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Effect of Heat Generation Due to Plastic Deformation on Behavior of Surface-

Layer Material during Sliding

Article  in  Journal of Friction and Wear · October 2009

DOI: 10.3103/S1068366609050043

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ISSN 1068-3666, Journal of Friction and Wear, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 324–328. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2009.
Original Russian Text © V.E. Rubtsov, A.V. Kolubaev, 2009, published in Trenie i Iznos, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 449–455.

Effect of Heat Generation Due to Plastic Deformation

on Behavior of Surface-Layer Material during Sliding
V. E. Rubtsova, * and A. V. Kolubaevb
aInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Akademicheskii pr. 2/4, Tomsk, 634021 Russia
bTomsk Polytechnic University, pr. Lenina 30, Tomsk, 634050 Russia

*e-mail: [email protected]
Received March 18, 2009

Abstract—Sliding friction of materials differing in their deformation hardenability is simulated using a modified
macroscopic model which allows taking into account of frictional heating, as well as additional heat generation
in the material surface layer due to its plastic deformation. Taking into consideration additional heat generation is
shown to have an effect on the heat conditions and shear deformation in the surface layer when the deformation
hardenability of the material falls within a certain range. Comparative calculations performed with and without
consideration of additional heat generation exemplify the quantitative and qualitative differences of heating and
plastic deformation of the surface layer.

Key words: sliding friction, frictional heating, temperature, heat generation, softening, deformation harden-
ability, plastic deformation.
DOI: 10.3103/S1068366609050043

INTRODUCTION the surface layer during friction, the given model was
modified with account for the heat generation inside the
The formation of the surface layer of ductile metals
surface layer caused by plastic deformation.
and alloys and its deformation in sliding, especially
under high loads, are mainly governed by two compet- The goal of the work is to study by computer sim-
ing processes: hardening and softening of the material ulation the effect of taking into account heat generation
in the vicinity of the friction surface [1–3]. From the in the surface layer due to its plastic deformation on the
macroscopic point of view, one can say that the defor- heat regime and deformation behavior of a plastic mate-
mation hardening accompanying plastic shear in the rial during sliding friction.
surface layer increases the yield strength of the material
and frictional heating decreases it.
Based on this approach, the authors have developed MODEL MODIFICATION
a macroscopic model of sliding friction that makes it AND COMPUTATION TECHNIQUE
possible to consider variations in the material proper- Work [4] gives a detailed description of the macro-
ties during sliding friction due to its hardening during scopic model of sliding friction and the simulation
plastic deformation and softening with elevation of sur- technique. In order to compute the heat generation in
face-layer temperature [4, 5]. The calculations per- the material as a function of plastic shear, a special pro-
formed using the aforementioned model show that cedure was introduced into the model.
under high loads, the plastic deformation of the mate-
rial characterized by low hardenability can reach sev- In the modified model it is assumed that each pair of
eral tens of percent per interaction act [5] and the aver- material layers becomes an additional source of heat if
age deformation rate ≈103 s–1. According to estimates plastic shear occurs in it. It is shown experimentally
made by V.I. Vladimirov, during the run-in stage, plas- that up to 100% of the friction work can be spent on
tic deformation can reach 5 × 107% [6]. At such inten- heating in the case of friction contact of metallic mate-
sive plastic shear in the material surface layer, a major rials [8]. Therefore, the model assumes that all work on
part of the energy is transformed into heat [7]. Release plastic deformation of the material is transferred to heat
of additional heat in the surface layer during friction and the amount of heat released in the pair of layers
can cause significant variations of the heat regime of over a given time interval is equal to the mechanical
the friction pair and, as a consequence, deformation work spent on plastic deformation of the pair of layers.
behavior of the material. Therefore, in order to provide Figure 1 presents a diagram of heat generation compu-
a more correct description of the material behavior in tation for a specified time interval. In the model, the

324
 EFFECT OF HEAT GENERATION DUE TO PLASTIC DEFORMATION 325

τ T, °C

B 1
τc 50

A D
τT
40
2 Σdif.T, °C

30

0 γel γc γ 20
0 20 40 60 80 h, μm
Fig. 1. For computation of work spent on plastic defor-
mation in the layer pair per time interval at constant tem- Fig. 2. Temperature distribution in the specimen computed
perature. with (1) and without (2) additional heating at Gpl = 1 MPa.

dependence of shear stress on shear deformation is ture; viz., at 1300°C the shear modulus is twice as low
specified by the OAB elastic–plastic response function. as at 20°C, the yield strength decreases 20 times with
If at some moment of time the current shear stress τc termperature elevation, and the “plastic” shear modulus
corresponding to current shear deformation γc exceeds decreases 10 times. The degree of material hardening
the maximal shear stress τT at which the material is varied over a wide range (Table 2).
elastically deformed, then the heat generation of the The specimen consists of 300 layers each 1 μm
given pair of layers is governed by the area of tetragon thick. Simulation was realized on a contact spot 100 μm
OABC. It is restricted from the left and above by the in size at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s friction coefficient
elastic (OA) and elastic-plastic (AB) branches of the of 0.5 and a contact pressure of 163 MPa.
response function and from the right by the relief
branch BC (Fig. 1). The higher the plastic shear (γc–γel)
and the higher the yield strength τT and degree of defor- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
mation hardening specified by the BAD angle, the The results of computations for materials having a
higher is the heat generation in the pair of layers. In the different hardenability show a definite range of “plas-
model itself, “plastic” shear modulus Gpl equaling the tic” shear modulus to exist over which the consider-
tangent of the BAD angle is used as the calculated ation of heat generation due to plastic shear consider-
parameter of hardening. ably affects the temperature distribution in the surface
The temperature distribution at each moment of layer. Figure 2 presents an example of temperature cal-
time is found by numerical integration of the conductiv- culation in the specimen with account for heat genera-
ity equation with a heat source in the form of the tion (curve 1) and without it (curve 2). Here, the heat
regions of material under plastic deformation at the generation is caused by plastic deformation for a “plas-
moment. Thus, the modified model makes possible tak- tic” shear modulus of 1 MPa. The absolute difference in
ing into account the temperature variations in the spec- the temperatures calculated with and without account
imen that are related not only to frictional heating of the for heat generation at the same distance from the sur-
surface but also to additional heat generation due to face was taken as the measure of temperature varia-
plastic deformation of the surface layer during friction. tions. By summing up the temperature differences over
In model computations, a linearly hardened material the whole specimen, we obtain the integral value show-
with properties similar to those of steel was studied ing the degree of temperature variations ΣT. Quantita-
(Table 1). The elastic properties of the model material tively, ΣT equals the area of the dashed figure formed by
are assumed to linearly drop with elevating tempera- curves 1 and 2 and the coordinate axis (Fig. 2).

Table 1. Properties of model material

Shear modulus G, MPa Yield strength σT, MPa Heat conductiv- Specific heat c,
ρ, kg/m3
20°C 1300°C 20°C 1300°C ity λ, W/m K J/kg K

77000 38500 220 11 7800 26 600

JOURNAL OF FRICTION AND WEAR Vol. 30 No. 5 2009

326 RUBTSOV, KOLUBAEV

Table 2. “Plastic” shear modulus Gpl, MPa used in computations

20°C 0 10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 1 10 100
1300°C 0 10–5 10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 1 0

Figure 3 shows how the total temperature difference Considerable differences between computations per-
varies in the specimen depending on the “plastic” shear formed with and without account for heat generation due
modulus. It is seen that at Gpl < 0.001 MPa, as well as to plastic deformation are obtained for “plastic” shear
at Gpl > 100 MPa, temperature variations are absent. modulus values in the range of 0.001–100 MPa (Fig. 3).
Values of Gpl lying in the above range, on the one hand,
Analysis of the simulation results performed with allow for development of rather intensive plastic shear
account for heat generation at plastic deformation has and, on the other, provide high heat generation for heat-
shown that at “plastic” shear modulus from 0 to ing, softening, and plasticization of the material.
0.0005 MPa, the same as when additional heat genera-
tion is not taken into consideration, the plastic shear is Simulation has shown that at Gpl close to the bound-
localized in the very upper material layer contacting the aries of the range (0.001 MPa as well as 5, 10, 50 and
counterbody. This is due to the dominating role of the 100 MPa), the consideration of heat generation results
thermal softening of the material. In the given case, the only in quantitative variations of the temperature condi-
tions and plastic deformation conditions (Fig. 4). The
yield strength of the material in the vicinity of the surface form of the temperature (Fig. 4a) and deformation
is always lower than in the underlying layers because of (Fig. 4b) profiles do not vary, and only general
the higher temperature and almost complete absence of increases in temperature, plastic shear, and thickness of
deformation hardening. It follows from the computation the plasticized layer are observed.
results that during the contact period, the heat generation
due to intensive plastic deformation in the layer 1 μm In the middle part of the range (for 0.005–1 MPa val-
thick does not result in any significant temperature vari- ues of the “plastic” modulus), additional heat generation
ations and plastic shears in the deeper material layers. modifies significantly the material behavior in the surface
layer. This is revealed most clearly at Gpl = 0.05 MPa,
At Gpl > 100 MPa after the beginning of plastic when the effect on temperature of consideration of the
deformation, the material is hardened intensively, its additional heat generation is at a maximum (Fig. 3). In
yield strength increases, and, therefore, the further Fig. 5, the temperature and yield strength in the surface
development of plastic shears in the surface layers is layer of the specimen are shown for comparative pur-
restrained. Plastic deformation amounts to only few poses with and without account of heat generation due to
percents; consequently, additional heat generation is plastic deformation. Simulation with account of addi-
very low and does not have an effect on the temperature tional heat generation gives a considerably higher soft-
conditions and deformation behavior of the material in ening of the material at a larger depth (Fig. 5b). This may
the surface layer. In this case, hardening prevails over be caused by the much higher temperature in the surface
softening. layer (Fig. 5a). In addition to noticeable quantitative dif-
ferences in the temperature profiles, qualitative distinc-
tions are observed as well (Fig. 5a). With account for
Σdif.T, °C additional heat generation, the temperature is practically
1000 the same in the whole plasticized layer and has two max-
ima, namely, on the surface and on the boundary of the
plasticized layer with the elastic material of the base
800 (Fig. 5a, curve 1). If additional heat generation is not
taken into account, then monotonous temperature drop
600 from the surface to the depth of the specimen is observed
(Fig. 5a, curve 2). The temperature distribution corre-
400
sponds to a monotonous decrease of plastic deformation
with increasing distance from the friction surface
(Fig. 6b, curve 5).
200
Qualitative variation of the temperature profile due to
additional internal heat sources in the surface layer of the
0 0.00010.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 material also results in qualitatively modified deforma-
0.00001 0.00050.005 0.05 0.5 5 50 500 tion behavior. Development of plastic shear over time is
Gpl, MPa shown in Fig. 6. It is clearly seen that additional heat
generation is not taken into account, yet with time plastic
Fig. 3. Total temperature difference calculated for different deformation is gradually accumulated in the surface
“plastic” moduli. layer and the degree of deformation decreases monoto-

JOURNAL OF FRICTION AND WEAR Vol. 30 No. 5 2009

 EFFECT OF HEAT GENERATION DUE TO PLASTIC DEFORMATION 327

T, °C (a) γ, % (b)
120
60
100
1
50 1
80
2
40 60
2
40
30
20

20 0
0 20 40 60 80 h, μm 0 20 40 60 80 h, μm

Fig. 4. Temperature (a) and plastic deformation (b) distribution in the specimen computed with (1) and without (2) account for addi-
tional heat generation at Gpl = 5 MPa.

T, °C (a) τT /τT0 (b)

1.00
60
2
0.98
50
1
0.96
40
1

30 0.94
2

20 0.92
0 20 40 60 80 h, μm 0 20 40 60 80 h, μm

Fig. 5. Temperature distribution (a) and ratio of yield strength to its initial value (b) in the specimen computed with (1) and without (2)
account for additional heat generation at Gpl = 0.05 MPa.

γ, % (a) γ, % (b)

1000 1000

800 800

600 5 600
4
400 3 400
2 5
4
3
200 200 2
1
1
0 0
0 5 10 h, μm 0 5 10 h, μm
Fig. 6. Plastic deformation distribution in the specimen computed with (a) and without (b) account for additional heat generation at
different moments of time at Gpl = 0.05 MPa: 1—t = 1 × 10–5 s; 2—2.5 × 10–5; 3—5 × 10–5; 4—7.5 × 10–5; 5—t = 1 × 10–4 s.

JOURNAL OF FRICTION AND WEAR Vol. 30 No. 5 2009

328 RUBTSOV, KOLUBAEV

nously from the surface in the depth of the material layer observed in the experiments, as well as the shear
(Fig. 6b). In the contrary case (with account for addi- of the surface layer as an integral unit relative to the
tional heating), such a mode of deformation is only base material during sliding friction.
observed at the initial stage (Fig. 6a, curves 1 and 2). The work was financed by the Russian Foundation
Upon reaching a certain degree of deformation (in the for Basic Research (project No. 09-08-00200-a), as
given case it is ≈720%) (Fig. 6a, curve 3), the material is well as by program 3.6.2 of fundamental investigations
hardened so much that plastic shear ceases at the given of SO RAS for 2007–2009 (project 3.6.2.1).
depth. The minimum of elastic properties of the material
is shifted into the depth from the surface and new mate-
rial layers are involved in plastic deformation (Fig. 6a, DESIGNATIONS
curves 4 and 5). Analysis of the layer’s velocity field ρ—density; c—specific heat; λ—heat conductivity;
gives grounds to believe that at each particular moment G—shear modulus; Gpl—“plastic” shear modulus
intensive plastic shear occurs only at the interface of the ensuring deformation hardening; σT—yield strength at
plasticized layer and the undeformed material, where uniaxial tension; T—temperature; γel—maximal shear
minimal yield strength is observed. The material layers deformation at which material is deformed elastically;
deformed and hardened to the given moment move as an γc—current shear deformation; τT—maximal shear stress
integral unit at equal velocity close to the counterbody at which material is deformed elastically; τc—current tan-
velocity. gential stress; Σdif.T—total temperature difference with
Such significant quantitative and qualitative varia- and without account for additional heating; h—distance
tions of the temperature field and dynamics of plastic to friction surface.
shear development occurring when the additional heat
generation is taken into account over a “plastic” modulus
range from 0.005 to 1 MPa are attributed to the positive REFERENCES
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