EICK (Cork) : General Info
EICK (Cork) : General Info
General Info
Cork, IRL
N 51° 50.5' W 08° 29.5' Mag Var: 7.0°W
Elevation: 502'
Runway Info
Runway 07-25 4298' x 148' concrete
Runway 17-35 6998' x 148' asphalt
Communications Info
ATIS 120.925
Cork Tower 121.7
Cork Tower 119.3
Cork Ground Control 121.85
Cork Approach Control 119.9
Cork Radar 118.8
Notebook Info
Licensed to max. Printed on 16 Feb 2008. JEPPESEN Licensed to max. Printed on 16 Feb 2008. JEPPESEN
NOTICE: PRINTED FROM AN EXPIRED REVISION. Disc 01-2008 JeppView 3.5.2.0 NOTICE: PRINTED FROM AN EXPIRED REVISION. Disc 01-2008 JeppView 3.5.2.0
06^W
MAX IAS 250 KT below FL100.
Departures are also minimum noise routings
and require a minimum climb gradient of
273' per nm (4.5%).
Gnd speed-Kts 75 100 150 200 250 300
CARGO
273' per nm 342 456 684 911 1139 1367 APRON CARGO
If unable to comply inform ATC as soon as possible. TERMINAL
CAT A & B aircraft may be assigned an omnidirectional departure Trees
up to
appropriate to CAT C & D aircraft at the discretion of ATC. PASSENGER
FOR PARKING 587'
RWY ROUTING A TERMINAL
51-51 Elev POSITIONS 51-51
SEE 10-9A
07
17
Climb
Climb
on
on
069^
167^
track
track
to
to
1000',
1000',
then
then
depart as directed
depart as directed
by
by
ATC.
ATC.
477'
589'
22549^
25 Climb on 249^ track to 1000', then depart as directed by ATC. 563'
530'
35 Climb on 347^ track to 1000', then depart as directed by ATC. C
6998
553' per nm (9.1%).
Gnd speed-Kts 75 100 150 200 250 300
'
553' per nm 691 922 1382 1843 2304 2765
213
If unable to comply inform ATC as soon as possible.
3m
RWY ROUTING
17 Climb on 167^ track to 2000', then depart as directed by ATC. 512'
35 Climb on 347^ track to 2000', then depart as directed by ATC.
51-50 51-50
Elev
461'
08-30 08-29
CHANGES: New page. | JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2000. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CHANGES: Passenger terminal. | JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1997, 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Licensed to max. Printed on 16 Feb 2008. JEPPESEN Licensed to max. Printed on 16 Feb 2008. JEPPESEN
NOTICE: PRINTED FROM AN EXPIRED REVISION. Disc 01-2008 JeppView 3.5.2.0 NOTICE: PRINTED FROM AN EXPIRED REVISION. Disc 01-2008 JeppView 3.5.2.0
TM
LOC Final GS
Apt Elev 502'
180^
51-51.1 51-51.1 DA(H)
BRIEFING STRIP
16 ICS Apch Crs D3.5 IC
1E Refer to
N51 50.7 W008 29.3 109.9 167^ 1665' (1188') Minimums RWY 477' 3700' 3200'
15T CARGO 1W thru 3S N51 50.7 W008 29.4 270^
14T TERMINAL 4N/S, 5N/S N51 50.8 W008 29.4 MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC. 090^
13T MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 1700'
A 6T thru 9T N51 50.9 W008 29.4 D5.5 CRK. Turn LEFT to intercept R-130 inbound CRK VOR, then follow R-326 CRK
2800'
10T thru 14T/S N51 51.0 W008 29.5
360^
CARGO 12T to enter NEGEL holding climbing to 3000'.
APRON
51-51 Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000'
11T 14T/N thru 17S N51 51.1 W008 29.5 ILS DME reads zero at rwy 17 threshold. MSA CRK VOR
PASSENGER 17N N51 51.1 W008 29.6
10T
G4
NOT
MSA
ATC SERVICE TERMINAL 18 N51 51.1 W008 29.5 1391' C ORK
BOUNDARY CTR TO SCALE
M 10
9T 19 N51 51.1 W008 29.6
SA
(IAF)
W
197^
1365'
3000
3.2
8T (IAF)
356^
51-50.9
7T 12 DME Ar c
C CRK
6T 3000
(IF)
167
Stands 6T thru 13T, 15T, 16 & 18
D11.5 (IAF)
taxi in/push out. IC B 10
5 TERMINAL Stand 19 push in/tow out. 52-00
ICS
ILS DME
^
RW
MAIN Tower Twy E usable for acft with wingspan less CRK
APRON - Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding,
than 79'/24m and MTOW less than 5.7 mt. D9.0 (DME IDENTIFIER IS IC)
7/3
CA
2 1 D3.5 IC IAS 160 KT recommended.
D6.7 CRK
TA
Ground handling MANDATORY.
347^
51-50.7 08-10
E 51-50.7
&B
Y MISSED APCH FIX AFTER
RW 25 CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE
08-29.7 08-29.5 B 7 / D3.5 IC
0
167^
D11.7 MHA 3000
338
GENERAL CRK MAX IAS 220 KT
CA& D
C
Rwy 17 is approved for CAT II operations, special aircrew and aircraft certification required.
^
T
NEGEL
347^
D6.7 CRK
ADDITIONAL RUNWAY INFORMATION At 3000' LOC restricted
32
USABLE LENGTHS to 18 NM. LOC flags may be
32
D0.5 IC
CRK CRK
6^
LANDING BEYOND observed below 3000' outside (IAF)
6^
CORK CORK
RWY Threshold Glide Slope TAKE-OFF WIDTH 10 NM range from threshold. D 114.6 CRK
D
114.6 CRK 310
07 HIRL (60m) PAPI (angle 3.0^) 148' ^
167^
51-50
167^
25 HIRL (60m) ALS PAPI (angle 3.7^) 45m
D5.5
17 HIRL (60m) CL (15m) HIALS-II TDZ PAPI (3.0^) RVR 5976' 1821m 148' 08-40 08-30 08-20 CRK
1 35 HIRL (60m) CL (15m) HIALS PAPI (3.0^) RVR 5818' 1773m 45m
LOC IC DME 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0
1 Rwy 17/35 grooved. (GS out) ALTITUDE 2450' 2130' 1810' 1490' 1180'
LOW VISIBILITY PROCEDURES CAT A & B D9.0CRK
1) Low visibility procedures apply when ceiling is below 200' and either RVR is less than 550m
CAT A & B 338^ VOR
or visibility is less than 800m. CAT C & D D11.7CRK 4000'
2) Pilots will be informed by radiotelephony when low visibility procedures are in operation. CAT C & D 326^
3000'
3) When these procedures are in operation and Rwy 17 is in use the following standard
taxi route system applies: Departing aircraft shall normally use Twy A. 1 67 ^ 2500' D3.5 IC
Arriving aircraft shall normally use Twy C.
167^ GS1665' D0.5 IC
GS 695'
4) CAT II holding point on Twy A must be used. D11.5 NEGEL
IC LOC TCH
5) Taxiway/ stopbar/ centerline lighting will be in use.
CAUTION: Operational evaluation has indicated, that the performance of automatic landing systems
D6.2 IC 1600' 57'
may be affected by the profile of the terrain under the approach to Rwy 17. 5.3 2.7 3.0
0.5
RWY 17 477'
Operators procedures should take account of this during CAT II approaches. Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS-II
Refer to
.JAR-OPS. TAKE-OFF 1 ILS GS 3.00^ or
377 484 538 646 753 861 PAPI PAPI Missed Apch
LOC Descent Gradient 5.2% above
Rwy 17/35 All Rwys MAP at D0.5 IC
LVP must be in Force LVP must be
Approved in Force
.JAR-OPS. ILS STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 17 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
Operators
A: 677'(200') C: 736'(259') LOC (GS out)
HIRL, CL RL, CL RCLM (DAY only) RCLM (DAY only) NIL DA(H)
& mult. RVR req & mult. RVR req RL & CL or RL or RL (DAY only) B: 683'(206') D: 758'(281') MDA(H) 960'(483') Max
A FULL ALS out ALS out Kts MDA(H) VIS
B A 550m RVR 1000m 100 1010'(508') 1500m
PANS OPS 4
180^
180^
120.92 119.9 119.3 121.7 121.85 120.92 119.9 119.3 121.7 121.85
CAT II ILS 3700' 3200' 3700' 3200'
TM
TM
LOC Final GS
DA(H) Apt Elev 502' LOC Final GS ILS
Apt Elev 502'
BRIEFING STRIP
ICS
BRIEFING STRIP
Apch Crs D3.5 IC 270^ ICN Apch Crs LOM DA(H) 270^
Refer to 090^ 090^
109.9 167^ 1665' 477' Refer to
(1188') Minimums RWY 1700' 109.15 347^ 2085'(1625') RWY 460' 1700'
2800' Minimums 2800'
MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC.
360^
360^
MISSED APCH WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to D5.5 CRK. Turn LEFT MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC.
to intercept R-130 inbound CRK VOR, then follow R-326 CRK to enter NEGEL holding
MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to
MSA CRK VOR D4.1 CRK. Turn RIGHT to intercept R-040 inbound CRK VOR, then follow R-188 CRK to MSA
climbing to 3000'. CRK VOR
enter BANON holding climbing to 3000'.
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000'
1. ILS DME reads zero at RWY 17 threshold. 2. Special Aircrew & Aircraft Certification Required. Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000'
ILS DME reads zero at rwy 35 threshold.
G4
NOT
MSA
1391' CORK
C TR TO SCALE
M 10
(IAF)
SA
347^
(IAF)
708'
W
CRK CORK
197^
1365'
3000
3.2
D
(IAF) (H) 114.6 CRK
356^
12 DM E Ar c 51-50
MM
CRK
(IF)
3000 Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
- Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding,
D0.6 ICN
ICN
347^ 109.15 ICN
ILS DME
188^
167
O362 BOB
52-00 CORK
ICS
ILS DME
^
160 KT recommended.
C&D
176^
167^ 109.9 ICS
CAT
D11.7 Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
CRK MHA 3000
- Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding, MAX 220 KT D4.9 ICN 08-10
D9.0 (DME IDENTIFIER IS IC)
MAX IAS 220 KT.
08-40
CRK (IAF)
MHA 3000 - Initial Segment, MAX IAS 210 KT. MISSED APCH FIX AFTER
BANON B 10
NEGEL
CAT A
MAX IAS 220 KT - Final Approach, from NEGEL to CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE D6.2 ICN
D6.2 IC
CA
30 CR E
D6.7 CRK
00 K
rc M
TA
R
347^
A 2D
08-10
CT
&
D4.1 CRK
&B
CR
)
1
MISSED APCH FIX
CRK
B
167^
RK
040 0^
K
WITH RADIO FAILURE
347^
(R- 22
D9.0
CO
D3.5 IC
CRK
158
CRK
167^
D11.7 MHA 3000 D CORK
338
^
C
34 7
(IAF)
^
T
NEGEL 51-40
188^
347^
^
D11.7
C114.6R CRKK C R K
observed below 3000' outside D0.5 IC MAX 220 KT BANON D11.5
6^
(IAF)
6^
D6.7 CRK
10 NM range from threshold.
CORK D CORK CRK ICN
167^
D 114.6 CRK 310
347^
^
167^
51-50 D11.7
167^
CAT A & B D9.0CRK (GS out) ALTITUDE 1150' 1470' 1790' 2110' 2430'
CAT C & D D11.7CRK CAT A & B 338^ VOR4000' VOR 176^ CAT A & B D9.0 CRK
326^ CAT A & B
4000' CAT C & D D11.7CRK
3000'
1 67 ^ 2500'
167^
D3.5 IC
GS 1665'
CAT C & D
D0.5 IC
188^
C
MM
CAT C & D
M
LOM
D4.9 ICN 2500'
3000'
D11.5 NEGEL
GS 695' D0.6 ICN
GS 720'
GS 2085'
347^ 347^
IC
D6.2 IC TCH 57'
BANON D11.5
TCH LOC ICN
54' D6.2 ICN
5.3 2.7 3.0 RWY 17 477' 2000'
0.5 RWY 35 460' 0.6
4.3 1.3 5.3
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS-II
GS 3.00^ 377 484 538 646 753 861 Refer to Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS
PAPI PAPI Missed Apch Refer to
ILS GS 3.00^ or
above 377 484 538 646 753 861 PAPI PAPI Missed Apch
LOC Descent Gradient 5.2%
above
MAP at MM/D0.6 ICN
.JAR-OPS. STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 17
CAT II ILS .JAR-OPS. ILS
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 35 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
ABC D A: 668'(208') C: 691'(231') LOC (GS out)
RA 122' RA 135' DA(H)
B: 679'(219') D: 705'(245') MDA(H) 910'(450')
DA(H)577'(100') DA(H)587'(110') FULL ALS out ALS out Max
Kts MDA(H) VIS
A RVR 1400m
RVR 1500m
100 1010' (508') 1500m
B 1500m 135 1010'(508')
PANS OPS 4
RVR 1600m
PANS OPS 4
TM
Final
502'
180^
Apt Elev VOR Final Minimum Alt
MDA(H) 502'
180^
CRK MDA(H) Apt Elev
BRIEFING STRIP
BRIEFING STRIP
MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC. 090^ 270^
MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 1700' MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC. 090^
2800' 1700'
D3.0. Turn LEFT to intercept R-030 inbound, then follow R-234 to enter UPLON holding MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 2800'
360^
climbing to 3000'. D5.5. Turn LEFT to intercept R-130 inbound, then follow R-326 to enter NEGEL holding
360^
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000' MSA CRK VOR climbing to 3000'.
MISSED APCH FIX AFTER Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000' MSA CRK VOR
MSA 1405'
G4
CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE
G4
NOT
MSA
(IAF) 1391' C OR K
1365' CTR TO SCALE
M 10
30)
(R-2010^
SA
(IAF)
W
197^
1365'
3000
3.2
1 STRAIGHT-IN LANDING ^ D3.0 (IAF)
069
356^
CAT C & D NOT 4^
1122'
CRK
APPLICABLE UPLON 23 12 DM E Ar c
52-00 D6.2 D CORK
3000
R
^
069 (IF)
RK
1247' (IAF)
249
^ D12.0
CO
MHA
300 Ar c
167
(IAF) D9.2 3000 B 10
C R CRK
K
52-00
E
CORK
0
DM
D
114.6
^
(H) D11.7 Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
12
CA
D1.0 D6.7 IAS 160 KT recommended.
TA
Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
347^
51-50 08-10
D4.0 - Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding,
&B
MISSED APCH FIX AFTER
UPLON 4^ B MAX 220 KT. D4.1 CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE
D6.2 23A & - Initial Segment, MAX 210 KT.
167^
- Final Approach, from UPLON to D4.0 MHA 3000
^ AT D11.7
338
259^ 069 C 160 KT recommended. MAX IAS 220 KT
CA& D
C
MHA
^
T
NEGEL
347^
^ D6.7
3000
249
(IF)
R
D12.0
32
CT
32
6^
D1.0
^ D9.2
CRK
6^
CORK
241
RK
(IAF)
D
C R CRK
K CORK 114.6 CRK
CO
D 310
c 114.6 ^
Ar
167^
51-50
167^
ME 0 0
(IAF)
51-40 D D5.5
12 30
G
4 08-40 08-30 08-20
08-50 08-40 08-20 08-10 08-00 CRK DME 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0
CRK DME 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 ALTITUDE 2270' 1950' 1630' 1300' 980'
ALTITUDE 2430' 2110' 1780' 1460' 1140'
CAT A & B D9.0
VOR CAT C & D D11.7 CAT A & B
338^ VOR4000'
D9.2 CAT A & B 234^ 4000' 326^
3000' CAT C & D
3000' NEGEL
069^ 167^ D6.7
2500' D4.0 2500' D4.1
D1.0 D1.0
D12.0
UPLON 1650' 1600'
D6.2
2.2 3.0 1.0 RWY 07 471' 5.3 2.6 3.1 0.5 RWY 17 477'
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS-II
Descent Gradient 5.3% 376 483 537 644 751 859 Refer to Descent Gradient 5.3% 376 483 537 644 751 859 Refer to
PAPI Missed Apch PAPI PAPI Missed Apch
MAP at D1.0 above MAP at D1.0 above
.JAR-OPS. STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 07 CIRCLE-TO-LAND .JAR-OPS. STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 17 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
MDA(H) 960'(483')
MDA(H) 910'(439') Max
Kts MDA(H) VIS ALS out Max
Kts MDA(H) VIS
A 100 1010' (508') 1500m A RVR 1000m 100 1010' (508') 1500m
PANS OPS 4
PANS OPS 4
180^
120.92 119.9 119.3 121.7 121.85
180^
3200'
120.92 119.9 119.3 121.7 121.85
3700' 3200'
TM
TM
VOR Final Minimum Alt
MDA(H) Apt Elev 502' VOR Final Minimum Alt
502'
3700'
BRIEFING STRIP
Apt Elev
BRIEFING STRIP
CRK Apch Crs RINGI 270^ MDA(H)
CRK Apch Crs BANON 270^
114.6 249^ 2500' (1998') 960' (458')
RWY 502' 090^
960'(500') 090^
2800' 1700' 114.6 347^ 2500' (2040') RWY 460' 2800' 1700'
MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC.
360^
MISSED APCH: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to 3000' and contact ATC.
360^
MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to
D3.0. Turn RIGHT to intercept R-280 inbound, then follow R-087 to enter RINGI holding MSA MISSED APCH AFTER CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE: Climb STRAIGHT AHEAD to MSA
climbing to 3000'. CRK VOR D4.1. Turn RIGHT to intercept R-040 inbound, then follow R-188 to enter BANON CRK VOR
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 18 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000' holding climbing to 3000'.
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 17 hPa Trans level: By ATC Trans alt: 5000'
1405'
G4
MSA
347^
708'
KC
10
1 STRAIGHT-IN LANDING 12 D M TR
SA
EA
W
CAT C & D NOT APPLICABLE (IAF) Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
r
M
3000 c
C114.6R CRK
K
Speed Restrictions/Recommendations
(IAF) 51-50 CORK - Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding,
D
(H) D1.0 MAX IAS 220 KT.
52-00 - Within 12 NM (3 Min) from holding, - Initial Segment, MAX IAS 210 KT.
MAX IAS 220 KT.
188^
- Final Approach, from BANON to D5.5
- Initial Segment, MAX IAS 210 KT. ^ IAS 160 KT recommended.
1247'
- Final Approach, from RINGI to D3.5
IAS 160 KT recommended.
061
O362 BOB
(IF) CORK
^
249
C&D
176^
(IAF)
D12.0
CAT
C R CRK
K MHA 3000
CORK
079^
D MAX IAS 220 KT 08-10
114.6 RINGI 08-40 D5.5
D5.6 MISSED APCH FIX AFTER
(IAF)
D3.5 B 10
BANON
CAT A
(IAF) CIRCLING OR WITH RADIO FAILURE
D1.0 B 10 D6.7
30 r c E
A DM
R
CT
^
00
069 D8.6
&
D4.1
^ 087^
12
51-50
249 B
B
167^
RK
CAT A &
(R- 220^
)
947' MHA
040
347^
D9.0
CO
E Arc
347
3000
CRK
158
08-50 08-40 D CORK
CTR
(H) 114.6 CRK
^
0
MISSED APCH FIX AFTER (IAF)
DM
300
^
51-40
188^
RK
^ MHA (IF) G
12
MHA 3000
24 9
CO
167^
100^
347^
087^ ^
069
CRK
^ D11.7
249 D
CORK 51-40 G 08-30 08-20 NOT TO SCALE
114.6 CRK 08-30 (IAF) 4 08-00
D3.0 08-20 CRK DME 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
CRK DME 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 ALTITUDE 970' 1290' 1610' 1930' 2250'
ALTITUDE 1080' 1470' 1870' 2260' VOR CAT A & B D9.0
176^ CAT A & B
VOR D8.6 4000' 188^ CAT C & D D11.7
4000' 087^ CAT A & B CAT C & D
3000'
3000' BANON
RINGI ^ D5.5
D6.7
2500' 347^
D3.5
D5.6
2500' 249 D1.0
D12.0
D1.0 2000'
1550' RWY 35 460' 0.4 4.5 1.2 5.3
RWY 25 502' 0.3 2.5 2.1
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS
Refer to
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS Descent Gradient 5.3% 376 483 537 644 751 859
Refer to PAPI PAPI Missed Apch
Descent Gradient 6.5% 461 592 658 790 922 1053 MAP at D1.0
PAPI PAPI Missed Apch above
MAP at D1.0
above
.JAR-OPS. STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 35 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
.JAR-OPS. STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 25 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
MDA(H) 960'(500') Max
MDA(H) 960'(458') Max
ALS out Kts MDA(H) VIS
ALS out Kts MDA(H) VIS A RVR 1400m
RVR 1500m
100 1010'(508') 1500m
A 100 1010'(508') 1500m B RVR 1500m 135 1010'(508') 1600m
PANS OPS 4
PANS OPS 4
RVR 1500m
B 135 1010'(508') 1600m C RVR 1600m 180 1110'(608') 2400m
RVR 2000m
C
NOT APPLICABLE
180 1110'(608') 2400m D RVR 1800m 205 1210'(708') 3600m
D 205 1210'(708') 3600m
CHANGES: None. | JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2000, 2004. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CHANGES: Ground frequency. Minimums. | JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2000, 2004. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.