Chapter 01 - The Investment Environment

Chapter 01 - The Investment Environment
Chapter 01
The Investment Environment

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The material wealth of a society is a function of _________.

A. all financial assets
B. all real assets
C. all financial and real assets
D. all physical assets
E. all commodities
2. _______ is/are a real asset(s).

A. Only land
B. Only machines
C. Only stocks and bonds
D. Only knowledge
E. Land, machines, and knowledge are real assets
3. The means by which individuals hold their claims on real assets in a well-developed
economy are
A. investment assets.
B. depository assets.
C. derivative assets.
D. financial assets.
E. exchange-driven assets.
4. _______ is/are financial assets.

A. Only bonds
B. Only machines
C. Only stocks
D. Stocks and bonds
E. Knowledge
1-1
5. _________ financial asset(s).

A. Buildings are
B. Land is a
C. Derivatives are
D. U.S. Agency bonds are
E. Derivatives and U.S. Agency bonds are
6. Financial assets ______.

A. directly contribute to the country's productive capacity
B. indirectly contribute to the country's productive capacity
C. contribute to the country's productive capacity both directly and indirectly
D. do not contribute to the country's productive capacity either directly or indirectly
E. are of no value to anyone
7. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant real asset of Taiwanese households in
terms of total value.
A. consumer durables and semi-durables
B. foreign assets
C. real estate
D. mutual funds
E. bank loans
8. In 2009, Currency and ____________ were the least significant financial assets of
Taiwanese households in terms of total value.
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
C. life insurance reserves
D. debt securities and other
E. pension fund reserves
1-2
9. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant financial asset of Taiwanese households
in terms of total value.
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
C. debt securities and other
D. life insurance reserves
E. deposits
10. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant asset of Taiwanese households in terms
of total value.
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
11. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant liability of Taiwanese households in
A. foreign liabilities
B. loans
C. accounts payable
D. real estate
E. other debt
12. Which of the following financial assets made up the greatest proportion of the financial
assets held by Taiwanese households?
A. Deposits
B. Life insurance reserves
C. Mutual funds
D. Debt securities and other
E. Personal trusts
1-3
13. In 2009, _______ of the total assets of Taiwanese households were domestic financial
assets.
A. 20.4%
B. 34.2%
C. 56.5%
D. 71.7%
E. 82.5%
14. The largest component of domestic net worth of Taiwan in 2009 was ____________.
A. equipment
B. real estate
C. other assets
D. consumer durables and semi-durables
E. inventories
15. The smallest component of domestic net worth of Taiwan in 2009 was ____________.
A. equipment
B. real estate
C. other assets
E. inventories
16. The national net worth of Taiwan in 2009 (in NT$ 100 million) was _________.
A. NT$154,111
B. NT$264,387
C. NT$426,698
D. NT$1,302,656
E. NT$1,709,836
1-4
17. A fixed-income security pays ____________.

A. a fixed level of income for the life of the owner
B. a fixed stream of income or a stream of income that is determined according to a specified
formula for the life of the security
C. a variable level of income for owners on a fixed income
D. a fixed or variable income stream at the option of the owner
E. a riskless return that is fixed for life
18. A debt security pays ____________.

B. a variable level of income for owners on a fixed income
C. a fixed or variable income stream at the option of the owner
D. a fixed stream of income or a stream of income that is determined according to a specified
19. Money market securities ____________.

A. are short term
B. are highly marketable
C. are generally very low risk
D. are short term, highly marketable, and generally very low risk
E. highly marketable and generally very low risk
20. An example of a derivative security is/are ______.

A. a common share of Microsoft
B. an Intel bond
C. a commodity futures contract and a call option on Intel stock
D. a call option on Intel stock and an Intel bond
E. a common share of Intel stock
1-5
21. The value of a derivative security _______.

A. depends on the value of the related security
B. is unable to be calculated
C. is unrelated to the value of the related security
D. has been enhanced due to the recent misuse and negative publicity regarding these
instruments
E. is worthless today
22. Although derivatives can be used as speculative instruments, businesses most often use
them to ____________.
A. attract customers
B. appease stockholders
C. offset debt
D. hedge risks
E. enhance their balance sheets
23. Financial assets can permit all of the following except ____________.

A. consumption timing
B. allocation of risk
C. separation of ownership and control
D. elimination of risk
E. easy transfer of ownership
24. The ____________ refers to the potential conflict between management and

shareholders.
A. agency problem
B. diversification problem
C. liquidity problem
D. solvency problem
E. regulatory problem
1-6
25. A disadvantage of using stock options to compensate managers is that

A. it encourages mangers to undertake projects that will increase stock price.
B. it encourages managers to engage in empire building.
C. it can create an incentive for mangers to manipulate information to prop up a stock price
temporarily, giving them a chance to cash out before the price returns to a level reflective of
the firm's true prospects.
D. it causes managers to take undue risks.
E. it causes managers to be too conservative.
26. Which of the following are mechanisms that have evolved to mitigate potential agency
problems?
I) Compensation in the form of the firm's stock options
II) Hiring bickering family members as corporate spies
III) Underperforming management teams being forced out by boards of directors
IV) Security analysts monitoring the firm closely
V) Takeover threats
A. II and V
B. I, III, and IV
C. I, III, IV, and V
D. III, IV, and V
E. I, III, and V
27. Corporate shareholders are best protected from incompetent management decisions by
A. the ability to engage in proxy fights.
B. management's control of pecuniary rewards.
C. the ability to call shareholder meetings.
D. the threat of takeover by other firms.
E. one-share/one-vote election rules.
28. Theoretically, takeovers should result in ___________.

A. improved management
B. increased stock price
C. increased benefits to existing management of taken over firm
D. improved management and increased stock price
E. worse management and decreased stock price
1-7
29. During the period between 2000 and 2002, a large number of scandals were uncovered.
Most of these scandals were related to
I) manipulation of financial data to misrepresent the actual condition of the firm.
II) misleading and overly optimistic research reports produced by analysts.
III) allocating IPOs to executives as a quid pro quo for personal favors.
IV) greenmail.
A. II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and IV
C. II and IV
D. I, III, and IV
E. I, II, and III
30. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act ____________.

A. requires corporations to have more independent directors
B. requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
C. prohibits auditing firms from providing other services to clients
D. requires corporations to have more independent directors and requires the firm's CFO to
personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
E. requires corporations to have more independent directors and requires the firm's CFO to
personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements, prohibits auditing firms from providing
other services to clients, and requires corporations to have more independent directors and
requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
31. Asset allocation refers to ____________.

A. choosing which securities to hold based on their valuation
B. investing only in "safe" securities
C. the allocation of assets into broad asset classes
D. bottom-up analysis
E. top-down analysis
32. Security selection refers to ____________.

D. top-down analysis
E. moving assets between stocks and bonds
1-8
33. Which of the following portfolio construction methods starts with security analysis?
A. Top-down
B. Bottom-up
C. Middle-out
D. Buy and hold
E. Asset allocation
34. Which of the following portfolio construction methods starts with asset allocation?
A. Top-down
B. Bottom-up
C. Middle-out
D. Buy and hold
E. Asset allocation
35. _______ are examples of financial intermediaries.

A. Commercial banks
B. Insurance companies
C. Investment companies
D. Credit unions
E. Commercial banks, insurance companies, investment companies, and credit unions
36. Financial intermediaries exist because small investors cannot efficiently ________.

A. diversify their portfolios
B. assess credit risk of borrowers
C. advertise for needed investments
D. diversify their portfolios, assess credit risk of borrowers, or advertise for needed
investments
E. diversify their portfolios or assess credit risk of borrowers
1-9
37. ________ specialize in helping companies raise capital by selling securities.

A. commercial bankers
B. investment bankers
C. investment issuers
D. credit raters
E. commercial bankers, investment bankers, investment issuers, and credit raters
38. Commercial banks differ from other businesses in that both their assets and their liabilities
are mostly ________.
A. illiquid
B. financial
C. real
D. owned by the government
E. regulated
39. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant financial asset of U.S. commercial banks
A. loans and leases
B. cash
C. real estate
D. deposits
E. investment securities
40. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant liability of U.S. commercial banks in
A. loans and leases
B. cash
C. real estate
D. deposits
1-10
41. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant real asset of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
A. equipment and software
B. inventory
C. real estate
D. trade credit
E. marketable securities
42. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant real asset of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
B. inventory
C. real estate
D. trade credit
43. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant liability of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
A. bonds and mortgages
B. loans
C. inventories
D. trade debt
44. In terms of total value, the most significant liability of U.S. nonfinancial businesses in
2009 was _______.
A. loans
B. bonds and mortgages
C. trade debt
D. other loans
1-11
45. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant financial asset of U.S. nonfinancial
businesses in terms of total value.
A. cash and deposits
B. trade credit
C. trade debt
D. inventory
46. New issues of securities are sold in the ________ market(s).

A. primary
B. secondary
C. over the counter
D. primary and secondary
E. primary and over the counter
47. Investors trade previously issued securities in the ________ market(s).

A. primary
B. secondary
C. primary and secondary
D. derivatives
E. primary and derivatives
48. Investment bankers perform the following role(s) ___________.

A. market new stock and bond issues for firms
B. provide advice to the firms as to market conditions, price, etc
C. design securities with desirable properties
D. make trades for small investors
E. market new stock and bond issues for firms, provide advice to the firms as to market
conditions, price, etc, and design securities with desirable properties
1-12
49. Until 1999, the ________ Act(s) prohibited banks in the United States from both
accepting deposits and underwriting securities.
A. Sarbanes-Oxley
B. Glass-Steagall
C. SEC
D. Sarbanes-Oxley and SEC
E. Fair Credit
50. The spread between the LIBOR and the Treasury-bill rate is called the ________.
A. term spread
B. T-bill spread
C. LIBOR spread
D. TED spread
E. FRED spread
51. Mortgage-backed securities were created when ________ began buying mortgage loans
from originators and bundling them into large pools that could be traded like any other
financial asset.
A. GNMA
B. FNMA
C. FHLMC
D. FNMA and FHLMC
E. GNMA and FNMA
52. The sale of a mortgage portfolio by setting up mortgage pass-through securities is an

example of ________.
A. credit enhancement
B. securitization
C. unbundling
D. derivatives
E. a Ponzi scheme
1-13
53. Which of the following is true about mortgage-backed securities?

I) They aggregate individual home mortgages into homogeneous pools.
II) The purchaser receives monthly interest and principal payments received from payments
made on the pool.
III) The banks that originated the mortgages maintain ownership of them.
IV) The banks that originated the mortgages continue to service them.
A. II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and IV
C. II and IV
D. I, III, and IV
E. I, II, III, and IV
54. ________ were designed to concentrate the credit risk of a bundle of loans on one class of
investor, leaving the other investors in the pool relatively protected from that risk.
A. Stocks
B. Bonds
C. Derivatives
D. Collateralized debt obligations
E. TIPS
55. ________ are in essence an insurance contract against the default of one or more
borrowers.
A. Credit default swaps
B. CMOs
C. ETFs
E. Collars

1-14
Short Answer Questions

56. Discuss the agency problem in detail.

57. Discuss the similarities and differences between real and financial assets.

58. Discuss securitization as it relates to the field of investments.

1-15
Chapter 01 The Investment Environment Answer Key

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The material wealth of a society is a function of _________.

A. all financial assets
B. all real assets
C. all financial and real assets
D. all physical assets
E. all commodities
The material wealth of a society is a function of all real assets.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

2. _______ is/are a real asset(s).

A. Only land
B. Only machines
C. Only stocks and bonds
D. Only knowledge
E. Land, machines and knowledge are real assets
Land, machines and knowledge are real assets; stocks and bonds are financial assets.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

1-16
3. The means by which individuals hold their claims on real assets in a well-developed
economy are
A. Investment assets.
B. Depository assets.
C. Derivative assets.
D. Financial assets.
E. Exchange-driven assets.
Financial assets allocate the wealth of the economy. Example: it is easier for an individual to
own shares of an auto company than to own an auto company directly.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

4. _______ is/are financial assets.

A. Only bonds
B. Only machines
C. Only stocks
D. Stocks and bonds
E. Knowledge
Machines and knowledge are real assets; stocks and bonds are financial assets.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

1-17
5. _________ financial asset(s).

A. Buildings are
B. Land is a
C. Derivatives are
D. U.S. Agency bonds are
E. Derivatives and U.S. Agency bonds are
Land and Buildings are real assets.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

6. Financial assets ______.

A. directly contribute to the country's productive capacity
B. indirectly contribute to the country's productive capacity
C. contribute to the country's productive capacity both directly and indirectly
D. do not contribute to the country's productive capacity either directly or indirectly
E. are of no value to anyone
Financial assets indirectly contribute to the country's productive capacity because these assets
permit individuals to invest in firms and governments. This in turn allows firms and
governments to increase productive capacity.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

1-18
7. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant real asset of Taiwanese households in
A. consumer durables and semi-durables
B. foreign assets
C. real estate
D. mutual funds
E. loans
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

8. In 2009, Currency and ____________ were the least significant financial assets of
Taiwanese households in terms of total value.
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
C. life insurance reserves
D. debt securities and other
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

1-19
9. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant financial asset of Taiwanese households
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
E. deposits
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

10. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant asset of Taiwanese households in terms
of total value.
A. real estate
B. mutual funds
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

1-20
11. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant liability of Taiwanese households in
A. foreign liabilities
B. loans
C. accounts payable
D. real estate
E. other debt
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Assets

12. Which of the following financial assets made up the greatest proportion of the financial
assets held by Taiwanese households?
A. Deposits
B. Life insurance reserves
C. Mutual funds
D. Debt securities and other
E. Personal trusts
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Assets

1-21
13. In 2009, _______ of the total assets of Taiwanese households were domestic financial
assets.
A. 20.4%
B. 34.2%
C. 56.5%
D. 71.7%
E. 82.5%
See Table 1.1.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Assets

14. The largest component of domestic net worth of Taiwan in 2009 was ____________.
A. equipment
B. real estate
C. other assets
E. inventories
See Table 1.2.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Assets

1-22
15. The smallest component of domestic net worth of Taiwan in 2009 was ____________.
A. equipment
B. real estate
C. other assets
E. inventories
See Table 1.2.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Assets

16. The national net worth of Taiwan in 2009 (in NT$ 100 million) was _________.
A. NT$154,111
B. NT$264,387
C. NT$426,698
D. NT$1,302,656
E. NT$1,709,836
See Table 1.2.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Assets

1-23
17. A fixed-income security pays ____________.

B. a fixed stream of income or a stream of income that is determined according to a specified
C. a variable level of income for owners on a fixed income
D. a fixed or variable income stream at the option of the owner
A fixed-income security pays a fixed stream of income or a stream of income that is

determined according to a specified formula for the life of the security.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

18. A debt security pays ____________.

B. a variable level of income for owners on a fixed income
C. a fixed or variable income stream at the option of the owner
D. a fixed stream of income or a stream of income that is determined according to a specified
Only answer D is correct.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

1-24
19. Money market securities ____________.

A. are short term
B. are highly marketable
C. are generally very low risk
D. are short term, highly marketable, and generally very low risk
E. highly marketable and generally very low risk
Are short term, highly marketable, and generally very low risk.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

20. An example of a derivative security is/are ______.

A. a common share of Microsoft
B. an Intel bond
C. a commodity futures contract and a call option on Intel stock
D. a call option on Intel stock and an Intel bond
E. a common share of Intel stock
A call option on Intel stock and an Intel bond. Common stocks and bonds are not derivative
assets.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

1-25
21. The value of a derivative security _______.

A. depends on the value of the related security
B. is unable to be calculated
C. is unrelated to the value of the related security
D. has been enhanced due to the recent misuse and negative publicity regarding these
instruments
E. is worthless today
Of the factors cited above, only A affects the value of the derivative and/or is a true statement.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

22. Although derivatives can be used as speculative instruments, businesses most often use
them to
A. attract customers.
B. appease stockholders.
C. offset debt.
D. hedge risks.
E. enhance their balance sheets.
Firms may use forward contracts and futures to protect against currency fluctuations or
changes in commodity prices. Interest-rate options help companies control financing costs.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Asset Types

1-26
23. Financial assets can permit all of the following except ____________.

A. consumption timing
B. allocation of risk
C. separation of ownership and control
D. elimination of risk
E. easy transfer of ownership
Financial assets do not allow risk to be eliminated. However, they do permit allocation of risk,
consumption timing, and separation of ownership and control.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Assets

24. The ____________ refers to the potential conflict between management and

shareholders.
A. agency problem
B. diversification problem
C. liquidity problem
D. solvency problem
E. regulatory problem
The agency problem describes potential conflict between management and shareholders. The
other problems are those of firm management only.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Financial Management

1-27
25. A disadvantage of using stock options to compensate managers is that

A. it encourages mangers to undertake projects that will increase stock price.
B. it encourages managers to engage in empire building.
C. it can create an incentive for mangers to manipulate information to prop up a stock price
D. it causes managers to take undue risks.
E. it causes managers to be too conservative.
It can create an incentive for mangers to manipulate information to prop up a stock price
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic

26. Which of the following are mechanisms that have evolved to mitigate potential agency
problems?
I) Compensation in the form of the firm's stock options
II) Hiring bickering family members as corporate spies
III) Underperforming management teams being forced out by boards of directors
IV) Security analysts monitoring the firm closely
V) Takeover threats
A. II and V
B. I, III, and IV
C. I, III, IV, and V
D. III, IV, and V
E. I, III, and V
All but the second option have been used to try to limit agency problems.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand

1-28
27. Corporate shareholders are best protected from incompetent management decisions by
A. the ability to engage in proxy fights.
B. management's control of pecuniary rewards.
C. the ability to call shareholder meetings.
D. the threat of takeover by other firms.
E. one-share/one-vote election rules.
Proxy fights are expensive and seldom successful, and management may often control the
board or own significant shares. It is the threat of takeover of underperforming firms that has
the strongest ability to keep management on their toes.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand

28. Theoretically, takeovers should result in ___________.

A. improved management
B. increased stock price
C. increased benefits to existing management of taken over firm
D. improved management and increased stock price
E. worse management and decreased stock price
Theoretically, when firms are taken over, better managers come in and thus increase the price
of the stock; existing management often must either leave the firm, be demoted, or suffer a
loss of existing benefits.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-29
29. During the period between 2000 and 2002, a large number of scandals were uncovered.
Most of these scandals were related to
I) Manipulation of financial data to misrepresent the actual condition of the firm.
II) Misleading and overly optimistic research reports produced by analysts.
III) Allocating IPOs to executives as a quid pro quo for personal favors.
IV) Greenmail.
A. II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and IV
C. II and IV
D. I, III, and IV
E. I, II, and III
I, II, and III are all mentioned as causes of recent scandals.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand

30. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act ____________.

A. requires corporations to have more independent directors
B. requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
C. prohibits auditing firms from providing other services to clients
D. requires corporations to have more independent directors and requires the firm's CFO to
personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
E. requires corporations to have more independent directors and requires the firm's CFO to
personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements, prohibits auditing firms from providing
other services to clients, and requires corporations to have more independent directors and
requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires corporations to have more independent directors and
requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's accounting statements, prohibits
auditing firms from providing other services to clients, and requires corporations to have more
independent directors and requires the firm's CFO to personally vouch for the firm's
accounting statements.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Regulation

1-30
31. Asset allocation refers to ____________.

D. bottom-up analysis
E. top-down analysis
Asset allocation refers to the allocation of assets into broad asset classes.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember

32. Security selection refers to ____________.

D. top-down analysis
E. moving assets between stocks and bonds
Security selection refers to choosing which securities to hold based on their valuation.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember

1-31
33. Which of the following portfolio construction methods starts with security analysis?
A. Top-down
B. Bottom-up
C. Middle-out
D. Buy and hold
E. Asset allocation
Bottom-up refers to using security analysis to find securities that are attractively priced. Top-
down refers to using asset allocation as a starting point.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Portfolio

34. Which of the following portfolio construction methods starts with asset allocation?
A. Top-down
B. Bottom-up
C. Middle-out
D. Buy and hold
E. Asset allocation
Bottom-up refers to using security analysis to find securities that are attractively priced.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Portfolio

1-32
35. _______ are examples of financial intermediaries.

A. Commercial banks
B. Insurance companies
C. Investment companies
D. Credit unions
E. Commercial banks, insurance companies, investment companies, and credit unions
Banks, insurance companies, investment companies, and credit unions are institutions that
bring borrowers and lenders together.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Financial Institutions

36. Financial intermediaries exist because small investors cannot efficiently ________.

A. diversify their portfolios
B. assess credit risk of borrowers
C. advertise for needed investments
D. diversify their portfolios, assess credit risk of borrowers, or advertise for needed
investments
E. diversify their portfolios or assess credit risk of borrowers.
The individual investor cannot efficiently and effectively perform any of the tasks above
without more time and knowledge than that available to most individual investors.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-33
37. ________ specialize in helping companies raise capital by selling securities.

A. commercial bankers
B. investment bankers
C. investment issuers
D. credit raters
E. commercial bankers, investment bankers, investment issuers, and credit raters
An important role of investment banking is to act as middlemen in helping firms place new
issues in the market.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

38. Commercial banks differ from other businesses in that both their assets and their liabilities
are mostly
A. illiquid.
B. financial.
C. real.
D. owned by the government.
E. regulated.
See Table 1.3.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic

1-34
39. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant financial asset of U.S. commercial banks
A. loans and leases
B. cash
C. real estate
D. deposits
See Table 1.3.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

40. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant liability of U.S. commercial banks in
A. loans and leases
B. cash
C. real estate
D. deposits
See Table 1.3.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-35
41. In 2009, ____________ was the most significant real asset of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
B. inventory
C. real estate
D. trade credit
See Table 1.4.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

42. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant real asset of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
B. inventory
C. real estate
D. trade credit
See Table 1.4.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-36
43. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant liability of U.S. nonfinancial businesses
A. bonds and mortgages
B. loans
C. inventories
D. trade debt
See Table 1.4.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

44. In terms of total value, the most significant liability of U.S. nonfinancial businesses in
2009 was _______.
A. loans
B. bonds and mortgages
C. trade debt
D. other loans
See Table 1.4.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-37
45. In 2009, ____________ was the least significant financial asset of U.S. nonfinancial
businesses in terms of total value.
A. cash and deposits
B. trade credit
C. trade debt
D. inventory
See Table 1.4.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

46. New issues of securities are sold in the ________ market(s).

A. primary
B. secondary
C. over the counter
D. primary and secondary
E. primary and over the counter
New issues of securities are sold in the primary market.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Financial Markets

1-38
47. Investors trade previously issued securities in the ________ market(s).

A. primary
B. secondary
C. primary and secondary
D. derivatives
E. primary and derivatives
Investors trade previously issued securities in the secondary market.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

48. Investment bankers perform the following role(s) ___________.

A. market new stock and bond issues for firms
B. provide advice to the firms as to market conditions, price, etc
C. design securities with desirable properties
D. make trades for small investors
E. market new stock and bond issues for firms, provide advice to the firms as to market
conditions, price, etc, and design securities with desirable properties
Investment bankers market new stock and bond issues for firms, provide advice to the firms
as to market conditions, price, etc, and design securities with desirable properties.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic

1-39
49. Until 1999, the ________ Act(s) prohibited banks in the United States from both
accepting deposits and underwriting securities.
A. Sarbanes-Oxley
B. Glass-Steagall
C. SEC
D. Sarbanes-Oxley and SEC
E. Fair Credit
Until 1999, the Glass-Steagall Act prohibited banks in the United States from both accepting
deposits and underwriting securities.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Regulation

50. The spread between the LIBOR and the Treasury-bill rate is called the ________.
A. term spread
B. T-bill spread
C. LIBOR spread
D. TED spread
E. FRED spread
The spread between the LIBOR and the Treasury-bill rate is called the TED spread.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic

1-40
51. Mortgage-backed securities were created when ________ began buying mortgage loans
from originators and bundling them into large pools that could be traded like any other
financial asset.
A. GNMA
B. FNMA
C. FHLMC
D. FNMA and FHLMC
E. GNMA and FNMA
Mortgage-backed securities were created when FNMA and FHLMC began buying mortgage
loans from originators and bundling them into large pools that could be traded like any other
financial asset.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Securities

52. The sale of a mortgage portfolio by setting up mortgage pass-through securities is an

example of ________.
A. credit enhancement
B. securitization
C. unbundling
D. derivatives
E. a Ponzi scheme
The financial asset is secured by the mortgages backing the instrument.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Securities

1-41
53. Which of the following is true about mortgage-backed securities?

I) They aggregate individual home mortgages into homogeneous pools.
II) The purchaser receives monthly interest and principal payments received from payments
made on the pool.
III) The banks that originated the mortgages maintain ownership of them.
IV) The banks that originated the mortgages continue to service them.
A. II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and IV
C. II and IV
D. I, III, and IV
E. I, II, III, and IV
III is not correct because the bank no longer owns the mortgage investments.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Securities

54. ________ were designed to concentrate the credit risk of a bundle of loans on one class of
investor, leaving the other investors in the pool relatively protected from that risk.
A. Stocks
B. Bonds
C. Derivatives
E. TIPS.
Collateralized debt obligations were designed to concentrate the credit risk of a bundle of
loans on one class of investor, leaving the other investors in the pool relatively protected from
that risk.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Securities

1-42
55. ________ are in essence an insurance contract against the default of one or more
borrowers.
A. Credit default swaps
B. CMOs
C. ETFs
E. Collars
Credit default swaps are in essence an insurance contract against the default of one or more
borrowers.
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Securities

Short Answer Questions

56. Discuss the agency problem in detail.
Managers are the agents of the shareholders, and should act on their behalf to maximize
shareholder wealth (the value of the stock). A conflict (the agency conflict) arises when
managers take self-interested actions to the detriment of shareholders. The roles of the board
of directors selected by the shareholders are to oversee management and to minimize agency
problems. However, often these boards are figureheads, and individual shareholders do not
own large enough blocks of the shares to override management actions. One potential
resolution of an agency problem occurs when inefficient management actions cause the price
of the stock to be depressed. The firm may then become a takeover target. If the acquisition is
successful, managers may be replaced and potentially, stockholders benefit.
Feedback: The question is designed to ascertain that the student understands the corporate
relationship between shareholders, management, and the board of directors. In addition, this
problem has been addressed extensively in recent years, both in the popular financial press
during the mergers and acquisitions mania of the 1980s, and in the academic literature as
agency theory.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Bloom's: Analyze

1-43
57. Discuss the similarities and differences between real and financial assets.
Real assets represent the productive capacity of the firm, and appear as assets on the firm's
balance sheet. Financial assets are claims against the firm, and thus appear as liabilities on the
firm's balance sheet. On the other hand, financial assets are listed on the asset side of the
balance sheet of the individuals who own them. Thus, when financial statements are
aggregated across the economy, the financial assets cancel out, leaving only the real assets,
which directly contribute to the productive capacity of the economy. Financial assets
contribute indirectly only.
Feedback: The purpose of this question is to ascertain if the student understands the difference
between real and financial assets, both in the aggregate balance sheet context and the relative
contribution of the two types of assets to the productive capacity of the economy.

Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Assets

58. Discuss securitization as it relates to the field of investments.
Securitization refers to aggregating underlying financial assets, such as mortgages, into pools
and then offering a security that represents a claim on these underlying assets. Example:
mortgage-backed securities. Securitization allows investors to hold partial ownership in
financial assets that would otherwise be beyond their reach (e.g., mortgages).
Financial engineering involves bundling or unbundling. Bundling involves combining
separate securities.
Feedback: The purpose of this question is to ascertain if the student understands the
importance of securitization and the impact it has on the field of investments.

Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Securities

1-44

Chapter 01 - The Investment Environment

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Chapter 01 - The Investment Environment

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The material wealth of a society is a function of _________.

2. _______ is/are a real asset(s).

4. _______ is/are financial assets.

5. _________ financial asset(s).

6. Financial assets ______.

17. A fixed-income security pays ____________.

18. A debt security pays ____________.

19. Money market securities ____________.

20. An example of a derivative security is/are ______.

21. The value of a derivative security _______.

23. Financial assets can permit all of the following except ____________.

24. The ____________ refers to the potential conflict between management and

25. A disadvantage of using stock options to compensate managers is that

28. Theoretically, takeovers should result in ___________.

30. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act ____________.

31. Asset allocation refers to ____________.

32. Security selection refers to ____________.

35. _______ are examples of financial intermediaries.

36. Financial intermediaries exist because small investors cannot efficiently ________.

37. ________ specialize in helping companies raise capital by selling securities.

46. New issues of securities are sold in the ________ market(s).

47. Investors trade previously issued securities in the ________ market(s).

48. Investment bankers perform the following role(s) ___________.

52. The sale of a mortgage portfolio by setting up mortgage pass-through securities is an

53. Which of the following is true about mortgage-backed securities?

Short Answer Questions

56. Discuss the agency problem in detail.

58. Discuss securitization as it relates to the field of investments.