Which are the different types of instructions materials use for teaching secondary classes, give

examples?

What are instructional materials?

Instructional materials are the tools used in educational lessons which includes active learning and
assessment. Basically, any resource 1 teacher use to help him teacher students is an instructional
material. From textbooks to library books to website, a variety of resources are available to help
teachers meet the needs and interest of the students. A key feature of effective teaching is the selection
of instructional materials that meet the needs of the students and fit the constraints of teaching learning
environment. Materials and hands, facilitate and make teaching learning easy lively and concrete.

Instructional materials have several benefits:

 Instructional materials help to me concept clear easily and quickly. hence, a lot of time is saved.
for example, while using the direct method in the classroom, the teacher can point out the
objects and name them, so that the meaning is made clear without using the empty. if object
like aero planes a wild animal cannot be brought to the classroom, the teacher can use pictures.
 Use of teaching aids bring about stimulus variation so that the lesson does not become dull,
mechanical and monotonous.
 Instructional materials provide scope for performing activities so that the students play a
participative role. It must sustain their interest in the lesson and keep them actively involved in
the teaching learning process.
 Instructional materials increase self-discovery on the part of the students. They support
constructivism.
 Once materials are prepared, they can be used any number of times by the teacher.
 They help students to remember what they have learnt. They also have retention.

There are four main types of Teaching Aids

1. Auditory Aids:

These teaching aids act through ear for which peaceful and calm atmosphere is necessary. Ability to
listen attentively should be foster among the students.

(i) The Gramophone:

This teaching aid is used for different purposes. It is useful for the teaching of music and language. The
lingua phone records can be used to teach language correctly particularly good pronunciation and
speech. Teacher should be careful at the time of using Gramophone. He must introduce the students
regarding the subject matter contains in the records. Students are to listen it carefully and note down
the intricacies of music or language therein. Teachers should clarify the doubts and difficulties of the
students afterward.

(ii) Tape Recorder:

Tape-recorder plays a key role as an auditory teaching aid in classroom situation. It has two functions
one is to be recording another is to cassette playing. A child can learn pronunciation perfectly through
this aid. This can be used for learning music, songs and good programmed of important speeches, talks
of scientific and historical importance.

(iii) Radio:

Use of Radiobroadcasting in classroom situation is increasingly felt by the educationist now-a-days.

Radio can bring the talks of experts in various subjects like science, mathematics, music, language and
social studies. Radio programme can supplement the teachers attempt to enrich the knowledge of
students in different subjects. Teacher must be careful to introduce the radio talk before its
commencement and clarify doubts of students after the talk. To make effective use of radio there should
be close co-ordination between the schools and broadcasting authorities.

2. Visual Aids:

(i) The chalkboard:

The chalk board or black board is the most important teaching aid. It is used to note key points and
words to draw the attention of the students. Diagrams and sketches especially in colored chalk add to
the understanding of the students. Chalk board can be used to plan and workout projects in
mathematics, social-studies, science and art. It can be used as and when necessary. Students note
important points from it entered by the teachers at the time of teaching.

(ii) The flannel-board:

The flannel board is increasingly used by the teachers. It is a board covered with flannel, a soft loosely
woven cloth of any color. The teacher prepares paper cutting pictures and pastes them on the sand
papers on its back. Then he sets sand paper side on the flannel and exhibits the pictures one after
another. It has important role to draw the attention of the students.

(iii) The Bulletin board:

It is one of the important teaching aids used frequently by the teachers. It is used as an aid to display
interesting and important news, photographs, pictures etc. It draws attention of the students at the very
entry to the school every day.

(iv) Models:

The models are three-dimensional representations. This is meant to show the appearance of a real
object through the perfect models. Preparation of model is an interesting activity for the students.
Models are of different kinds/types. Diagrammatic model is to emphasize a selected feature. Scale
models show the appearance of a real object. Display models are designed to represent structure
characteristics. Cross-sectional models are used to highlight the inner part of an object.

(v) Film strips:

It is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in sequence, usually
with explanatory titles. Each strip contains from twenty-five to one hundred picture or more with
suitable copy. It is especially useful for lessons of developing or chronological nature. It has series of still
pictures and any single picture can be displayed to any longer time for the explanation by the teachers.

3. Audio-Visual Aids:

Audio-Visual aids influence the mind through the eyes and the ears.

(i) Television:

Television is a sophisticated scientific audiovisual device. It has a great potential value for education.
Various lessons and demonstrations duly illustrated by slides, models specimens etc. can be observed by
the pupils and the teachers. Many important talks, scene and sights can be seen through it. Television
brings world to home.

(ii) Sound motion pictures:

Films based on educational topics can be presented through the films. Films depict motion and
continuity. This can bring past stories, incidents into class room. The impact of film is very great on the
students’ attitudes interest and opinions. Important topics of science, mathematics, environment,
population growth, health care etc. Can be shown to the students to bring awareness and improve
knowledge.

4. Activity Aids:

(I) Tour and Trips:

Tours and Trips are purposeful attempt to bring students to the spot to get firsthand knowledge by
direct viewing and sightseeing. It needs a perfect planning with a view to realize the objectives
predetermined. Teachers should be active and acts as the guide to students for answering all their
questions pertaining to the trips. The pupils may be asked to read the relevant materials from books or
gather information about the place to be visited from various sources.

(ii) Demonstrations:

Demonstrations are active Endeavour to give visual explanations to important facts, ideas and
processes. The children are not passive viewer but active demonstrations. There are different types of
demonstration design indifferent subjects. Teachers are to give emphasis on their respective subjects to
give accurate knowledge to the child. A music teacher is to demonstrate how to play on a musical
instrument as like a mathematics teacher can demonstrate the steps involved in solving a particular type
of problem.

(iii) Dramatization:

Dramatization is very interesting lively and useful techniques of teaching. History can best taught by this.
Students will get knowledge about costumes, manners, traditions and culture of the period dramatized.
The learning takes place best in an emotional situation and dramatization provides that situation. In day-
today teaching teacher can take the modulation, expressions of historical characters.
Conclusion:

Teaching can be interesting and perfect if teachers will use appropriate teaching aids to supplement the
teaching-learning situation. A good method of teaching with teaching aids makes the teaching
resourceful and interesting
Write the principles of developing instruction materials:
Principles in Developing Materials:
Tomlinson (Richards, 2001) suggests some basic principles in conducting materials development for the
teaching of language:

 Material should achieve impacts, help learners to feel at ease & to develop confidence
 What is being taught should be perceived by learners as relevant and useful?
 Materials should require and facilitate learner self-investment, provide the learners with
opportunities to use the target language to achieve communicative purposes.
 Materials should consider that positive effects of instruction are usually delayed, learners have
different learning styles and differ in affective attitudes.
 Materials should permit a silent period at the beginning of instruction, should not rely too much
on controlled practice and should provide opportunities for outcome feedback.

In addition, Crawford (Richards-Renandya, 2002) states that materials obviously reflect the writer’s
views of language &learning and teachers (and students) will respond according to how well these
matches their own beliefs and expectations. Some points to be considered in providing effective
materials:

 Language - is functional and must be contextualized; should be realistic and authentic; requires
learner engagement in purposeful use of language.
 Classroom materials will usually seek to include an audio-visual component
 SL learners need to develop the ability to deal with written/spoken genres
 Materials need to be flexible enough to cater to individual and contextual differences

https://www.fortell.org/content/significance-materials-development-language-teaching

https://www.scribd.com/document/86539358/Four-Types-of-Teaching-Aids