Unit 25

Unit 25 - Outcome 1
Understand the Structure of the television and video

industry
Task One
Name a Public Service Broadcaster
An example of a Public Service Broadcaster is the British

Broadcasting Company (BBC)
What is PSB?
Public service broadcasting, or PSB, is broadcasting which is

funded by the public, and made for the public rather than
commercial interests. The public have to pay a licensing fee to
avail of the service, which is given to the government who use it
to pay the broadcaster. This also eliminates the requirement of
Advertisements.
What are the debates on whether PSB is relevant today?
Due to the rise of online video streaming platforms such as

YouTube and Netflix, a lot of people are using these platforms
rather than traditional PSB. People are starting to become
uninterested in the outdated service, and this has led to a
dramatic drop in the amount of TV Licenses being paid which,
of course, has led to these PSBs losing major money. Others
believe that PSB will always be relevant in public media.
Identify three Commercial Broadcasters. How do they
obtain their revenue compared to the BBC? What debates
have there been recently about Product Placement on
Commercial Television?
ITV
“ITV is a commercially funded broadcaster which means that it

is financed by advertising revenue. Independent commercially
funded broadcasters, such as ITV, sell time slots for adverts.
The price of each advertising slot varies according to the day it
goes out and the time.” SOURCE – BBC BITESIZE
S4C
“In addition to public funding, S4C generates around 2% of

its income through commercial sources, such as advertising.
S4C is controlled by the S4C Authority, an independent
body unconnected to Ofcom, the regulator of other UK
television channels such as ITV and Channel 4.”
SOURCE – WIKIPEDIA
CHANNEL 4
“Unlike the BBC, Channel 4 receives no public funding. It is

funded entirely by its own commercial activities. Most of our
income comes from advertising revenue, this includes TV
advertisements and digital advertisement through our on-
demand streaming service All4” SOURCE – CHANNEL4
Bullet point the key benefits of Sky 1
 Sky 1 generates income from advertisements and

merchandising, such as Sky Q, NOWTV, Sky Broadband
and other accessories.
 Sky 1 broadcasts programs from US Television

occasionally, which usually isn’t available to the UK.
 Sky 1 requires payment, enabling Sky to produce other
channels resulting in a wide range of content always
available.
What is a Multi-national Media Conglomerate?
A multinational conglomerate is a collection of two or more

companies that all fall under the ownership of the same parent
company or corporate group. Examples of this include Disney,
Microsoft and Time Warner.
What is the difference between a Monopoly and an

Oligopoly?
A monopoly is when one company or group dominates a

market, whereas an oligopoly is a market that is dominated by
multiple groups of sellers. Monopolies have one entity that
dominates its rivals in the same market, an example would be
Google, which rivals include Yahoo! and Bing.
What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal

integration?
Horizontal Integration is when a corporation or group purchases

a similar company within the same industry. An example of this
would be Facebook buying and then acquiring ownership over
Instagram.
Vertical Integration is when two companies merge together,

where the acquired company is used as a step in the acquiring
company’s production or business process. An example of this
would be Sainsburys buying a delivery company and using it as
its own unique stock delivery service.
What is an Independent Production Company?
An Independent Production Company is a company that

creates a piece of media such as a television show or motion
picture but is a separate organisation or entity from the studio
or company that it is commissioned or used by.
An example of this would be Heyday Films, who produced The

Boy in The Striped Pyjamas.
Task Two
Explain what is meant by Channel Proliferation and Multi-

Channel TV?
Channel Proliferation is when the number of channels

increases, leaving viewers to have a larger selection of content
to choose from. Multi-Channel TV is a service provider that
charges customers in return for distribution of TV programming.
Identify when and how Multi-Channel TV came about
The 1990 Broadcasting Act resulted in Multi-Channel TV. The

broadcasting law was passed to provide a legal structure for
broadcasting thereby providing more outlets, for example,
Channel 5. The act helped to lessen the regulations around
independent television.
How is the internet now being used to broadcast television

programmes?
Due to the massive amount of online streaming content

available for cheap or free online, people no longer feel the
need to pay for traditional television. Platforms such as Netflix,
All4 and YouTube and leading the way by offering hundreds
and even thousands of hours of content for usually around £5
or £10 a month.
What is the difference between satellite, digital and cable?
Satellite
The provider receives signals from programming sources and

beams a broadcast signal to satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
The satellites receive the signals and rebroadcast them to the
receivers on Earth.
Digital
Digital Television uses a digital signal rather than a radio signal.

Information is transmitted as Binary code when using digital
signals.
Cable
Cable Television is when the provider uses radio signals to

transmit the content.
Task Three
What do the terms ‘regulation’ and ‘de-regulation’ mean?
Regulation in the media industry is the term for when content is

controlled or monitored to ensure that it doesn’t feature certain
things that aren’t allowed. De-regulation is when the
government removes the restrictions on the media concerning
rules and censorship.
What does ‘desensitisation’ mean?
Desensitisation is the term for when someone watches that

many horror movies or general shock content on television that
they no longer become affected or phased by. This will
eventually lead to the same thing in the real world.
How has the concept of the Watershed become blurred?
The Watershed is the term for the schedule of programming on

television late at night which shows mainly adult content,
language and scenes. The idea behind this was that if this
content was shown late then children could not be exposed to
it, but with many children having access to the internet on their
devices they are able to view this content in other places.
What are the main roles of Ofcom and briefly the ASA?
Ofcom, the regulation body of television in the UK, has a

number of different roles that it has to undertake. Some of
these rules include ensuring people get high standards of
service, protecting people from fraudulent behaviour and scams
and protecting people from unwanted, offensive or harmful
content.
The ASA has a similar goal, but with advertisements in general

rather than television.

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Unit 25 - Outcome 1

Understand the Structure of the television and video

Name a Public Service Broadcaster

An example of a Public Service Broadcaster is the British

Public service broadcasting, or PSB, is broadcasting which is

What are the debates on whether PSB is relevant today?

Due to the rise of online video streaming platforms such as

“ITV is a commercially funded broadcaster which means that it

“In addition to public funding, S4C generates around 2% of

“Unlike the BBC, Channel 4 receives no public funding. It is

Bullet point the key benefits of Sky 1

 Sky 1 generates income from advertisements and

 Sky 1 broadcasts programs from US Television

What is a Multi-national Media Conglomerate?

A multinational conglomerate is a collection of two or more

What is the difference between a Monopoly and an

A monopoly is when one company or group dominates a

What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal

Horizontal Integration is when a corporation or group purchases

Vertical Integration is when two companies merge together,

An Independent Production Company is a company that

An example of this would be Heyday Films, who produced The

Explain what is meant by Channel Proliferation and Multi-

Channel Proliferation is when the number of channels

Identify when and how Multi-Channel TV came about

The 1990 Broadcasting Act resulted in Multi-Channel TV. The

How is the internet now being used to broadcast television

Due to the massive amount of online streaming content

The provider receives signals from programming sources and

Digital Television uses a digital signal rather than a radio signal.

Cable Television is when the provider uses radio signals to

What do the terms ‘regulation’ and ‘de-regulation’ mean?

Regulation in the media industry is the term for when content is

Desensitisation is the term for when someone watches that

How has the concept of the Watershed become blurred?

The Watershed is the term for the schedule of programming on

Ofcom, the regulation body of television in the UK, has a

The ASA has a similar goal, but with advertisements in general

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