UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 2
0680/02
October/November 2005

1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Rule (cm/mm)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer both questions.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

DO NOT WRITE IN THE BARCODE.

DO NOT WRITE IN THE GREY AREAS BETWEEN THE PAGES.

If you have been given a label, look at the

details. If any details are incorrect or FOR EXAMINER’S USE
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page. 1
Stick your personal label here, if 2
provided.
TOTAL

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

SPA (DR) T02628/2
© UCLES 2005 [Turn over
 2

1 Composition of the lower atmosphere

For
Examiner’s
1 Nitrogen 78.0% Use

2 Oxygen 20.9%
3 Argon (an inert gas) 0.9%
4 Small and variable amounts of water vapour and carbon dioxide
0.2%
5 Solid particles – dust, smoke and salt crystals

(a) (i) Complete the divided bar graph and key to show the composition of the lower
atmosphere.

Key:
Nitrogen

Oxygen

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Others
Atmosphere (%)
[3]

(ii) Which gas is present in the atmosphere as a result of evaporation?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Choose one of the solid particles in the atmosphere.

Name a source for this type of particle. State where its concentration in the
atmosphere is likely to be greater than average.

Source ......................................................................................................................

Greater concentration................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere are small, but
they are very important. Explain why.

Carbon dioxide

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Water vapour .

................................................................................................................................. .........
. .........
.........
................................................................................................................................. .........

© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05

 3
..................................................................................
For
Examiner’s
..............................................................................................................................[4] Use

(b) More information about the Earth’s atmosphere is given below.

30 000 30 000

97% of
atmosphere
Ozone layer below this level

Stratosphere
20 000 20 000
Height (metres)

Height (metres)
17 000

10 000 10 000
Cumulo- nimbus clouds Troposphere – (Lower atmosphere)8000

Lowest and
densest part
of the
atmosphere

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 Latitude

(i) How much thicker is the lower atmosphere at the Equator than at the Poles?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Where is the ozone layer found?

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05 [Turn over

(iii) Explain why the ozone layer is important to life on Earth.
For
(d) Motor vehicles are a major cause of atmospheric pollution, especially in big cities. Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use
For
Examiner’s
Traffic pollution Use
..................................................................................................................................
Total emissions from traffic in one large city during one year (tonnes)
..............................................................................................................................[2]
Emission Tonnes per year
(c) (i) What is meant by the ‘ozone hole’?
A Carbon dioxide 2 800 000
B ..................................................................................................................................
Carbon monoxide 641 000
C Nitrogen oxides 112 000
..................................................................................................................................
D Black smoke and soot particles 19 000
(ii) Why are international strategies needed to reduce the pollution that has caused the
E Sulphur
hole in thedioxide
ozone layer? 6000

Complete the graph below. [2]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
120 000
..................................................................................................................................
110 000
..................................................................................................................................
100 000
..............................................................................................................................[4]
90 000

80 000
Tonnes per year

70 000

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0
A B C D E
Emission
(e) The sketch below shows some of the effects of these emissions.
(i) Na
Traffic pollution m
e
 the two emissions that cause acid rain.
For
Examiner’s
..............................................................................................................................[1] Use

(ii) Describe the evidence from the sketch which shows that traffic pollution damages
peoples’ health.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Which one of the emissions shown is not usually a danger to health? Explain your
answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]
(f) Look again at the graph in part (d) and the sketch in part (e).
In your view, which one of the five emissions is the worst for For
Examiner’s
Use
(i) people living in large cities

emission ..........................................

(ii) people living elsewhere in the world?

emission .......................................... [1]

(iii) Explain your choices.

.................................................................................................................................
.

.................................................................................................................................
.

.................................................................................................................................
.

.................................................................................................................................
.

.................................................................................................................................
.

..............................................................................................................................[3]
(g) Some of the world’s big cities are known for high levels of air pollution. Many have
locations and weather conditions similar to those shown on the diagram below. For
Examiner’s
Use
Location and weather conditions that favour air pollution
 Strong
sunlight

High pressure

Sinking
18C air
Change in air
temperature with 20C
height
22C Mountain
range
18C
Main
wind
20C
direction
City
Coastal
range
25C

(i) Choose three features shown on the diagram. Explain how each increases the
chances of high levels of air pollution in big cities.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Name two strategies for reducing air pollution in large cities.
................
1 ............................................................................................................................... ................
................
2 ...........................................................................................................................[2] ................
................
(iii) Why is it difficult to reduce levels of air pollution in large cities? Explain as fully as ................
you can. ................
 ..................
For
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 40]
 10

2 (a) Look at the world map showing total fertility rates.

For
Total fertility rate is the number of children for each woman. Examiner’s
Use
World total fertility rates (iii) Ex.........
.........
pla
in.........
wh
y .........
N .........
fer
.........
tilit
y .........
NORTH .........
rat
Tropic of Cancer
es
SOUTH ar.........
e.........
Equator ve.........
ry.........
.........
hig
Tropic of Capricorn h
in.........
so.........
Key: Total fertility rate
m.........
e.........
7.0 – 8.5 4.0 – 5.4 Less than 2.5
co.........
5.5 – 6.9 2.5 – 3.9 North-South divide un
tri.........
es.........
.........
an
(i) Where are most of the countries with high fertility rates (5.5 and above) located? .........
d
.........
lo
.................................................................................................................................. w
.........
in
.................................................................................................................................. .........
ot
.........
he
..............................................................................................................................[2] .........
rs.
.........
Re
(ii) The North-South divide, which is the line that separates developed and developing fer
countries, is marked on the map. .........
to.........
State the main difference in fertility rates shown between the developed North and na
developing South. .........
m.........
ed.........
.................................................................................................................................. co
un.........
.................................................................................................................................. tri.........
es.........
..............................................................................................................................[2] in.........
yo.........
ur
an.........
sw.........
er.
.........
.........
...........
.........
...........
...........
.........
...........
.........
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05
 11
......................................................................[5]
For
Examiner
’s Use

© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05 [Turn over

 12

(b) Look at the graph below which shows the results of world urbanisation.
For
Examiner’s
Urban population in developed and developing countries Use

5000

Key: 4000
Urban population (millions)

Developed countriesDeveloping countries

3000

2000

1000

0
1950 1955
1960 1965
1970 1975
1980 1985
1990 1995
2000 2005
2010 2015
2020 2025
Year
Exp

(i) De
scr
ibe
wh
at
the
gr
ap
h
sh
ow
s
ab
out
ch
an
ge
s
in
ur
ba
n
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05
 13
population in developed m .........
countries. i .........
c .........
........................................................................................................ r
.......................... e .........
a .........
........................................................................................................ s .........
.......................... o .........
n .........
........................................................................................................ w
.......................... h (ii) I
y b
........................................................................................................ p c
......................[2] e i
o p
(ii) The graph shows that a major change occurred in 1975. What p e
was it? l l
e i
........................................................................................................ m u
.......................... i a
g a
........................................................................................................ r l
a
......................[1] t
t
m
e
(iii) Describe what the graph shows about expected urban h
fr
population in developing y
o
countries from 2005 onwards. t
m
l
........................................................................................................ r i
.......................... u r
r a
........................................................................................................ a Using
.......................... l from t
a above
........................................................................................................ r and e
.......................... e
a .........
........................................................................................................ s .........
......................[2] t .........
o .........
(c) One of the causes of urban growth is rural to urban migration.
People C .........
Look at the examples below of differences between rural and
(%) a
urban areas in the year 2000.
ir .........
(i) S o .........
Egypt Cairo . .........
t
(capital city) a .........
t .........
......
Average income per year (£ Egyptian) 3500
e ......
.........
......
Infant mortality rate (per 1000) 50 .........
......
a
n .........
......
.........
......
e .........
......
Brazil
Urban areas c ......
o .........
......
People with access to safe supplies of n .........
......
drinking water (%) 95
o .........
......
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05 [Turn over
 14
................................................. ......
For ......
F
Exami o
........................................................................................... ner’s
......
r
....................................... Use ......
E
......
x
a
........................................................................................... ......
m
....................................... ......
in
......
er
’s
........................................................................................... ......
U
...................................[4] ......
s
......
e
(d) Many new migrants into cities in developing countries live in ................ ......
housing similar to that shown in sketch A below. ................ ......
....... ......
Sketch A ......
................ ......
................ ......
................ ......
................ ......
................ ......
................ ......
................ ....
..............
[1] ......
......
(iv) Des ......
crib ......
e ......
one ......
Describe how sketch A shows that people living here are pro ......
ble ......
(i) newcomers to the city; m ......
res ......
........................................................................................... ultin ......
....................................... g ......
fro ......
ma ......
...........................................................................................
loca ......
.......................................
tion ......
aro ......
...........................................................................................
und ......
.......................................
the ......
edg ......
(ii) short of money.
e of ......
a [2]
........................................................................................... big
....................................... city. (e) S s
k h
........................................................................................... ................ e u
....................................... ................ t in
................ c g
........................................................................................... ................ h in
...................................[3] ................ B a
................ a
(iii) This type of housing is found most often around the ................ s e
edges of cities. Why? ................ h w
.. o h
........................................................................................... w r
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05
 15
people have lived for more than twenty years since migrating ................. U
s
from rural areas. ................. For Examiner’s
e
.....
S
k .................
e .................
t .................
c .................
h .................
.................
B .................
.......[4]
Permission
to
reproduce
items
where
third-party
owned
material
protected
by
copyright is
included
has been
sought and
cleared
where
possible.
Every
reasonable
effort has
been made
(i) What improvements can be seen compared with the by the
housing on sketch A? publisher
(UCLES) to
trace
........................................................................................... copyright
holders, but
....................................... if any items
requiring
clearance
........................................................................................... have
....................................... unwittingly
been
included,
........................................................................................... the
....................................... publisher
will be
pleased to
........................................................................................... make
amends at
...................................[2] the earliest
possible
opportunity.
(ii) State two reasons why improvements like these are
made. University
of
Cambridge
1 ........................................................................................ Internation
al
....................................... Examinatio
ns is part of
........................................................................................... the
University
....................................... of
Cambridge
Local
........................................................................................... Examinatio
....................................... ns
Syndicate
(UCLES),
2 ........................................................................................ which is
itself a
....................................... department
of the
........................................................................................... University
of
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05 [Turn over
 16
Cambridge.

(f) Housing is only one of the many urban problems caused by For Examiner’s
Use
rural to urban migration. Some people believe that it would be ................
better to improve farming in rural areas and reduce the ................
numbers wanting to migrate to the cities. ................
................
New agricultural techniques to increase output ................
................
 A Irrigation
................
 B New seeds (e.g. the Green Revolution) ................
..
(i) Choose one of these new agricultural techniques and
name an area where it is used by farmers. ................
................
Technique ................................................Area.....................................................
................
................
(ii) Explain how it has increased output in the area named. ................
................
........................................................................................... ................
....................................... ................
..
...........................................................................................
....................................... ................
................
........................................................................................... ................
....................................... ................
................
........................................................................................... ................
....................................... ................
................
........................................................................................... ..
.......................................
................
........................................................................................... ................
...................................[3] ................
................
(iii) Is it ever going to be possible to reduce the numbers of ................
people migrating from rural to urban areas in developing ................
countries? Explain your views about this. ................
..............
........................................................................................... [5]
.......................................
[Total:
........................................................................................... 40]
.......................................
[Total
........................................................................................... for
....................................... paper:
80]
...........................................................................................
.......................................

...........................................................................................
.......................................

...........................................................................................
.......................................
© UCLES 2005 0680/02/O/N/05