CONTENTS

SL. NO. Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2 LOCATION OF THE PARK 3

3 LIST OF FLORA 4-11

4 LIST OF FAUNA 12-18

5 ROLE ON ECOSYSTEM 19

6 CONCLUSION 20

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 22
LOCATION OF PARK :

104,Under Bonhooghly Fisherman’s

Co-Oparative society
Ltd.,B.T.Road,kolkata-700108
INTRODUCTION:
Take a look outside. Even if you live in the city,
chances are you see some plants and maybe even an
animal or two. Blades of grass creep out through
cracks in the sidewalk, and you might see a squirrel
darting over electrical lines between the trees. Despite
the intense urbanization happening, flora and fauna,
or the plants and animals in an ecosystem, still find a
way to break through. Today, we're going to look at
some interesting examples of flora and fauna that live
all over the earth, in slightly more wild environments
than the city
Flora is the plant life in an ecosystem. Flora is the
foundation for all other life in an area. They make
their own food from sunlight and provide energy for
the rest of the ecosystem. No animals would be able
to exist without flora. This is so true in fact, that flora
thrive in even the most harsh environments in the
world. Let's take a look at some examples.
Although so far we looked at grass growing in the city,
some flora can actually grow to monstrous
heights. Giant redwood trees are some of the largest
trees on Earth, with specimens recorded over 350 feet
tall.
These trees are local to the northern coast of
California, where rainy, humid weather allows for such
growth. These trees get so big, that roads in Sequoia
National Park run right through some of them, which
span over 20 feet in diameter. Birds make the canopy
of these trees home, and many land-dwelling animals
live in the forest below.
Not all plants like the rain, though. Growing in the
Namib desert, the Welwitschia Mirabilis lives in some
of the driest conditions on Earth. Strangely, it's a plant
that only has one or two large leaves that wrap around
itself, appearing to be wilted and dry. However, don't
be fooled by its less-than-attractive appearance, this
plant can live over 1,500 years. It's deep root system
allows it to tap into groundwater stores in even the
driest conditions.
So far, we've looked at two types of flora that are
photosynthetic, meaning they make their own food
from sunlight. However, some plants take a more
active approach to getting food. Nepenthes is a family
of pitcher plants native to the jungles of Borneo. These
plants have adapted leaves that form a large pitcher
structure. The pitcher is filled with sweet smelling
liquid designed to trap insects and even small frogs in
some species. The animals drop into the pitcher, but
soon find that the smooth sides make it impossible to
climb back out. The pitcher is filled with digestive
juices that break down the animal, allowing the plant
to absorb nutrients not found in native soil. Some
species of pitcher plants live in other rainforests, and
even in the Southern United States.
However, Nepenthes is one of the largest pitcher
plants on Earth.
 1 LIST OF FLORA
1.2 Common Name :

Floras by Botanical Names

Common
Botanical name Synonyms Family
name

Chinese
Abelia chinensis Caprifoliaceae
Abelia

Himalayan
Abelia triflora Caprifoliaceae
Abelia

Abelia X grandiflora Caprifoliaceae Glossy Abelia

Abelmoschus
Abelmoschus Angled Wild
angulosus var. Malvaceae
angulosus Mallow
grandiflorus

Abelmoschus
Hibiscus Purple Wild
angulosus var. Malvaceae
setinervis Musk Mallow
purpureus

Abelmoschus Hibiscus
Malvaceae Hairy Okra
crinitus cancellatus

Abelmoschus
Abelmoschus bammia,
Malvaceae Ladies Finger
esculentus Abelmoschus
longifolius

Abelmoschus Hibiscus White Wild

Malvaceae
ficulneus ficulneus Musk Mallow

Abelmoschus Hibiscus Sweet

Malvaceae
manihot manihot Hibiscus
 Abelmoschus
Abelmoschus
rugosus, Pink Swamp
moschatus subsp. Malvaceae
Abelmoschus Mallow
tuberosus
coccineus

Abelmoschus Hibiscus
Malvaceae Musk Mallow
moschatus abelmoschu

Abies delavayi Pinaceae Delavay Fir

1.2 Habitats of Flora :
India is home to around 15,000 plant species which
account for 6% of the world’s plant species. The
nation has many interesting and unusual plants, from
shrubs to conifers. The wide range of plant species is
attributed to India’s diverse climate and topology.
Some of the plants are endangered, and some are
facing extinction due to climate change, human
activity, and natural selection.
The scientific name for milkwort is Polygala irregularis.
The name Polygala is from ancient Greek meaning
‘much milk’. The plant is a perennial herb that grows
in grasslands, edges of forests, meadows and slopes.
It can be found in

Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Egypt, Arabia, and

in India. The average height is 17-34 cm tall. The plant
has a cyclic pattern of existence. Milkwort is believed
to increase milk production when fed to cows. It also
has medicinal values and locals prescribe it to nursing
mothers. In recent years, the plant has faced the risk
of extinction due to unsustainable use by humans.

The plant grows in high altitude areas of more than

3,000meters. The plant has a strong scent and thus
the scientific name Odorata. It is harvested for its
medicinal value in curing stomach pain and eye
problems. Jeemikanda has significantly declined in its
native habitat due to overharvesting. It is listed as an
endangered plant species.
The Spider Wort was rediscovered in 2012 after many
years of being declared extinct. Its scientific name
is Belosynapsis vivipara. It grows in high elevation on
thick moss covered tree trunks and on branches of
trees in riparian forests. The plant is found in the
riparian forest of Chandoli National Park in India. It is
considered an endangered species due to the
destruction of its native habitat. Conservationists in
India demand the total protection of the riparian
forest in Chandoli National Park.
1.3 Field Identifying Features of Flora :
As a professional botanist and an amateur
entomologist, Brian told us that it is much easier to
identify plants than arthropods. "There are fewer
plants than arthropods, for one thing, and they're
mostly bigger. And in this part of the world, they have
been studied more thoroughly." That would not be true
in the rain forest, where Brian has worked identifying
trees, but the native plants of North America are
generally well known.
All the same, there is a discipline and a challenge
involved in the identification of plant species.
"Identifying involves a comparison between a known
and an unknown, so you have to have a guide or a
field manual or a key of some sort (the known) to
compare with your specimen (the unknown)," he said.
Regional field guides are available in libraries and
bookstores; other sources are local museums,
botanical gardens, wildlife and conservation agencies,
and college and university departments of botany.
"Identification begins with observation," Brian said.
"You have to observe the qualities of the unknown, but
to do that accurately—so you know what to look for
when you are using a key—you need to know some
plant basics: the difference between perennial and
annual plants, for example, and some general
information about plant parts—flowers, leaves, roots,
seeds, and fruit."
Brian described a typical dichotomous key for plant
identification, which presents a series of choices to
narrow down the search. "Is the specimen woody or
non-woody? If it is woody, is it a tree, a shrub, or a
woody vine? If it is a tree, is the leaf arrangement
opposite or alternate? Are the leaves compound or
simple? Do the leaves have entire margins, or are they
serrated? And so on."

Brian warned that a plant detective can make a lot of

progress with this line of questioning up to a point,
"but a botanist's life starts getting difficult at the
species level, because you have to use flowers and
fruit to distinguish between species. The vegetative
features (leaves, needles) of plants are not very
characteristic at higher levels of classification. There
will always be difficult specimens, especially if they
are sterile," that is, without flowers and fruits. "Fruits
and flowers are what systematic botanists use to get
to the word 'go,'" he told us. "That is the basis of the
whole classification system, so if you don't have them,
you have to rely on experience or guesswork to try to
find out what something is.
1.4 Importance in Ecosystem of Flora :
Green plants are not just important to the human
environment, they form the basis for the sustainability
and long-term health of environmental systems. Green
plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and generate the oxygen required for life. Green
plants are also a good source of food and protection.

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process that green plants use to
convert light into chemical energy, in the form of
energy-rich sugars, required for growth. The green
color in plants results from a chemical known as
chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the blue and red
portions of the light spectrum but reflects green light,
making most plants appear green. Photosynthesis
consumes carbon dioxide as part of thephotosynthetic
process, emitting oxygen as a by product.
Oxygen
An important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.
According to the North Carolina State University, a
single large tree can produce enough oxygen for four
people in one day.
Carbon Dioxide
Plants use carbon dioxide while photosynthesizing,
removing it from the atmosphere. The World Bank
estimates that 20 percent of increasing atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels has resulted from deforestation.
They estimate that as much as 50 percent of global
warming over the past 50 years is due to changing
land use patterns and deforestation in the modern
age. A single tree is estimated to absorb 1.33 tons of
carbon dioxide per 100 years, an average of just over
26 pounds of carbon dioxide per year.

Natural Cooling and Soil Stabilization

Green plants provide natural cooling. Leaves block the
heating effect of the sun. Green plants can also cool
through transpiration, although without large numbers
of trees and other plants this effect is minimal.
Transpiration is the process by which water
evaporates from plant pores, cooling the environment
via evaporative cooling. Evaporation consumes heat
and is most effective for cooling when the humidity is
low. Plants also stabilize the soil through their roots,
which bind soils, and through their leaves, which keep
raindrops from eroding soils. Areas without adequate
vegetative cover often suffer from large quantities of
sediment washing into streams and lakes, diminishing
water quality.
Food
Green plants are the basis of food webs. Animals,
birds, insects and microbes feed on green plants.
These organisms are subsequently eaten by larger
animals, which are themselves eaten by even larger
animals. For example, a rabbit eats grasses. The
rabbit is eaten by a fox, which a mountain lion may
then consume.
Protection
Green plants, especially trees but also scrubby
underbrush, provide cover and shelter for many
animals and plants. A tree provides shade for smaller
plants growing in the understory. The same tree may
provide an ideal place for a bird to build a nest. The
Dust Bowl of the 1930s was caused by farmers
removing protective trees. The removal of the trees,
combined with severe drought, allowed wind to
remove the topsoil of many farms, causing severe
crop damage. One solution to the problem was to
plant rows of trees around cultivated fields to block
the wind.
2 LIST OF FAUNA
2.1 Common Name :
Scientific Names of Common Faunas

Common Name Scientific Name

Dog Canis lupus

Domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris
Cat Felis catus
Horse Equus ferus caballus
Sheep Ovis aries
Domestic Pig Sus scrofa domesticus
Goat Capra aegagrus hircus
Donkey Equus africanus asinus
Dromedary Camel Camelus dromedarius
Bactrian Camel Camelus bactrianus
Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Cow Bos taurus
Indian Elephant Elephas maximus
Tiger Panthera tigris
2.2 Habitats of Fauna :

India has some of the world's most biodiverse regions.

The political boundaries of India encompass a wide
range of ecozones—desert, high mountains, highlands,
tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains,
grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island
archipelago. It hosts 4 biodiversity hotspots:the
Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region
and the Sundaland (Includes Nicobar group of
Islands).[1] These hotspots have
numerous endemic species.[2]

India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalaya

ecozone, with the upper reaches of
the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic ecozone;
the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be
the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan
and Palearctic zones. India displays
significant biodiversity. One ofseventeen megadiverse
countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian,
12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of
all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of
all flowering plant species.[3]
The region is also heavily influenced by summer
monsoons that cause major seasonal changes in
vegetation and habitat. India forms a large part of
the Indomalayanbiogeographical zone and many of
the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities
with only a few taxa being unique to the Indian region.
The unique forms includes the snake
family Uropeltidae found only in the Western
Ghats and Sri Lanka. Fossil taxa from
the Cretaceous show links to the Seychelles and
Madagascar chain of islands.[4]The Cretaceous fauna
include reptiles, amphibians and fishes and an extant
species demonstrating this phylogeographical link is
the purple frog. The separation of India and
Madagascar is traditionally estimated to have taken
place about 88 million years ago. However, there are
suggestions that the links to Madagascar and Africa
were present even at the time when the Indian
subcontinent met Eurasia. India has been suggested
as a ship for the movement of several African taxa
into Asia. These taxa include five frog families
(including the Myobatrachidae),
three caecilian families, a lacertid lizard and
freshwater snails of the family Potamiopsidae.[5] A
thirty million year old Ologocene era fossil tooth from
the Bugti Hills of central Pakistan has been identified
as from a lemur-like primate, prompting controversial
suggestions that the lemurs may have originated in
Asia.[6][7] Lemur fossils from India in the past led to
theories of a lost continent called Lemuria. This theory
however was dismissed when continental
drift and plate tectonics became well established.
The flora and fauna of India have been studied and
recorded from early times in folk traditions and later
by researchers following more formal scientific
approaches (See Natural history in India). Game laws
are reported from the third century BC.[8]
A little under 5% of this total area is formally
classified under protected areas.
Field Identifying Features of Fauna :
Introduction: Features of the Animal Kingdom
Animal evolution began in the ocean over 600 million
years ago with tiny creatures that probably do not
resemble any living organism today. Since then,
animals have evolved into a highly-diverse kingdom.
Although over one million extant (currently living)
species of animals have been identified, scientists are
continosystems around the world. The number of
extant species is estimated to be between 3 and 30
million.ually discovering more species as they explore
ec
But what is an animal? While we can easily identify
dogs, birds, fish, spiders, and worms as animals, other
organisms, such as corals and sponges, are not as
easy to classify. Animals vary in complexity, from sea
sponges to crickets to chimpanzees, and scientists are
faced with the difficult task of classifying them within a
unified system. They must identify traits that are
common to all animals as well as traits that can be
used to distinguish among related groups of animals.
The animal classification system characterizes
animals based on their anatomy, morphology,
evolutionary history, features of embryological
development, and genetic makeup. This classification
scheme is constantly developing as new information
about species arises. Understanding and classifying
the great variety of living species help us better
understand how to conserve the diversity of life on
earth.
2.4 Importance in Ecosystem of Fauna :

All animals have important roles in the ecosystem.

There seems to be an ecological balance between all
animals in nature. Some animals help to bring out the
nutrients from the cycle while others help in
decomposition, carbon, and nitrogen cycle. All animals,
insects, and even micro organisms play a role in the
ecosystem. All animals and plants in the ecosystem
co-exist and balance each other out, which Mother
Nature has perfected over time and through trials and
errors, and found a system that works flawlessly for
her. The system that exists in Mother Nature is
designed for all the different species of the world,
where each has a role to play without disturbing each
other and without taking the ecological balance off.
To make the ecosystem work, we sometime need an
army of environmentalists, and scientists, where
complicated machinery and processes are needed,
and sometimes, other animals or even insects help us
to make sure that our nature and environment runs
smoothly. Below you will find some of the animals and
insects listed, that help us to reduce negative impacts
on the globe and help us address issues such as
global warming, pollution, environmental disturbances
etc.

Animals help us to save our environment

Since the beginning of medical science, scientists
have learned a lot about our own bodies and how our
bodies faction by studying other animals in the nature.
By studying other animals, we can learn a lot about
ourselves and how our inner organs and cells work. To
find out where life came from and how life evolved on
earth, all animals on earth supplied us with bits and
pieces of information. We also found fossils and
structures of animals that existed thousands and even
millions of years ago, and we studied how animals
have adapted to changes on earth and changed
themselves according to the nature. By studying other
animals, we have also learned how we as human
beings have evolved in the shape that we are in today.
Some micro organisms such as bacteria help us clean
the environment; others help plants by converting free
nitrogen from air and feeding the roots. Some insects
and earthworms help in agriculture by increasing
fertility of the soil and also by increasing organic
quality of soil.
ROLE ON ECOSYSTEM
Most plants and animals live in areas with very
specific climate conditions, such as temperature and
rainfall patterns, that enable them to thrive. Any
change in the climate of an area can affect the plants
and animals living there, as well as the makeup of the
entire ecosystem. Some species are already
responding to a warmer climate by moving to cooler
locations. For example, some North American animals
and plants are moving farther north or to higher
elevations to find suitable places to live. Climate
change also alters the life cycles of plants and
animals. For example, as temperatures get warmer,
many plants are starting to grow and bloom earlier in
the spring and survive longer into the fall. Some
animals are waking from hibernation sooner or
migrating at different times, too.
The planet Earth is a beautiful place to live in. Life has
flourished on the planet, thanks to the bountiful sun
and vast oceans of water. No matter where we go on
the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers and
animals that catch are attention. They are two very
important aspects of any eco-system. Of all the living
organisms on the planet, the most commonly seen by
us are the plant life and the animal life. Apart from
these two, more forms of life abound in the earth, but
are harder to see with the naked eye. This is why the
flora and fauna i.e. plant and wildlife of the earth are
fascinating to observe and study.
 CONCLUSION

WE HAVE SUCCESSFULLY REVIEWED THE SECTION

ABOU ANSWERED SOURCE QUESTION ABOUT IT.
THERE WAS MY TEACHER AND SOURCE WEBSITE
GIVEN TO HELP WITH EXPLANING WHAT MIGRATION.
NOW IT IS UP TO YOU TO REMEMBER THIS FACT. WE
ARE DEFINE TO FLORA AND FAUNA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

to my teacher “Prof.SUPARNA BENERJEE” as well as
our principal ”DR.SANJIB CHATTOPADHYAY” who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic “FLORA AND FAUNA” ,which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.

DATE : SOMNATH DEY.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE PROJECT PROPOSED WILL CONTAIN BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

THE ARTICLES BOOKS AND OTHER RESEARCH OR
FOUNDATIONAL DOCUMENT AND PREPARATION OF THE
PROJECT.

https://www.foundforgous.org

https://www.reference.com

https://www.tuyorvista.com

https://www.wikipedia.com