square matrix of order n.

Replacing B by adj A, we get , (adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | adj A | In

 (adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | A |n – 1 In [ | adj A | = | A |n – 1]

25
  A . (adj A) (adj (adj A)] = A {| A |n – 1 In} [pre-multiplying both sides by A]

 | A | In (adj adj A) = | A |n – 1 A [ = AIn = A and A adj A = | A | In]

 | A | In (adj adj A) = | A |n–1 A

 | A | adj (adj A) = | A |n–1 A

 adj adj A = | A |n–2 A

2 2
n  2 n 1 ( n 1)
now, | adj (adj A)| = (|A|n – 2)n · | A | = | A | = |A|

12. INVERSE OF A MATRIX (RECIPROCAL MATRIX)

Definition :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that, A B = I = B A
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A1. Thus
A1 = B  A B = I = B A.

NOTE : For an involutary matrix A2 = I  A = A–1.

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE
For a non singular matrix

Property-1
(adj A)
A 1 =
|A|
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In 
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
 A1 =
|A|
Remark : (1) Note that A–1 exists if A is non singular.

NOTE :

(1) The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A| 0.

(2) Inverse of a non singular diagonal matrix dia (k1 k 2 k 3 ...... k n) is the diagonal matrix diag
k 1
1 , k 21 , k 31......., k n 1 
d1 0 0 d 2 d 3 0 0 
 0  ; | A | = d d d ; adj. A =  0 0 ;
[Explanation: A =  0 d 2  1 2 3 
d 3d1

 0 0 d 3   0 0 d1d 2 

1 d1 0 0 
adj. A  0 1 d 0 ]
A–1 = =  2 
|A|  0 0 1 d 3 

26
Theorem–1 :
Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
Proof : Let A be an invertible matrix of order n. Let B and C be two inverse of A.
Then, AB = BA = In ....(i)
and AC = CA = In ....(ii)
Now, AB = In
 C (AB) = C In [pre-multiplying by C]
 (CA) B = C In [by associativity]
 In B = C In [ CA = In from (ii)]
 B=C [ In B = B, C In = C]
Hence an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.

Theorem-2 :
If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore, | A |  0
 | AT |  0 [ | AT| = | A | ]
 AT is also invertible.
Now, AA–1 = In = A–1A
 (AA–1)T = (In)T = (A–1A)T
 (A–1)T (AT) = In = AT (A–1)T (as good as AB = I = BA  A–1 = B)
 (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Theorem-3 :
If A is a non-singular matrix, then prove that
1
| A–1 | = | A |–1 i.e. | A–1 | =
|A|
Proof : Since | A |  0, therefore A–1 exists such that, AA–1 = I = A–1 A
 | AA–1 | = | I |
 | A | | A–1 | = 1 [ | AB | = | A | | B | and | I | = 1]
1
 | A–1 | = [ | A |  0]
|A|
Theorem-4 :

If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1.

Proof : A & B are invertible. (reversal law of inverse)

 A 0 & B 0
 AB 0
 AB 0
 AB is invertible .
Now, (AB)(AB)–1 = I
A–1(AB)(AB)–1 = A–1
(IB)(AB)–1 = A–1
B(AB)–1 = A–1
B–1B(AB)–1 = B1 A1
(AB)–1 = B1 A1
27
NOTE :

(i) If A is invertible ,
(a) (A 1) 1 = A
(b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N

(ii) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .

(iii) (AB)–1 may be equal to A–1B–1.

EXPLANATION

(i) As A is invertible hence A A–1 = I = A–1A

Hence (A–1) and A are inverse of each other
 (A–1)–1 = A
again Ak = A A A .......A
 
k times

 (A ) = (A A ..... A)–1 = A–1 . A–1 . A–1 ....... k times = (A–1)k

k –1

hence (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k k  N

(ii) Again if A is a square matrix and is orthogonal

then AAT = ATA = I
hence A and AT are inverse of each other
 A–1 = AT
alternatively if A–1 = AT
 A A 1  I  AA T 
 A is orthogonal
or A 1A  I  A T A 

cos   sin  0  cos  sin  0

(iii) Let A =  sin  cos  0 and B =  sin  cos  0
 0 1  0
 0  0 1
AB = I = BA
 A = B–1 and B = A–1 also (AB)–1 = I–1 = I

EXTRA THEOREMS
Theorem-1 :
If A and B are non singular square matrix of the same order, then
adj AB = (adj B) (adj A)
Proof : Since A and B are non singular square matrices of the same order, therefore AB exists such that
| AB | = | A | | B |  0 ( | A |  0, | B |  0)
We know that, (AB) (adj AB) = | AB | In ....(i)
Also, (AB) (adj B adj A)
= ( A (B. adj B) adj A [By associativity]
= (A | B | In) adj A [ B adj B = | B | In]
= | B | (A adj A) [ A In = A]
= | B | (| A | In ) [ A adj A = | A | In]
= | A | | B | In
= | A B | In [ | A B | = | A | | B | ]

28
 Thus, (AB) (adj B adj A) = | A B | In ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get (AB) (adj. AB) = (AB) (adj B . adj A)
But | A B |  0, therefore (AB)–1 exists. By cancellation law, we have
adj (AB) = adj B . Adj A

Theorem-2 :
If A is an invertible square matrix, then, adj AT = (adj A)T

Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore, | A |  0

 | AT |  0 [ | A | = | AT | ]
 | AT | is invertible.
Now, A adj A = | A | In
 (A adj A)T = (|A | In)T  (adj A)T (AT) = | A | In .....(i)
Also, we have
(adj AT) (AT) = | AT | In (using (adj B) . B = |B| In)
 (adj AT) (AT) = | A | In .....(ii) [ | A | = | AT | ]
From (i) and (ii), we get
(adj AT)(AT) = (adj A)T (AT)
 Adj AT = (adj A)T [By right cancellation law]

Theorem-3 :

If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also a symmetric matrix.

Proof : Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then,

AT = A ....(i)
We know that
adj (AT) = (adj A)T [see theorem 4]
 adj (A) = (adj A)T [Using (i)]
 adj A is a symmetric matrix.

29
21. EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS

Consider

AX = I X ——— (1)

 11 12  1   1
   
 21 22  2   2
where A = 
  , X =    and  is a scalar..
   
 1 2    
(1)   ——— (2)

(2) represents homogeneous system of equations. To have a non-trivial solution of (2)


(i.e. |A –  I| is singular i.e. rank of (A – I) is less than the number of unknowns, .)

Thus the scalars for which |A –  I| = 0 are special.

11  12  1

21 22   2
|A –  I| =

1 2  

is a polynomial of degree , in . This polynomial is called the of A.

The equation  is called the of A and it’s roots are called the

or In (2) , X is known a or
corresponding to eigenvalue .

i.e. for a square square matrix A, if

|A –  I|= (–1) [  + 1  –1 + 2  –2
+ ... + ]

then A + 1
A –1
+ 2
A –2
+ ... + I=O

 3 1
A=   . Express 2A – 3A + A – 4I as a linear ploynomial in A.
5 4 2

  1 2 

3 1
|A –  I|=
1 2

= 2 – 5 + 7
By Cayley - Hamilton theorem, the matrix A must satisfy
2 – 5 + 7 = 0
38
i.e. A2 – 5A + 7I = O

 A2 = 5A – 7 I
 A3 = 5A2 – 7A ,
A4 = 5A3 – 7A2,
A5 = 5A4 – 7A3
2A5 – 3A4 + A2 – 4I = 2 (5A4 – 7A3) – 3A4 + A2 – 4I
= 7A4 – 14A3 + A2 – 4I
= 7(5A3 – 7A2 ) – 14 A3 + A2 – 4I
= 21 A3 – 48A2 – 4I
= 57A2 – 147A – 4I
= 57 (5A – 7I) – 147 A – 4I
= 138 A – 403 I
(A linear polynomial in matrix A)

 2 1 1
 
Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A =  1 2 1.
 1  1 2 
Verify Cayley - Hamilton theorem. Hence find A –1.

2   1 1
1 2 1
|A – | =
1 1 2
= (2 – ) (3 – 4 + 2) + ( – 1) + ( –1)
= –3 + 6 2 – 9 + 4
|A –  I|= 0
 3 – 6 2 + 9 – 4 = 0
We are now to verify
A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I =O ——— (1)

 6 5 5
 
A =  5
2
6 5 (verify)
 5  5 6 

 22  21 21 

& A3 =  21 
22  21  (verify)
 21  21 22 
Substituting in (i) and simplifying L.H.S. we get two sides identical. (verify)
 |A|  0 (verify) ,
 A exists.
–1

Multiplying A –1 to (1) , we get ,A2 – 6A + 9 I – 4A –1 = 0

 3 1 1
1 1  
 A = (A – 6A + 9I) =
–12
1 3 1 (verify !)
4 4 
 1 1 3 

39
1 For any square matrix A, which statement is wrong
(A) (adj A)–1 = adj (A–1) (B) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(C) (A3)–1 = (A–1)3 (D) None of these

 4 2
2 If A =   , then adj (adj A) is equal to
 3 3
 3  2  4 2
(A)   (B)  
 3 4   3 3
4 2
(C) 6   (D) None of these
3 3

1 3 5
3 5 1
3 If A =   then adj A equals
5 1 3

 14  4  22  14 4 22 
(A)   4  22  14  
(B) 4 22  14
  
 22 14  4   22  14 4 

14 4 22
 
(C)  4 22 14  (D) None of these
22 14 4 

4 The adjoint of symmetric matrix is

(A) symmetric matrix (B) skew – symmetric matrix
(C) diagonal matrix (D) None of these

  
5 If   is square root of I2, then ,  and  will satisfy the relation
   
(A) 1 + 2 +   = 0 (B) 1 – 2 +   = 0
(C) 1 + 2 –   = 0 (D) –1 + 2 +   = 0

1 1 3
6 
Matrix 5 2 6  is

 2  1  3
(A) nilpotent (B) Indempotent
(C) scalar matrix (D) none of these

40
  x  x
 1  tan   1 tan 
2 2
7 If A    , B  then AB  1 is equal to
 tan x 1    tan x 1 
 2   2 

cos x sin x    cos x sin x 

(A) 
 sin x cos x  (B) 
 sin x cos x 

cos x  sin x   cos x sin x 

(C)   (D)  
 sin x cos x    sin x cos x 

i  j , i  j
8 If A  a ij  22 where a ij   , then A 1 is equal to
i  j , i  j

 1 2 1  1
0 3  0
(A)   (B)  9 3 (C)  3 (D) None of these
 
1 0 1 1 2
 3  0
 3   3 9 

1 2  1 4  4 8 
9 If A    , B  and A.B.C    then C equal to
3 0   2 3 3 7 

9 5  9 5
 11 3   11  3 
   
(A)  1 1 (B)  1 1 
 22 6   22 6 

 9 5 

 11 3 
 
(C)  1 1 (D) None of these

 22 6 

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D

6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B

41
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT

1 1
1 If A = 
1 1 and n  N, then An is equal to
 
(A) 2 A
n
(B) 2n–1A (C) nA (D) None of these

 cos sin  
If E() = 
cos 
2 then E() E() is equal to
 sin 

(A) E   (B) E() (C) E( + ) (D) E( – )


3 If A = [aij] is scalar matrix of order n x n such that aij = k for all i, then | A | equals
(A) nk (B) n + k (C) nk (D) kn

3  4
4 If A =   , then for every positive integer n, An is equal to
1  1 
1  2n 4n  1  2n  4n 
(A) 
1  2n 
(B) 
 n  n 1  2n 

1  2n 4n 
(C) 
1  2n 
(D) None of these
 n

5 If D = diag (d1, d2, ……., dn), then Dn equals

(A) D (B) diag (d1n–1, d2n–1, …….., dnn–1)
(C) diag (d1n, d2n, …….., dnn) (D) None of these

cos  sin  0
 sin  cos 0
6 If A =  , then
 0 0 1
(A) adj A = A (B) adj A = A–1 (C) A–1 = – A (D) None of these

7 How many matrices can be obtained by using one or more numbers from four given numbers
(A) 76 (B) 148 (C) 124 (D) None of these

8 The total number of matrices formed with the help of 6 different numbers are
(A) 6 (B) 6! (C) 2(6!) (D) 4(6!)

42
  cos  sin  
If A = 
cos  
9 , then which of the following statement is true
 sin 
 cos n  sin n  
(A)  
A . A  A and ( A ) n
  
  sin  cos n  
n

 cos n  sin n 
(B) A . A  A and ( A ) n  
  sin n cos n  

 cos n  sin n  
A .
(C)  A  A  and ( A ) n
  
  sin  cos n  
n

 cos n  sin n  
(D) A . A   A   and ( A )  
n

  sin n  cos n  

10 If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A | equals

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D)  1

11 If A is any skew – symmetric matrix of odd orders, then | A | equals

(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these

12 If A and B are square matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, the A2 + B2 is equal to

(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) AB

13 If D = diag (d1, d2, d3,……., dn), where d1  0 for all i = 1, 2,……., n then D–1 is equal to
(A) D (B) In
(C) diag (d1–1, d2–1, …….., dn–1) (D) None of these

 1 2 
14 If A be a matrix such that inverse of 7A is the matrix  , then A equals
4  7 

1 2   1 4 / 7 1 4   1 2 / 7
(A) 4 1  (B)  2 / 7 1 / 7  (C)  2 1  (D) 4 / 7 1 / 7 
       

15 If A is invertible matrix, then det (A–1) equals

(A) det A (B) 1/det A (C) 1 (D) None of these

16 If A and B are non – zero square matrices of the same order such that AB = 0, then
(A) adj A = 0 or adj B = 0 (B) adj A = 0 and adj B = 0
(C) | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 (D) None of these

 0 1
17 If A =   and (aI2 + bA)2 = A, then
  1 0 
(A) a = b = 2 (B) a = b = 1 / 2 (C) a = b = 3 (D) a = b = 1 / 3

 0 c  b a 2 ab ac 
  
18 If A =   c 0 a  and B =  ab b 2
bc  , then AB is equal to
 b a 0   ac bc c 2 

(A) A (B) B (C) I (D) 0
43
 1
 1  tan    1 tan   a  b 
19 If    , then
 tan  1   tan  1  b a 
(A) a = 1, b = 1 (B) a = cos 2, b = sin 2
(C) a = sin 2, b = cos 2 (D) None of these

1 2 
20 If M = 
2 3  and M2 – M – I2 = 0, then  equals
 
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4

 a 0 0 0
 0 b 0 0 
21 A=  . If tr(A) = 60, a, b, c, d  N & a = b < c = d, then the number of such A is
 0 0 c 0
 
 0 0 0 d
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 20

22 If a, b, c  {1, 2, ...., 9 } such that a, b, c are in AP and if a51, b41, c31 are three digit numbers, then the

 5 4 3 
matrix  1 1 1 

a51 b41 c31
(A) is singular (B) is non-singular (C) has rank 3 (D) is orthogonal

1 1 1
23 If a,b, c are different non-zero real numbers such that   = 0,
a b c

1  a 1 1 
 1 1 b 1 
then the matrix  is
 1 1 1  c 
(A) non-singular (B) skew symmetric
(C) singular (D) none of these

24 If A and B are square matrices of size n  n such that A 2  B2   A  B  A  B  ,

Then which of the following will be always true
(A) AB  BA (B) A  B (C) A or B = 0 (D) A or B = I

a 2  b2
c c
c
b2  c2
25 a a is equal to
a
c2  a 2
b b
b

(A) abc (B) 2 abc (C) 4 abc (D) 0

44
 23 33 3 .2 2  3 .2  1
26 33 43 3.3 2  3.3  1 is equal to
43 53 3 .4 2  3 .4  1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 92 (D) None of these

ab bc ca a b c

27 If b  c c  a a  b   b c a then  is equal to
ca ab bc c a b
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

a b c y b q
28 If  1  x y z and  2  x a p then 1 is equal to
p q r z c r
(A) 22 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) None of these

x-y-z 2x 2x x  y  2z x y
29 If 1  2y y- z - x 2y and  2  z y  z  2x y then
2z 2z z-x-y z x z  x  2y
(A) 1 = 22 (B) 2 = 21
(C) 1 = 2 (D) None of these

1 1 1 1 1 

30 If , 2 are imaginary cube roots of unity and  1  1   and  2  1
2
1  2 , then 1
2
1 2  2  1
is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 3 i (C) 1 (D) – 1

a b c
31 If   b c a , then 2 is equal to
c a b

bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2
(A) ca  b ab  c 2 bc  a 2 (B) ca  b ab  c 2 bc  a 2
2 2

ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2

a 2  bc b 2  ca c 2  ab
(C) b  ca c  ab a  bc
2 2 2
(D) None of these
c 2  ab a 2  bc b 2  ca

45
 x y z a b c
32 If ax + by + cz = 1, bx + cy + az = 0 = cx + ay + bz, then z x y c a b is equal to
y z x b c a
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2

ax by cz
2 2
33 The determinant x y z 2 is equal to
1 1 1

1 1 1 a b c 1 1 1
(A) a b c (B) x y z (C) x y z (D) None of these
x2 y 2
z 2
yz zx xy a2 b 2
c 2

x x3 x4 1
34 If x  y  z and y y3 y 4  1 = 0, then the value of xy + yz + zx is
z z3 z4 1

xyz x yz
(A) x + y + z (B) xyz (C) (D)
x yz xyz

2 abcd ab  cd
35 The value of a  b  c  d 2(a  b)(c  d) ab(c  d)  cd(a  b) is
ab  cd ab(c  d)  cd(a  b) 2abcd
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None of these

p 15 8
36 If D p  p 2
35 9 , then D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 is equal to
p3 25 10
(A) 0 (B) 25 (C) 625 (D) None of these
1 3 
37 log e 3 5 equals
log10 10 3 e

(A) 1 (B) e (C)  (D) 0

log a n log a n  2 log a n  4

38 If a1, a2, a3,……, an……. are in GP and ai > 0 for each i, then log a n  6 log a n 8 log a n 10 is
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 16
equal to
(A) 0 (B) n log an
(C) n(n + 1) log an (D) None of these

46
 b-c ca ab a b c
39 If the determinant b   c c  a  a   b  is expressible as m a  b  c , then the value of m is
b   c c  a  a   b  a  b  c
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

sin 2 A cos A sin A cos 2 A

2
40 If A + B + C =  then the value of Determinant sin B sin B cos B cos 2 B is equal to
sin 2 C cos C sin C cos 2 C
(A) 2 sin (A – B) sin (B – C) sin (C – A)
(B) 2 sin (A – B) cos (B – C) cos (C – A)
(C) sin (A – B) sin (B – C) sin (A – C)
(D) cos (A – B) cos (B – C) cos (C – A)

MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS MAY BE CORRECT

1 2 2
1
 
Let A   2 1 2  , then
 2 2 1 

1
(A) A 2  4A  5I3  0 (B) A 1   A  4I3 
5
(C) A3 is not invertible (D) A 2 is invertible

2 If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then which of the following is
correct?
(A) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(B) (adj A)’ = (adj A’)
(C) |adj A| = |A|n-1 , where n is the order of matrix A
(D) adj(adj B) = |B|n-1B, where n is the order of matrix B

3 The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2 , 2x – y + z = 4 , x – 2y + z = 3 has

(A) unique solution only for  = 0 (B) unique solution for   8
(C) infinite number of solutions for  = 8 (D) no solution for  = 8

 3 3 4 
4
 
If A   2 3 4  , then
 0 1 1 
(A) adj(adj A) = A (B) |adj(adjA)| = 1
(C) |adj A| = 1 (D) none of these

47
5 Suppose a1, a2, ....... real numbers, with a1  0. If a1, a2, a3, ..........are in A.P. then

LMa 1 a2 a3 OP
(A) A = Ma 4 a5
P
a is singular
6

MNa 5 a6 a PQ 7

(B) the system of equations a1x + a2y + a3z = 0, a4x + a5y + a6z = 0, a7x + a8y + a9z = 0 has infinite
number of solutions
LM a 1 ia 2 OP
(C) B =
Nia 2 a1 Q is non singular ; where i =  1

(D) none of these

6 System of equation x  3y  2z  6
x  y  2z  7
x  3y  2z   has
(A) unique solution if   2,   6 (B) infinitely many solution if   4,   6
(C) no solution if   5,   7 (D) no solution if   3,   5

a2 a 2  ( b  c) 2 bc
7 The determinant b 2 b 2  (c  a ) 2 ca is divisible by :
c2 c 2  (a  b) 2 ab
(A) a + b + c (B) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(C) a2 + b2 + c2 (D) (a  b) (b  c) (c  a)

8 If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and | A |  0, then which of the following are true?
(A) | AB | = 0  | B | = 0 (B) | AB | = 0  B = 0
–1
(C) | A | = | A | –1 (D) | A + A | = 2 | A |

9 Which of the following statement is always true

(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
(B) Adjoint of a unit matrix is unit matrix
(C) A(adjA) = (adjA)A
(D) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix

10 Which of the following is/are true :

(A) If A and B are two singular matrix then their product AB is null matrix.
(B) If AB is null matrix, where A & B are non-zero matrices then A and B are singular matrices.
2
n
(C) A is a non-singular square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, then |adj kA| = k n |A|n-1.
(D) adjadj A   A
n 2 1

x 1 1
11 If 0  x  1 and f (x) = 1 x 1 ,then
 1 1 x
(A) least value of f (x) is 0 (B) greatest value of f (x) is 4
(C) f (x) has a local maximum at x = 2/3 (D) f (x) has a local minimum at x = 1/3

48
   
12 The value of  lying between  & and 0  A  and satisfying the equation
4 2 2

1  sin 2 A cos 2 A 2 sin 4

2
sin A 1  cos A 2
2 sin 4 = 0 are :
2 2
sin A cos A 1  2 sin 4

  3    3
(A) A = , =  (B) A = = (C) A = , =  (D) A = , =
4 8 8 5 8 6 8

13 Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2 , b3 are in H.P. and let
a1  b1 a1  b 2 a1  b 3
 = a 2  b1 a 2  b2 a 2  b 3 , then :
a 3  b1 a 3  b2 a 3  b3
(A)  is independent of a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3 (B) a1  , a2  2 , a3  3 are in A.P.
(C) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 +  are in H.P. (D) none of these

14 If AB = A and BA = B, then
(A) A2B = A2 (B) B2A = B2 (C) ABA = A (D) BAB = B
x a b
15 The solution(s) of the equation a x a = 0 is/are :
b b x
(A) x =  (a + b) (B) x = a (C) x = b (D) x =  b

16 If D1 and D2 are two 3 x 3 diagonal matrices, then

(A) D1D2 is a diagonal matrix (B) D1D2 = D2D1
(C) D12 + D22 is a diagonal matrix (D) none of these

1 a a2
17 If 1 x x 2 = 0 , then :
b2 ab a 2

1 a
(A) x = a (B) x = b (C) x = (D) x =
a b

LMa bOP (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then

2
18 If A =
Nc d Q
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = –|A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these

19 The value of  lying between  = 0 & = /2 & satisfying the equation :

1sin 2  cos 2  4sin4

2 2
sin  1cos  4sin4
= 0 are :
sin 2  cos 2  1 4sin4

7 5 11  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24

49
  1 a a2 
 
20 The singularity of matrix cos (p  d ) x cos px cos (p  d ) x  depends upon which of the
 sin (p  d ) x sin px sin (p  d ) x 
 
following parameter
(A) a (B) p (C) x (D) d

PARAGRAPH TYPE

PASSAGE 1

1 0 0  1   2  2
2 1 0 0  3  3
A=   , U1, U2 and U3 are column matrices satisfying. AU1 =   ; AU2 =   , AU3 =   and
3 2 1 0 0 1

U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions

21 The value of |U| is

(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

22 The sum of elements of U–1 is

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

 3
 
23 The value of [3 2 0] U 2 is
0

(A) [5] (B) [5/2] (C) [4] (D) [3/2]

PASSAGE 2

A square matrix P of order ‘n’ is such that P = A–1XA and ATA = I.where X is a nonsingular matrix which
satisfies XTX = X.

24 Matrix PTP is equal to

(A) X (B) P2 (C) P (D) A

25 |P| is equal to
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these

26 If P 
LMa a OP ; a > 0 then A–1X–2A is equal to
Na aQ

(A)
LM 0 1O
P (B)
LM 0 2OP (C)
LM0 2 OP (D)
LM2 0 OP
N 1 0Q N 2 0 Q N2 0 Q N0 2 Q
50
PASSAGE 3

Let A be a n × n matrix given by

 a11 a12 a13  a1n 

a 21 a 22 a 23  a 2 n 
A=       
a a a n 3  a nn 
 n1 n2

such that each horizontal row is an arithmetic progression and each vertical column is a geometrical progression.
It is known that each column in geometric progression have the same common ratio.
1 3
Given that a24 = 1, a42 = and a43 = .
8 16
n
Sn
27 Let Sn =  a 4 j , then Lim is equal to
j1 n  n2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 16 32
n
28 Let di be the common difference of the elements in ith row, then  di
i 1

1 1 1 n 1
(A) n (B)  n 1 (C) 1  (D)
2 2 2n 2n
n
29 The value of Lim
n 
 aii is equal to
i 1
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2

PASSAGE 4

 
Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix given by A = [ai j] such that the vector Ax is orthogonal to x for every non

zero x in R3.

30 The matrix A is
(A) singular (B) non singular (C) symmetric (D) skew symmetric

31 If a13 = – 2, a32 = 5 then which of the following alternative(s) is/are correct?

(A) a23 = – 5 (B) a23 = 5 (C) a31 = – 2 (D) a31 = 2

32 Which of the following statement is/are hold(s) good?

(A) Sum of all the elements of matrix A is zero, although matrix A cannot be uniquely determined.
(B) Maximum number of distinct entries in matrix A is 6.
(C) Trace of matrix A must be equal to zero.
(D) The pair of conjugate elements of matrix A are additive inverse of each other.

51
ASSERTION REASON TYPE
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

33 Statement-1: If A and B are 2 × 2 matrices such that det. (A – B) = 0, then A = B.

Statement-2: If A and B are square matrices of same order such that AB = O and B is not
a null matrix, then A must be singular.

34 Statement 1: The determinants of a matrix A   a ij  55 where a ij  a ji  0 for i and j is zero

Statement 2 : The determinants of a skew symmetric of odd order is zero

35 Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entires such that A 2 = I, where I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Define Tr(A) = Sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A.
Statement-1: Tr (A) = 0
Statement-2: | A | = 1

36 Statement 1: For a singular square matrix A, if AB = AC  B = C

Statement 2 : If |A| = 0 then A -1 does not exist

Statement 1:  a 11 , a 22 ,.......a nn  is a diagonal matrix then A  dia  a 11 , a 22 ,.........a nn 

1 1 1 1
37

Statement 2: If A  dia  2,1, 3  and B  dia 1,1, 2  then det  AB   3

1

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

38 Column I Column II

1 2 3
5 13 –6
(A) The value of determinant    is (P) 0
cos tan sin
3 4 3

i i4 i7
2
(B) The Value of determinant i i5 i8 is (Q) 1
i3 i6 i9

1 1 1

2  2 x  3  3 x  5  5 x 
x 2 x 2 x 2
(C) The value of is (R) 2
2 x
2  3
x 2 x
3  5
x 2 x
5 
x 2

(S) 3

52
39 Column–I Column–II

0 c b
(A) If c 0 a = k, then k + 2 = (P) abc
b a 0

x 1 1 2
(B) If 1 x  1 2 = 0, then x may take the value (Q) 2
1 1 x  2

(C) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers,where A is symmetric, (R) 3

B is skew-symmetric, and (A + B) (A – B) = (A – B) (A + B).
If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the (S) 4
possible value of k is/are

40 Column I Column II

(A) If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an idenitiy matrix (P) 9

of the same order, then the value of n, such that  A  I   I  127 is
n

If  I  A   I  A  A 2  ...  A 7 , then A n  0 where n is

1
(B) (Q) 10

(C) If A is matrix such that a ij   i  j i  j , then A is singular if (R) 7

order of matrix is (S) 8

INTEGER TYPE

1 2
1 Let A =  – 1 3 . If A6 – 4A5 + 8A4 – 12A3 + 14A2 =  A +  I (  &  are integers). Find  +  .
 

 2
2 If for the matrix A =  2   ; |A3| = 125, then find the value of  2 .
 

1 x x x2
3 If x 1 x x2  px5 + qx4 + rx3 + sx2 + t x + w, then find the value of t.
x 2
x 1 x

bc ca ab
4 Find the value of the determinant p q r where a, b and c are respectively the pth, qth and rth
1 1 1

terms of a harmonic progression

53
5 If matrices A and B satisfy AB = A, BA = B, A2 = kA, B2 =  B and (A + B)3 = m(A + B) , then find the
value of k +  + m.

(x – a) 4 (x – a)3 1 (x – a) 4 (x – a) 2 1
If f  x  = (x – b) (x – b)3 1 and f '  x  =  (x – b)4
4
6 (x – b) 2 1 . Find the value of  .
(x – c)4 (x – c)3 1 (x – c)4 (x – c) 2 1

n(sec x )
7 Let n a = xlim (xx – 1), b = xlim (cot x)sinx , c = xlim (sec x)cosecx , d = xlim & matrix
0  0  0  0 x2
a b
A = c 2d . Find |Adj(Adj A)|.
 

 3 r ·3r
1  4  3 2r 
8 Let A =  2  , B =  2 2  and Cr =   be given matrices.
1 2     0 (r  1)3r 
 

 tr.  (AB)  C  = 3 + a · 3b
50
r
If r where tr.(A) denotes trace of matrix A,
r 1

a  b 
then find the value of [Where a and b are relatively prime.]
25

2 0 7   x 14 x 7 x 
9 If A = 0 1 0 and B = 0 1 0  are two matrices such that AB = (AB)–1 and
1  2 1  x  4x  2 x 
   

 AB  (AB) 2  (AB) 3  ........  (AB)100 

AB  I then find the value of tr  100
.
 

 cos  sin  
10 Let A =  and matrix B is defined such that B = A + 4A2 + 6A3 + 4A4 + A5.
 sin  cos  
If det (B) = 1, then find the number of values of  in [– 2, 2].

a  360
11 Let M =  , where a, b and c are integers. Find the smallest positive value of 3b/5 such that
b c 
M2 = O, where O denotes 2 × 2 null matrix.

1 2
If M    and M  M  I 2  0, then  must be
2
12
 2 3

2 4 5 
 10  the rank of A is
13 If A   4 8
 6 12 15

4a  6b
14 Suppose a matrix A satisfies A 2  5A  7I  0 . If A5  aA  bI, then the value of must be
1453

54
15 Let A be a 3  3 matrix and if for every column vector X ' AX  0 and if a12  145, a 23  2008,
a 32
a 31  182, then must be
1004
3
 10 0  A
16 For any 2  2 matrix A, if A  adjA     , then the value of must be
 0 10  200

1 2  a b 
17 Let A    and B    be two matrices such that they are commutative and c  3b, then
3 4  c d
a d
the value of is
3b  c

1 2 2 
18 If A   2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying AA T  9I3 , then the value of a  b is
 a 2 b 

1 1 1   4 2 2
 
19 Let A   2 1 3 and 10  B   5 0   . If B is the inverse of A, then the value of  is
 
1 1 1   1 2 3 

 1 1 1   x1 y1   9 2 
2 5 7   x y 2   52 15
20 If   2 , then the value of x1  x 2  x 3  y1  y 2  y3 is
 2 1 1  x 3 y3   0 1 

55
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT
0 1  1 A
1 A is an involutary matrix given by A = 4  3 4  then the inverse of will be
3  3 4  2

A 1 A
(A) 2A (B) (C) (D) A2
2 2

2 If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is

(A) symmetric matrix (B) skew symmetric
(C) diagonal matrix (D) scalar matrix

LMcos  OP , A
 sin 
–1 is given by
3 If A =
N sin  cos  Q
(A) –A (B) AT (C) –AT (D) A

4 6  1  2 4  3
4 Consider the matrices A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 , C = 1  .
1  2 5  2
 1 2
Out of the given matrix products
(i) (AB)TC (ii) CTC(AB)T
T
(iii) C AB (iv) ATABBTC
(A) exactly one is defined (B) exactly two are defined
(C) exactly three are defined (D) all four are defined

LM3 4 OP and B = LM2 5OP then X such that A + 2X = B equals

5 If A =
N1 6Q N 6 1Q
L 2 3OP
(A) M (B) M
L 3 5OP (C) M
L 5 2OP
N1 0Q N1 0Q N 1 0 Q (D) none of these

6 If A and B are invertible matrices, which one of the following statements is/are not correct
(A) Adj. A = |A| A –1 (B) det (A–1) = |det (A)|–1
–1
(C) (A + B) = B + A –1 –1 (D) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1

FG a bIJ satisfies the equation x – (a + d)x + k = 0, then

7 If A =
H c dK 2

(A) k = bc (B) k = ad
(C) k = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 (D) ad–bc

8 Identify the incorrect statement in respect of two square matrices A and B conformable for sum and product.
(A) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (B) tr(A) =  tr(A),   R
(C) tr(AT) = tr(A) (D) tr(AB)  tr(BA)

56
9 If A and B are non singular Matrices of same order then Adj. (AB) is
(A) Adj. (A) (Adj. B) (B) (Adj. B) (Adj. A) (C) Adj. A + Adj. B (D) none of these

10 Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix

6 / 7 2 / 7  3 / 7  6 / 7 2 / 7 3/ 7 
(A) 2 / 7 3 / 7 6/7  (B)  2 / 7  3 / 7 6 /7 
3 / 7  6 / 7 2 / 7  3 / 7 6 / 7  2 / 7

 6 / 7  2 / 7  3 / 7   6/ 7  2/ 7 3/ 7 
(C)  2 / 7 3/ 7 6/7  (D)  2 / 7 2 / 7  3 / 7
  3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7   6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 

11 Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. ( | A |  0)

(A) If A is a diagonal matrix, A–1 will also be a diagonal matrix
(B) If A is a symmetric matrix, A–1 will also be a symmetric matrix
(C) If A–1 = A  A is an idempotent matrix
(D) If A–1 = A  A is an involutary matrix

12 Which of the following is a nilpotent matrix

1 0 cos   sin  0 0 1 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 1  sin  cos   1 0 1 1

13 Identify the correct statement :

(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is
non singular
(C) If A–1 exists , (adjA)–1 may or may not exist

cos x  sin x 0
 
(D) F(x) =  sin x cos x 0 , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
 0 0 0

14 A and B are two given matrices such that the order of A is 3×4 , if A B and BA are both defined then
(A) order of B is 3 × 4 (B) order of BA is 4 × 4
(C) order of BA is 3 × 3 (D) BA is undefined

 cos 2  sin  cos    cos 2  sin  cos  

15 If A =  2  ; B=  
 sin  cos  sin    sin  cos  sin 2  
are such that, AB is a null matrix, then which of the following should necessarily be an odd integral

multiple of .
2
(A)  (B)  (C)  –  (D)  + 

 cos   sin  
16 For a given matrix A =  which of the following statement holds good?
 sin  cos  

(A) A = A–1   R (B) A is symmetric, for  = (2n + 1) , n I
2
(C) A is an orthogonal matrix for   R (D) A is a skew symmetric, for  = n ; n  I

57
 x 3 2
17 Matrix A =  1 y 4  , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20 , then A (adj A) is equal to
2 2 z 


 64 0 0   88 0 0   68 0 0   34 0 0 
(A)  0 64 0  (B)  0 88 0  (C)  0 68 0  (D)  0 34 0 
 0 0 64   0 0 88   0 0 68   0 0 34 

18 If A is matrix such that A2 + A + 2I = O, then which of the following is INCORRECT ?

1
(A) A is non-singular (B) A  O (C) A is symmetric (D) A–1 = – (A + I)
2
(Where I is unit matrix of order 2 and O is null matrix of order 2 )

1 2 0 2  1 5
19 Let A + 2B =  6  3 3 and 2A – B = 2  1 6 then Tr (A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
 5 3 1 0 1 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none

1 3 1 0
20 Given A = 2 2 ; I = 0 1 . If A – I is a singular matrix then
   
(A)    (B)  – 3 – 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 3 + 4 = 0
2 (D) 2 – 3 – 6 = 0

0 1 2  1 / 2  1 / 2 1 / 2
21 If A = 1 2 3 , A–1 =   4 3 c  , then
3 a 1 5 / 2  3 / 2 1 / 2

1 1 1
(A) a = 1, c = – 1 (B) a = 2, c = – (C) a = – 1, c = 1 (D) a = ,c=
2 2 2

22 D is a 3 x 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following statements is not true?

(A) D = D (B) AD = DA for every matrix A of order 3 x 3
(C) D–1 if exists is a scalar matrix (D) none of these
n
23 If A1, A3, ..... A2n – 1 are n skew symmetric matrices of same order then B =  (2r  1)(A 2r 1 ) 2r 1 will be
r 1
(A) symmetric (B) skew symmetric
(C) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric (D) data is adequate

 1    1
24 Number of real values of  for which the matrix A =  2  1 3  has no inverse
  3   2   7
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

25 If every element of a square non singular matrix A is multiplied by k and the new matrix is denoted by B then
| A–1| and | B–1| are related as
1 –1
(A) | A–1| = k | B–1| (B) | A–1| = |B | (C) | A–1| = kn | B–1| (D) | A–1| = k–n | B–1|
k
where n is order of matrices.
58
 1  1 1  4 2 2
26 Let A = 2 1  3 and 10B =  5 0   . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is
1 1 1   1  2 3 
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) 5

27 Matrix A satisfies A2 = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix then for n  2, An is equal to (n  N)

(A) nA – I (B) 2n – 1A – (n – 1)I (C) nA – (n – 1)I (D) 2n – 1A – I

1 2 3  0
28 Let A =  2 0 5 and b =  3 . Which of the following is true?
0 2 1  1
(A) Ax = b has a unique solution. (B) Ax = b has exactly three solutions.
(C) Ax = b has infinitely many solutions. (D) Ax = b is inconsistent.

29 If A, B and C are n × n matrices and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3 and det(C) = 5, then the value of the
det(A2BC–1) is equal to
6 12 18 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

2 1  3 4  3  4
30 Let three matrices A = 4 1 ; B = 2 3 and C =  2 3  then
     

 ABC   A ( BC) 2   A ( BC) 3 

tr(A) + tr   
+ tr     + ....... +  =
2 4  + tr  8 
     
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) none

31 P is an orthogonal matrix and A is a periodic matrix with period 4 and Q = PAPT then X = PTQ2005P will be
equal to
(A) A (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4

 1   1  1  1 
32 A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A 1 =  2  and A2 1 = 0 . The sum of the elements of A, is
       
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 5

 0 2  
 
33 If the matrix     is orthogonal, then
   

1 1 1
(A)  = ± (B)  = ± (C)  = ± (D) all of these
2 6 3

34 Let A be a matrix of rank r. Then

(A) rank (AT) = r (B) rank (AT) < r (C) rank (AT) > r (D) none of these

35 If A = dig (2,  1, 3), B = dig (  1, 3, 2), then A2B =

(A) dig (5, 4, 11) (B) dig (  4, 3, 18) (C) dig (3, 1, 8) (D) B

59
36 If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where
1 1 1
a, b, c  1, has a non-trivial solution, then the value of + + is:
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these

3 0 0  a1 a 2 a3 
  b b b3 
37 If A =  0 3 0  and B =  1 2 then AB is equal to
 0 0 3   c1 c2 c3 

(A) B (B) 3B (C) B3 (D) A + B

 x x x 
38

Let A =  x x x  , then A–1 exists if

 x x x 

(A) x  0 (B)   0
(C) 3x +   0,   0 (D) x  0,   0

39 Identity the correct statement

(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is non singular
(C) If A–1 exists, (adj A)–1 may or may not exist

 cos x  sin x 0 
 sin x cos x 0 
(D) F(x) =   , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
 0 0 0 

 3 1 
 
 2 2  1 1
40 If P =  ,A= 0 1 and Q = PAP’ and x = P’Q2005P, then x is equal to
1 3  
 
 2 2 

1 2005  4  2005 3 6015 

(A)   
1 
(B)
0  2005 4  2005 3 

1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3  4  2  3 2005 

a2 a 1
41 The value of the determinant cos(nx) cos( n  1) x cos(n  2) x is independent of :
sin (nx) sin ( n  1) x sin (n  2) x

(A) n (B) a (C) x (D) a , n and x

60
 1 a 1 1
42 If a, b, c are all different from zero & 1 1 b 1 = 0 , then the value of a1 + b1 + c1 is
1 1 1 c
(A) abc (B) a1 b1 c1 (C) a  b  c (D)  1

1 cos(   ) cos(    )
43 If ,  &  are real numbers , then D = cos(  ) 1 cos(   ) =
cos(   ) cos(   ) 1
(A)  1 (B) cos cos cos
(C) cos + cos + cos (D) zero

44 If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0 , x + by + z = 0 & x + y + cz = 0 (a, b, c  1) has a non-trivial

1 1 1
solution, then the value of   is :
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A)  1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these

45 The value of a for which the system of equations ; a3x + (a +1)3 y + (a + 2)3 z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0 & x + y + z = 0 has a non-zero solution is :
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C)  1 (D) none of these

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2x

46 Let f (x) = sin x 2
1  cos x2
4 sin 2x , then the maximum value of f (x) =
2 2
sin x cos x 1  4 sin 2x

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

x 2  3x x  1 x  3
47 If px4 + qx3 + rx2 + sx + t  x  1 2  x x  3 then t =
x  3 x  4 3x

(A) 33 (B) 0 (C) 21 (D) none

a2  1 ab ac
48 If D = ba b 12
bc then D =
ca cb c2  1

(A) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none

a  a 
2 2
x
 a x x
 a x 1
If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z  R , then the determinant  b  b 
2 2
49 y
 by y
 b y 1 =

c  c 
2 2
z
 c z z
 c z 1

(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) zero

61
 a 1 a  2 a  p
50 If a  2 a  3 a  q = 0 , then p, q, r are in :
a 3 a 4 ar
(A) AP (B) GP (C) HP (D) none

mx mx  p mx  p
51 If f  (x) = n np np then y = f(x) represents
mx  2n mx  2n  p mx  2n  p
(A) a straight line parallel to x- axis (B) a straight line parallel to y- axis
(C) parabola (D) a straight line with negative slope

1 logx y logx z
52 For positive numbers x, y & z the numerical value of the determinant logy x 1 logy z is
log z x log z y 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) none

b1  c1 c1  a 1 a 1  b1
53 The determinant b 2  c2 c2  a 2 a 2  b 2 =
b 3  c3 c3  a 3 a 3  b3

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b 2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b 2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b 2 c2 (D) 4 a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

1 a  x ay az
54 The determinant b  x 1 b  y bz =
c x cy 1 c  z
(A) (1 + a + b + c) (1 + x + y + z)  3 (ax + by + cz)
(B) a (x + y) + b (y + z) + c (z + x)  (xy + yz + zx)
(C) x (a + b) + y (b + c) + z (c + a)  (ab + bc + ca)
(D) none of these

x x x
C1 C2 C3
55 The determinant C1 y y
C2 y
C3 =
z z z
C1 C2 C3

1 1
(A) xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) (B) xyz (x + y  z) (y + z  x)
3 4
1
(C) xyz (x  y) (y  z) (z  x) (D) none
12

a a3 a 4 1
56 If a, b, c are all different and b b 3 b 4  1 = 0 , then :
c c3 c4  1

(A) abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c (B) (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = abc

(C) abc (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca (D) none of these
62
 ap 1 x uf
57 If the determinant b  q m  y v  g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each element of which
c r nz wh
contains only one term, then the value of K, is
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 12

58 If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4 , x + py + 2z = 3 , x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions , then:

(A) p = 2 ,  = 3 (B) p = 2 ,  = 4 (C) 3 p = 2  (D) none of these

a b ab a c ac D1
59 Let D1 = c d c  d and D2 = b d bd then the value of where b  0 and
a b ab a c abc D2
ad  bc, is
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) – 2b (D) 2b

1  a 2 x (1  b 2 ) x (1  c 2 ) x
2 2 2
60 If a2 + b2 + c2 = – 2 and f (x) = (1  a ) x 1  b x (1  c ) x then f (x) is a polynomial of degree
(1  a 2 ) x (1  b 2 ) x 1  c 2 x

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

61 The values of  for which the following equations sinx – cosy + (+1)z = 0; cosx + siny – z = 0;
x +( + 1)y + cos z = 0 have non trivial solution, is
(A)  = n,  R – {0} (B)  = 2n,  is any rational number

(C)  = (2n + 1),   R+, n  I (D)  = (2n + 1) ,   R, n  I
2
62 The system of equations :
2x cos2 + y sin2 – 2sin = 0
x sin2 + 2y sin2 = – 2 cos
x sin – y cos = 0 , for all values of , can
(A) have a unique non - trivial solution (B) not have a solution
(C) have infinite solutions (D) have a trivial solution

63 If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations (sin 3 ) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2 ) x + 4 y + 3 z = 0 , 2 x + 7 y + 7 z = 0 then the number of principal values of  is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

1 1 (x  y)

z z z2
(y  z) 1 1
64 If D =  then, the incorrect statement is
x2 x x
y(y  z) x  2y  z y(x  y)
 
x2z xz xz 2

(A) D is independent of x (B) D is independent of y

(C) D is independent of z (D) D is dependent on x, y, z

63
65 Number of triplets of a, b & c for which the system of equations,
ax  by = 2a  b and (c + 1) x + cy = 10  a + 3 b
has infinitely many solutions and x = 1, y = 3 is one of the solutions, is :
(A) exactly one (B) exactly two
(C) exactly three (D) infinitely many

66 The following system of equations 3x – 7y + 5z = 3; 3x + y + 5z = 7 and 2x + 3y + 5z = 5 are

(A) consistent with trivial solution (B) consistent with unique non trivial solution
(C) consistent with infinite solution (D) inconsistent with no solution

x 3x  2 2x  1
67 The number of real values of x satisfying 2 x  1 4x 3x  1 = 0 is
7 x  2 17 x  6 12x  1
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) more than 3 (D) 1

x  1 ( x  1) 2 x3
68 If D(x) = x  1 x2 ( x  1)3 then the coefficient of x in D(x) is
x ( x  1) 2 ( x  1)3

(A) 5 (B) – 2 (C) 6 (D) 0

SUBJECTIVE TYPE

0 1 0  0 0 0 
1 If, E =  0 0 1  and F = 1 0 0 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and show that E2F + FE2 = E .
0 0 0 0 1 0

2 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying

(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 ; (iii) a a + a a = 0
(ii) a11 a12 a 21 a 22 11 21 12 22

3  2 3 3
 3 0   y y  3y 3y 
3 Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations. =
2 4   x x  10 10 

a b   p  0
4 Let A = c d  and B = q   0 . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value of (ad – bc).
     

0 1 0
5 Define A = 3 0 . Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = 11
   
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix and vertical vector is a column matrix).

64
 1 0 2
6 If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3

7 For a non zero , use induction to prove that :

 n n 1 n (n  1) n  2 
n  n  2
 
 1 0  
(a) 0  1 =  0 n nn 1  , for every n  N
 0 0   n
 0 0  
 
 
(b) If, A = 0 1 , then (aI + bA)n = anI + nan  1 b A, where I is a unit matrix of order 2,  n  N.
0 0

1 2 a b 
8 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d 
   
db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the matrix
acb
   2 3
which commutes with A is of the form     .

a b 
9 If c 1  a  is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x2, when bc = 1/4.
 
Hence/otherwise evaluate a.

1 1 1 1
10 If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and (I + A)· (I – A) = O.
2 2 2 2
1 0
11 Show that the matrix A = 2 1 can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent marix.
 
2007
Hence evaluate the matrix 2 1
1 0
.
 

1 x 1  3 3 z 
12 Given matrices A =  x 2 y  ; B =  3 2  3 . Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
1 y 3   z  3 1 
0 1  1
13 Let X be the solution set of the equation A = I, where A = 4  3 4  and I is the corresponding unit
x
3  3 4 
matrix and x  N then find the minimum value of  (cos x   sin x ) ,   R.
 3 a  1  d 3 a 
14 A =  2 5 c  is Symmetric and B =  b  a e  2b  c  is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
b 8 2   2 6  f 
  
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.

1 2 5 
15 Express the matrix  2 3 6 as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero
 1 0 4 
in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.

65
16 A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.

1 2 5
17 Consider the two matrices A and B where A = 4 3 ; B =  3 . If n(A) denotes the number of elements
   
in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication. If C =

 n (C ) | D |2  n ( D )  
(AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of  n ( A )  n ( B)  .
 

a b  2
18 If A    then prove that value of f and g satisfying the maxtrix equation A + fA + gI = O
 c d 

are equal to – tr (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d are non zero reals and

1 0  0 0 
I  ;O   
0 1  0 0 

7 5  3i 2 / 3  4i
19 (a) Prove that the value of the determinant 5  3i 8 4  5i is real.
2 / 3  4i 4  5i 9

(b) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant

1 a a2
cos ( p  d ) x cos px cos ( p  d ) x does not depend.
sin ( p  d ) x sin px sin ( p  d ) x

20 Without expanding as far as possible, prove that

a 2  2a 2a  1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a  1 a  2 1 = (a  1)3 (b) x y z = [(xy) (yz) (zx) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3 y3 z3

x3 1 x 2 x
21 If y3  1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then , prove that xyz =  1.
z3  1 z 2 z
18 40 89
22 Using properties of determinants or otherwise evaluate 40 89 198 .
89 198 440
a bc 2a 2a
23 Prove that 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)3 .
2c 2c cab

a b c bc ca a b
24 If D = c a b and D = a  b b  c c  a then prove that D= 2 D.
b c a ca a b bc

66
 1  a 2  b2 2ab  2b
25 Prove that 2ab 1  a 2  b2 2a = (1 + a² + b²)3.
2 2
2b  2a 1 a  b

a bc cb
26 Prove that ac b c  a = (a + b + c) (a² + b² + c²).
ab ba c

       4        2 1
27 Prove that        4        2 1 =  64(  )(  )(  )(  ) (  ) ( )
       4        2 1

n! (n  1)! (n  2)!
28 For a fixed positive integer n, if D= (n  1)! (n  2)! (n  3)! then
(n  2)! (n  3)! (n  4)!
 D 
show that  3
 4 is divisible by n.
 (n !) 
29 Solve for x
x  2 2 x  3 3x  4 x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
(a) 2 x  3 3x  4 4 x  5 = 0. (b) x  4 2 x  9 3x  16 = 0.
3x  5 5x  8 10 x  17 x  8 2 x  27 3x  64

SUBJECTIVE TYPE

1 Given x = cy + bz ; y = az + cx ; z = bx + ay where x , y , z are not all zero , prove that

a² + b² + c² + 2 abc = 1.
x y z
2 Given a = ;b= ;c= where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that: 1 + ab + bc + ca = 0.
yz zx xy

3 If sin q  cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations

x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.

4 Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;

x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution.
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.

5 For what values of p , the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x + 2 y + 4 z = p & x + 4y + 10z = p2

have a solution? Solve them completely in each case.

6 Solve the equations : K x + 2 y  2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y  z = 2, 6 x + 6 y + K z = 3

considering specially the case when K = 2.

67
 ap a p
7 If bc + qr = ca + rp = ab + pq =  1 show that bq b q = 0.
cr c r
8 If the following system of equations (a  t)x + by + cz = 0 , bx + (c  t)y + az = 0 and
cx + ay + (b  t)z = 0 has nontrivial solutions for different values of t , then show that we can express product
of these values of t in the form of determinant.

9 Show that the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3 , x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y + z = – 3 has atleast

one solution for any real number . Find the set of solutions of  = –5.

z  ay  a 2 x  a 3  0
10 Solve the system of equations ; z  by  b 2 x  b3  0
z  cy  c 2 x  c3  0
ax c b
11 If a + b + c = 0 , solve for x : c bx a = 0.
b a cx
12 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 then show that the value of the determinant
a 2  (b 2  c 2 ) cos  ba (1  cos ) ca (1  cos )
2 2 2
ab(1  cos ) b  (c  a ) cos  cb(1  cos ) simplifies to cos 2 
ac(1  cos ) bc(1  cos ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 

pa qb rc a b c
13 If p + q + r = 0 , prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b .
rb pc qa b c a

a a3 a 4 1
14 If a , b , c are all different & b b 3 b 4  1 = 0, then prove that, abc(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c.
c c3 c4  1

a2   ab ac
2
15 Show that, ab b   bc is divisible by 2 and find the other factor..
2
ac bc c 

(a  p) 2 (a  q) 2 (a  r) 2 (1  ap) 2 (1  aq) 2 (1  ar) 2

Prove that : (b  p) ( b  q) 2 (b  r) 2  (1  bp) 2 (1  bq) 2 (1  br) 2
2
16
( c  p) 2 ( c  q) 2 (c  r) 2 (1  cp) 2 (1  cq) 2 (1  cr) 2
17 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB–1 is also orthogonal.
2       
18 Prove that        2(  ) (   ) (   )  (  ) = 0.
   (   )  (  ) 2

68
19 If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = ax22 + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d
and ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,
x1 y1 z1 1/ 2
 d  2f 
then prove that x 2 y2 z 2 = (d  f)  (a , b , c  0)
 abc 
x3 y3 z3

f a 
1 a
x  a
1 a a2
f  b f x
1 b  1 b b2 
20 If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that x  b 1 c c2
 x  a  x  b  x  c 
f c
1 c
 x  c

1 1 1
a  x  b  x  c  x 
1 1 1 P
21  , where Q is the product of denominators,
 y
a   y
b   c  y  Q
1 1 1
 z
a   z
b   z
c 

prove that P   b  c  c  a  a  b  y  z  z  x  x  y  .

22 If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that

sin 2A sin C sin B
sin C sin 2B sin A  0
(i)
sin B sin A sin 2C

1  cos B cos C  cos B cos B

cos C  cos A 1  cos A cos A  0
(ii)
1  cos B 1  cos A 1

1  a1  b1 a1  b 2 a1  b 3
3
a 2  b1 1  a 2  b2 a 2  b3  1   a  b     a  a  b  b 
23 Show that  i i
1i  j3
i j j i
a 3  b1 a 3  b2 1  a 3  b3 i 1

ah  bg g ab  ch ah  bg a h
24 Prove, without expanding that bf  ba f hb  bc  a bf  ba h b
af  bc c bg  fc af  bc g f

69
   '  '  ''
  '  '   '  '    '  '    '  '    '  '  
25 Prove that
  '  '   '  '

13  3 2 5 5
26 Find the value of the determinant 15  26 5 10
3  65 15 5

x x x x x 1 x2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2 Cr C r 1 Cr  2
y 1 y2
27 Prove that
y
Cr y
Cr 1 y
Cr 2  y
Cr Cr 1 Cr  2
z z z z z 1 z2
Cr Cr 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr  2

bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2 2 2 2
Prove that ca  b ab  c 2 bc  a 2  2 2  2 where 2
2
28   a 2  b 2  c 2 and   ab  bc  ca
2

ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2 2 2  2

u v 0
u d 2
y
29 If y  , where u and v are function of x, show that v 3
 u ' v' v .
v dx 2
u '' v '' 2v '

f g h
30 If f,g and h are differentiable functions of x and    xf  '  xg  '  xh  ' then prove that
 x f "  x g "  x h "
2 2 2

f g h
' f' g' h'
 x f " '  x g " '  x h " '
3 3 3

ap bq cr
31 If bc  qr  ca  rp  ab  pq  1, Show that a b c 0
p q r

 a 1  b1   a1  b 2   a1  b 3   a1  b 4 
2 2 2 2

 a 2  b1  a 2  b2   a 2  b3   a 2  b4 
2 2 2 2

32 Prove that 0
 a 3  b1  a3  b2   a 3  b3   a 3  b4 
2 2 2 2

 a 4  b1  a 4  b2   a 4  b3   a 4  b4 
2 2 2 2

70
 x 1 1 .......
1 x 1 .......
  x  1  x  n  1 , the determinant being of the nth order
n 1
33 Prove that
1 1 x .......
.... .... .... ....

a1 1 0 0 ... ... 0
1 a 2 1 0 ... ... 0
0 1 a 3 1 ... ... ...
34 If u n  , Prove that u n  a n u n  4  u n  2
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 ... ...  1 a n 1 1
0 0 ... ... 0 1 an

a b c d
b c d a
35 If  is a root of x 4  1, show that a  b  c2  d3 is factor of ,
c d a b
d a b c

Hence show that the determinant is equal to   a  b  c  d  a  b  c  d   a  c    b  d   2 2


36 Let  be a repeated root of the quadratic equation f  x   0 and A  x  , B  x  , C  x  be polynomi

A x Bx Cx

A  B   C  
als of degree 3,4 and 5 respectively, then show that is divisible by f(x),
A '  B '  C ' 
where dash denotes the dirivatives.

X Y Z
s t1
X Y1 Z1  X 3 1
37 If Y  sX and Z  tX all the variables beings functions of x, prove that 1 s2 t2
X2 Y2 Z2
where suffixes denote the order fo differentiation with respect to x.

ax  by  cz ay  bc cx  az
ay  bx by  cz  ax bz  cy   a 2  b 2  c 2  x 2  y 2  z 2   az  by  cz  .
38 Prove that
cx  az bz  cy cz  ax  by

39 For what values of p and q the system of equations

2x  py  6z  8
x  2y  qz  5
x  y  3z  4
has (i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinitely many solution

71
40 Find the matrices of transformations T1T2 and T2 T1 , when T1 is rotation through an angle 60
and T2 is the reflection in the y-axis. Also verify that T1T2  T2 T1.

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 i
0 0 1 0   0 0 i 0
41 Given A1   A2   
0 1 0 0  0 i 0 0
   
1 0 0 0  i 0 0 0 

0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0
A3   1 0 0 
1 0 0 0  and A4  
  0 0 1 0 
0 1 0 0 
0 0 1

0
Show that A i A k  A k A i  2I or 0 for i  k or i  k and I is the unit matrix of order 4
and i, k  1, 2, 3, 4

1 1 1
42
   2 3  Find P such that BPA  1 0 1 
Given A   2 4 1 , B 
3 4  0 1 0 
 2 3 1   

43 By the method of matrix inversion, solve the systerm.

1 1 1   x u   9 2 
 2 5 7   y v   52 15 
    
 2 1 1  z w   0 1

44 Show that the equations

2x  6y  11
6x  2y  6z  3
6y  18z  1
are not consistent (Using rank method).
Y
45 Write down 2  2 matrix A which corresponds to x
C
a counterclokwise rotation of 60 about the origin.
In the diagram tha square OABC has its diagonal OB
x 2 2 unit x
of 2 2 units in length. The square is rotated counter-
clokwise about O through 60. Find the co-ordinates
of the vertices of the square after rotating O x
X
Y'

72
 12 22 32 42 
 2 
2 32 42 52 
46 Find tha rank of the matrix A 
 32 42 52 62 
 2 
4 52 62 72 

2 5 3 
 
47 Find the inverse of the matrix of A   3 1 2  and apply the results to solve the equations
 1 2 1 
 
2x  5y  3z  9, 3x  y  2z  3, x  2y  z  6

0 c b  
 c 0   
48 Find the rank of the matrix   where a,b,c are all positive numbers and
b a 0  
 
    0 
a  b  c  0.

0 1 1 
49 Find the reciprocal (or inverse) of the matrix M  1 0 1  and show that the transform of the
 
1 1 0 

b  c c  a b  a 
1 
matrix A   c  b c  a a  b  by M i.e. MAM 1 is a diagonal matrix
2
 b  c a  c a  b 

50 If square matrices A and B are such that AA   A  A, BB  B B, AB  B A then prove that
AB  AB    AB  AB.
 

a b c 
51 If abc  p, and A   c a b  , prove that AA '  I if and only if a,b,c are the roots of equation
 
 b c a 

x3  x 2  p  0

52 A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab 2 + a2b + 1)S
1 a a 2 a3
where S =  3  5  ...... up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b
cos x  sin x 0
53 If F(x) =  sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y) . Hence prove that [ F(x) ]–1 = F(– x).
 0 0 1

54 If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix
 0 5
B = (I – A)(I + A)–1 is an orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B given A =  5 0 .
 

73
55 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.
x  yz3 x  y  z 6 x  yz3 x  y z3
(i) x 2 y3z4 (ii) x  y z2 (iii) x 2 y3z4 (iv) x  2 y3z4
x  4 y9z6 2 x  yz1 2 x 3 y  4 z 7 2 x 3y4z9

56 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1.
Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.

1 2 2  2 1 1 10
57 Given that A=  2 2 3  , C=  2 2 1  , D= 13 and that Cb=D. Solve the matrix equation Ax = b.
1  1 3 1 1 1  9 

2 1  3 2  2 4 
58 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 3 2 . A . 5 3 = 3 1 .
     
k m
59 If A =   and kn  lm ; then show that A2 – (k + n)A + (kn – lm) I = O.
l n
Hence find A–1.

2 1 9 3
60 Given A =  2 1 ; B= 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following cases.
   
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX  O.

5 1 3  1 1 2
 
61 Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A =  7 1 5 & B = 3 2 1 and use it to solve
 1 1 1  2 1 3
the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .

1 2
62 If A = 2 4 then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.
 
1 2
If A = 2 3 , is it possible to find a square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for it.
 

3  2 1  x   b 
63 Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5  8 9   y   3 
2 1 a   z    1
 
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions

1 2 3 1  1 2  x1 x 2 
64 If A = 3 4 ; B = 1 0 ; C = 2 4 and X =  x x  then solve the following matrix equation.
       3 4
(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC (c) CX = A

74
 DETERMINANT

Q.1 If the system of equations x – Ky – z = 0, Kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution, then the
possible values of K are
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 0, 1 (D) –1, 1

sin  cos  sin 2

Q.2 Prove that for all values of , 
sin   23  
cos   23  
sin 2  43  =0

sin    23  cos    23  sin  2  43 

Q.3 Find the real values of r for which the following system of linear equations has a non-trivial solution. Also find
the non-trivial solutions :
2 rx  2y+ 3z = 0
x + ry+ 2z = 0
2x + rz = 0

Q.4 Solve for x the equation

a2 a 1
sin( n  1)x sin nx sin( n  1)x
=0
cos( n  1)x cos nx cos( n  1)x

Q.5 Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of 
x+y+z =1
x + 3y – 2z = 
3x + ( + 2)y – 3z = 2 + 1

Q.6 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 . Show that the equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay  ax  by  c cy  b
= 0
cx  a cy  b  ax  by  c
represents a straight line.

Q.7 The number of values of k for which the system of equations

(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has infinitely many solutions is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) inifinite

Q.8 The value of for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no
solution is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2

75
Q.9
(a) Consider three points P =  sin(  ),  cos  , Q = cos(  ), sin  and
R = cos(    ), sin(  )  , where 0 < , ,  < /4
(A) P lies on the line segment RQ (B) Q lies on the line segment PR
(C) R lies on the line segment QP (D) P, Q, R are non collinear
(b) Consider the system of equations
x – 2y + 3z = –1
– x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1
STATEMENT-1 : The system of equations has no solution for k  3.
1 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : The determinant  1  2 k  0, for k  3.
1 4 1
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

Q.10 The number of all possible values of , where 0 <  < , for which the system of equations
(y + z)cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3
2 cos 3 2 sin 3
x sin 3 = 
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3 + y sin 3
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0z0  0, is

MATRICES
a b c
Q.1 If matrix A =  b c a  where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then find the value
 c a b 
of a3 + b3 + c3 .

Q.2 If A =  2  and  then  =

 2  
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 0

Q.3 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M – I) = 0.

a 1 0 a 1 1  f  a 2  x 
Q.4 A = 1 b d  , B = 0 d c  , U =  g  ,V=  0  , X =  y  .
1 b c  f g h  h   0  z
   
If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If further
afd  0, then prove that BX = V has no solution.

76
 1 0 0 1 0 0
Q.5 A = 0 1 1  , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 = 1 ( A 2  cA  dI) , then the value of c and d are
0  2 4 0 0 1 6
(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, – 11

 3 1 
 2 
Q.6 If P = 
2  , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP
APT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
 0 1
 1 3
 2 2 

1 2005 4  2005 3 6015 

(A) 0 1  (B)  2005 4  2005 3 
 
1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C) 
4  1 2  3  (D)
4 2  3 2005 

Q.7 Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in Column-II and indicate
your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II
x 2  2x  4
(A) The minimum value of is (P) 0
x2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A – B) = (A – B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log32. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2 (  k 3 )
< 2, must be (R) 2
less than
1 
(D) If sin  = cos , then the possible values of       are (S) 3
 2

Q.8 Comprehension

Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are
1 and four of them are 0.
(a) The number of matrices in A is
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

(b) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1 
A  y   0 has a unique solution, is
 z  0
 
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10

77
(c) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1 
A  y   0 
 z  0
 
is inconsistent, is
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

Q.10
 x  1 
(a) The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y  = 0 has
 z  0
   
exactly two distinct solutions, is
(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2

(b) Let k be a positive real number and let

 2k  1 2 k 2 k   0 2k  1 k
   
A  2 k 1  2k  and B  1  2k 0 2 k
   
 2 k 2k  1    k 2 k 0 

If det (adj A) + det(adj B) =106, then [k] is equal to

[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal
to k].

(c) Comprehension
Let p be an odd number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.
 a b  
Tp = A   c a  : a , b, c {0,1, 2,......, p  1}
   
(i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A) divisible by p
is
(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2(p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D) 2p – 1

(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
(C) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)

(iii) The number of A in Tp such that det(A) is not divisible by p is

(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (D) p3 – 3p (D) p3 – p2

78
79
 1 0 0  0 0 0 
0 1 0  0 1 0 
   
0 0 0  0 0 1 

3
2

0
1
 
 11 

 1 0
4014 1 
 

 4 2 2  4 2 2 
 - , , 2 2   , , - 2 2 
 3 3   3 3 

 1 0 0 0 2 5  1 2 2  0 0 3
 2 3 0 0 0 - 6   2 3 -3   0 0 -3 
       
-1 0 4  0 0 0   2 -3 4  -3 3 0 

(ab' - a'b) (bc' - b'c) (ca' - c'a)

3. 2 4. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  =10 (c)  = 3,   10

5. x = 1 + 2K , y =  3K , z = K, when p = 1 ; x = 2K, y = 1  3K , z = K when p = 2 ; where K  R

x y z 1
If K2, 2(K6)  2K3  6(K2) 
6. 2

2 K 2K15
,

1  2
If K= 2, then x = , y = and z = 0 where   R
2
4 9
9. If   –5 then x = ; y = – and z = 0 ;
7 7
4  5K 13K  9
If  = –5 then x = ;y= and z = K where K  R
7 7

10. x = (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = abc

80
11. x = 0 or x = ±
2

3 2
a  b 2  c2  15. 2 ( a2 + b2 + c2 + )

26. 15 2  25 3

39. (i) p  2 & q  3 , (ii)   0, p  2, q  3 , (iii) p  2

 1 3  1 3
      4 7 7 
40.  2 2 , 2 2 
42.  3 5 5 
 3 1   3 1   
   
 2 2   2 2 

43. x  1, u  1 45.  
C  0, 2   C '  3,1
y  3, v  2
z  5, w  1
46. p(A) = 3

 5 11 7 
  30 30 30 
 
1 1 1 
47. A 
1
 , x  1, y  2, z  1
 6 6 6 
 
 5 1 13 
   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
 30 30 30   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
48. 2 49.  
 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

1  12  5 
52. 225 54.  12
13  5
55. (i) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ; (ii) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 ;
(iii) x = 2 + k, y = 1  2k, z = k where k  R ; (iv) inconsistent, hence no solution

56. 1 57. x1 = 1, x2 = – 1, x3 = 1

1  48  25 1  n  m
58. 59.  l k 
19  70 42  kn  lm  
 a b 
60. (i) X = 2  2a 1  2b  for a, b  R ; (ii) X does not exist ;
 
a  3a 
(iii) X = c  3c  a, c  R and 3a + c  0; 3b + d  0
 
  2c  2d 
61. x = 2, y = 1, z =  1 62. X=  c d  , where c, d  R – {0}, NO


63. (i) a  – 3 , b  R ; (ii) a = – 3 and b  1/3 ; (iii) a = –3 , b = 1/3

 3  3
1 2
64. (a) X=  5 
2  , (b) X =  1  2 , (c) no solution
 2 

81
 DETERMINANT
k
1. D 3. r = 2 ; x = k; y = ; z =  k where k  R  {0}
2
4. x = n, n  I

5. If  = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,

1 1
y = (3K + 4) and x = – (5K + 2) where K  R
2 2
1 1
If  5, system is consistent with unique solution given by z = (1 – ); x = ( + 2)
3 3
and y = 0.

7. B 8. D 9. (a) D; (b) A 10. 3

MATRICES

1. 4 2. A 5. C 6. A

7. (A) R (B) Q,S (C) R,S (D) P,R 8. (a) A, (b) B, (b) B

10. (a) A, (b) 4 ; (c) (i) D, (ii) C, (iii) D

82