UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

College of Information Technology

College Avenue, Tuguegarao City 3500

Name of Student: ________________________ Year/Section: _____________

Subject: _________________________________ Teacher: _________________

MODULE No. 1Midterm Coverage

TITLE: DIAGNOSING AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER
NETWORKS
OVERVIEW/ This course defines computer network as a collection of hardware and
INTRODUCTIO software that enables a group of nodes to communicate and that provides
N users with access to shared resources.

LEARNING LO1Plan and prepare for diagnosis of faults of computer systems

OUTCOMES LO2. Diagnose faults of computer systems
LO3. Repair defects in computer systems and networks
LEARNING At the end of this lecture the students should be able to identify and define
OBJECTIVES Diagnose and troubleshoot computer networks.
Local Area Network
Features of LAN
Topology used in a network
LAN components
Inter-LAN connection equipment used
Ethernet Cable: Color Code Standards

PowerPoint presentation to be sent.

..\..\..\1st sem SY 2019-2020 NETWORK MANAGEMENT\Lecture on LAN - EDITED At.ppt

Ethernet Cable: Color Code Standards

The information listed here is to assist Network Administrators in the color coding of Ethernet cables.
Please be aware that modifying Ethernet cables improperly may cause loss of network connectivity.
Use this information at your own risk, and ensure all connectors and cables are modified in accordance
with TIA standards.
Basic Theory:

By looking at a T-568A UTP Ethernet straight-thru cable and an Ethernet

crossover cable with a T-568B end, we see that the TX (transmitter) pins are
connected to the corresponding RX (receiver) pins, plus to plus and minus to
minus. You can also see that both the blue and brown wire pairs on pins 4,
5, 7, and 8 are not used in either standard. What you may not realize is
that, these same pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used or required in 100BASE-TX
as well. So why bother using these wires, well for one thing its simply easier
to make a connection with all the wires grouped together. Otherwise you'll
be spending time trying to fit those tiny little wires into each of the
corresponding holes in the RJ-45 connector.

T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

The T-568A standard is supposed to be used in new network installations. Most off-the-shelf Ethernet
cables are still of the T-568B standard; however, it makes absolutely no functional difference in which
you choose.
T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

Both the T-568A and the T-568B standard Straight-Through cables are used
most often as patch cords for your Ethernet connections. If you require a
cable to connect two Ethernet devices directly together without a hub or
when you connect two hubs together, you will need to use a Crossover cable
instead.

RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable

A good way of remembering how to wire a Crossover Ethernet cable is to wire one end using the T-
568A standard and the other end using the T-568B standard. Another way of remembering the color
coding is to simply switch the Green set of wires in place with the Orange set of wires. Specifically,
switch the solid Green (G) with the solid Orange, and switch the green/white with the orange/white.
How to Build an Ethernet Cable Instructions:

1. Pull the cable off the reel to the desired length and cut using wire cutters or scissors. If you
are pulling cables through holes, it's easier to attach the RJ-45 plugs after the cable is pulled.
The total length of wire segments between a PC and a switch or between two PC's cannot
exceed 100 Meters (328 feet) for 100BASE-TX and 300 Meters for 10BASE-T.
2. Start on one end and strip the cable jacket off (about 1") using a wire stripper or a knife. Be
extra careful not to nick the wires, otherwise you will need to start over.
3. Spread, untwist the pairs, and arrange the wires in the order of the desired cable end. Flatten
the end between your thumb and forefinger. Trim the ends of the wires so they are even with
one another, leaving only 1/2" in wire length. If it is longer than 1/2" it will be out-of-spec and
susceptible to crosstalk. Flatten and insure there are no spaces between wires.
4. Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down or away from you. Push the wires firmly into
the plug. Inspect each wire is flat even at the front of the plug. Check the order of the wires.
Double check again. Check that the jacket is fitted right against the stop of the plug. Carefully
hold the wire and firmly crimp the RJ-45 with the crimp tool.
5. Check the color orientation, check that the crimped connection is not about to come apart, and
check to see if the wires are flat against the front of the plug. If even one of these are
incorrect, you will have to start over. Test the Ethernet cable.

Ethernet Cable Tips:

 A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

 A crossover cable has different ends.
 A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.
 A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting two hubs.
 A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green set.
 Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are always solid colored.
 Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right, and pin
1 is on the left.
 No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be
susceptible to crosstalk.
 Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel with power
cables, and do not run Ethernet cables near noise inducing components.

Two types of networking

a. Server based
b. Peer to peer
Purpose of peer to peer
1. Share computer on equal basis
2. Suitable for home setting or small office
3. No single computer controls the networks
4. Maximum of 12 computers
5. No centralize management.

What is the difference of Ethernet from internet?

1. Ethernet is a collective term for technologies that allow for the interconnection of
computers while the Internet is the name used to refer to the global web of interconnected
computers
 2. Ethernet and its compatible standard make the Internet possible
3. You can have multiple Ethernet set-ups but there is only one Internet
4. Ethernets are usually under the control of a few people while the Internet is not
5. Using Ethernets is more safe than using the Internet

1. Client service for netware

CSNW is a redirector. It sends requests from your computer to the remote server. The remote
server processes the request then responds to your computer. If you have access, you will
then be able to manipulate resources, like files or printers, on the remote server.

2. Client for microsoft networks

The Client for Microsoft Networks is an essential networking software component for the
Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. A Windows computer must run the Client
for Microsoft Networks to remotely access files, printers and other shared network resources.
3. File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks
The File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks component allows other computers on a
network to access resources on your computer by using a Microsoft network.
4. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
the default wide area network protocol that provides communication across diverse
interconnected networks.
5 ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF LAN WHEN INSTALLING OR ADDING
PROPERTIES
1. Client Service Netware – Enables this computer to log on the NetWare server and access
their resources
2. Service Advertising Protocol- advertises servers and addresses on a network.
3. Microsoft TCP/IP version 6 – the next generation version of the internet protocol that
provides communication across diverse interconnected networks.
4. NWlinksNETBios – enables novellnetbios packets to be sent between netware server
running novellnetbios and a windows computer or between two windows computer.
5. NWlinks IPX/SPX Netbios Compatible Transport Protocol – an implementation of the
IPX and SPX protocols, which are used by netware network.
Client
Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one
program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which fulfills
the request
Protocol
A protocol is a system of rules that define how something is to be done. In computer
terminology, a protocol is usually an agreed-upon or standardized method for transmitting
data and/or establishing communications between different devices.
Active Hubs – amplify or boost signals
Host – any computer whether mainframe, server, or even PC that acts as an information
source on a network.
Intelligent Hubs – select which path a specific signal will travel
LAN Card – Local area network interface card
 Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
Metropolitan Area Network – are network that spans no more than 50 miles. It is design to
connect LANs spanning a town or city
Modem- (Modulator-Demodulator) The modem is a device that allows a given computer
to share data or otherwise a device which let computers exchange information.
NIC – Network Interface Card – The PC expansion board that plug into a personal computer
or server and works with the network operating system to control the flow of information
over the network.
Network – is acommunications system connecting two or more computers.
Network Hub - a hardware device that all PCs on a network are connected to by cabling.
The hub manages receiving and transmitting data from networked services.
Network Server- is a powerful computer whose sole purpose is to serve network clients.
Network Switch – It helps determine how data moves over large networks.

Port hub /Port – is a connector on the back of a computer or other device. A port is either a
serial port or a parallel port.
Peers- mean any computer sharing the same protocol layer with another computer.
Protocol – refers to the specific standards governing the sending and receiving of data.
Repeater– a device that strengthen signals and allow then to stay clear over longer distances
RJ 45 – is the connector plugged into the NIC ports on computers and often connecting the
main networking hardware together.
Router – a device that forwards data packets between Local or Wide Area Network groups.
Server – is a part of a network. It is a special computer that users on the network can
Software – programs and data that a computer uses.
UTP – (Unshielded Twisted Pair) least expensive and most popular network media.
Wide Area Network – used to distribute information thousand of miles among thousands of
users.
Wireless Hubs– are hubs designed for the home
Workstation- is any network computer that connects to and request resources from a
network

modem and a router: a modem connects you to the internet, while a router connects your
devices to Wi-Fi. It's easy to get the two devices mixed up if your Internet Service Provider (ISP)
rents both to you as part of your internet package.

Internet Protocols
The Internet Protocol (IP) family contains a set of related (and among the most widely used)
network protocols. Beside Internet Protocol itself, higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP,
and FTP all integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection oriented, whereas UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) is connection-less. This means that TCP tracks all data sent. HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol)
FTP for File Transfer Protocol .
MODULE No. 2Midterm Coverage
TITLE: DIAGNOSING AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER
NETWORKS
OVERVIEW/ This course defines computer network as a collection of hardware and
INTRODUCTIO software that enables a group of nodes to communicate and that provides
N users with access to shared resources.

LEARNING LO1Plan and prepare for diagnosis of faults of computer systems

OUTCOMES LO2. Diagnose faults of computer systems
LO3. Repair defects in computer systems and networks
LEARNING At the end of this lecture the students should be able to identify and define
OBJECTIVES Diagnose and troubleshoot computer networks.
Local Area Network
Features of LAN
Topology used in a network
LAN components
Inter-LAN connection equipment used
Ethernet Cable: Color Code Standards

Cable Troubleshooting
Cable Troubleshooting

Knowing simple troubleshooting techniques may help you correct some situations and
continue working. The main factors to keep in mind when troubleshooting are: do not panic, take
a common sense approach, and work from general to specific when addressing the problem.

A series of troubleshooting tips are listed below.

Hardware

Make sure that the power cable is plugged in.

Some computer systems have several power cables, often one for each component. Check
each one and make sure that the plug is completely plugged in.
Be sure that all cables are connected.

Computer systems usually have several cables associated with them that are used to
connect the peripherals to the main system. Check both ends of the cables and make sure they are
plugged in securely and plugged into the correct location.

See to it that all components are switched on.

Most systems have components and peripherals attached to them and quite often each one
has its own power switch. All components must be switched on if communication is to be
established between them.

The keyboard and mouse cables are snugly connected to their ports.

The keyboard and mouse are moved every time the computer is used they can work
themselves loose over time. Check their connections.

Watch out for power outages or electrical storms.

Power outages and lightning strikes can damage your system. If lightning has damaged
your system, you very likely have a serious problem with some component in the system. This is
a good time to ask for assistance from someone who deals with these types of problems on a
regular basis. A UPS (uninterruptible power supply) should prevent any damage from power
outages and will also provide some protection from lightning. But remember, nothing stops a
direct lightning hit. The best protection is to completely unplug the system from electrical outlets
and unplug the modem connection.
Check if the network is operating and that the phone line is valid.

If your computer is not communicating, check the phone line or network cable for a good
connection. If you have a dialup connection, pick up the phone and listen for a dial tone. If you
are connected to a network, contact your network administrator.

Shutdown the system down and restart.

One of the great (and often frustrating) properties about computers is that in many cases
just turning the system off, waiting a minute and then turning it back on will correct the problem.

Ask for assistance.

Your computer system is a significant investment and an important tool. Do not let your
pride keep you from asking for help when you need it. If you are not sure ask!

Answer the following questions:

Note: Send a softcopy of your answers on or before May 30, 2020. Other guide questions shall
be sent later.

1. Why is it that network technicians usually used straight-through connection - T-568B/T-

568B) rather than using straight-through – T-568A/T-568A.?
2. When to use straight—through and crossover Ethernet cable connection?
3. What are the differences of using a hub and a switch?
4. Prepare a network layout of the computer laboratories in the 3 rd floor of UCV new
building (download a sample image network layout on the internet).
5. List down the tools/materials needed in terminating a cable.