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U T E
GUID S
18 Y EAR

Entrance
IX-XII State
CBSE ICSE

X - ICSE - PHYSICS
[email protected] || www.universaltutorials.com
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 01: FORCE .............................................................................................. 1 
CHAPTER MAP: ........................................................................................................................................... 1 
Moment of a force and equilibrium .................................................................................................... 1 
Translational motion: .................................................................................................................... 1 
Rotational motion: ........................................................................................................................ 1 
Torque (moment of force or Turning effect) ...................................................................................... 1 
Factors affecting turning effect (Torque): ..................................................................................... 2 
Clockwise and anticlockwise moments: ....................................................................................... 2 
Couple ............................................................................................................................................... 2 
Equilibrium of Bodies:........................................................................................................................ 3 
Conditions for equilibrium:............................................................................................................ 3 
Kinds of equilibrium: .......................................................................................................................... 3 
Static equilibrium: ......................................................................................................................... 3 
Dynamic Equilibrium: ................................................................................................................... 3 
Principle of moments: ........................................................................................................................ 3 
Centre of Gravity (C.G.): ................................................................................................................... 3 
Centre of gravity of some regular uniform bodies: ............................................................................ 4 
Uniform Circular Motion (UCM): ........................................................................................................ 4 
Previous Board Questions: .......................................................................................................... 5 
Solved Exercise:........................................................................................................................... 6 
Review Questions: ....................................................................................................................... 8 
Numericals: .................................................................................................................................. 9 
Application type: ......................................................................................................................... 10 
Miscellaneous:............................................................................................................................ 12 
Answers:..................................................................................................................................... 13 
Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 13 

CHAPTER 02: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER ..................................................... 15 

Work: ............................................................................................................................................... 15 
General Expression for work done: ............................................................................................ 16 
Work done under different conditions: ....................................................................................... 16 
Energy: ............................................................................................................................................ 17 
Definition: ................................................................................................................................... 17 
Units: .......................................................................................................................................... 17 
Forms of Energy and their sources: ................................................................................................ 18 
Types of Energy .............................................................................................................................. 18 
Solar Energy:.............................................................................................................................. 18 
Heat Energy: .............................................................................................................................. 18 
Light Energy: .............................................................................................................................. 18 
Chemical energy: ....................................................................................................................... 18 
Hydro Energy: ............................................................................................................................ 18 
Electrical Energy: ....................................................................................................................... 18 
Nuclear Energy:.......................................................................................................................... 18 

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

 Geothermal Energy: ................................................................................................................... 19 
Wind Energy: .............................................................................................................................. 19 
Mechanical Energy: .................................................................................................................... 19 
Types of Mechanical Energy: .......................................................................................................... 19 
Potential Energy: ........................................................................................................................ 19 
Derivation: .................................................................................................................................. 19 
Kinetic Energy: ........................................................................................................................... 19 
Derivation: .................................................................................................................................. 19 
Relation between kinetic energy and momentum: ..................................................................... 20 
Work Energy Theorem: .............................................................................................................. 20 
Law of Conservation of Energy: ...................................................................................................... 21 
Energy Transformations: ............................................................................................................ 21 
Power: ............................................................................................................................................. 22 
Definition: ................................................................................................................................... 22 
Unit: ............................................................................................................................................ 22 
Conversions: .............................................................................................................................. 22 
Power in terms of force and velocity: ......................................................................................... 22 
Previous Board Questions: ........................................................................................................ 23 
Solved Exercise:......................................................................................................................... 26 
Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 27 
Numericals: ................................................................................................................................ 28 
Application type: ......................................................................................................................... 30 
Miscellaneous:............................................................................................................................ 32 
Answers:..................................................................................................................................... 34 
Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 36 

CHAPTER 03: MACHINES ..................................................................................... 38 

Definition: ................................................................................................................................... 38 
Uses of Simple Machines:.......................................................................................................... 38 
Important Definitions: ................................................................................................................. 38 
Types of Machines: ......................................................................................................................... 39 
Levers:........................................................................................................................................ 39 
Types of levers: I order or class I, II order class II, III order class III............................................... 40 
Mechanical Advantage of Levers: .............................................................................................. 40 
Examples of each class of levers as found in the human body: ..................................................... 40 
Pulleys: ............................................................................................................................................ 41 
Single fixed pulley ...................................................................................................................... 41 
Single Movable Pulley: ............................................................................................................... 41 
Combination of pulleys: .............................................................................................................. 42 
Block and Tackle System of Pulleys: .............................................................................................. 42 
Previous Board Questions: ........................................................................................................ 43 
Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 47 
Numericals: ................................................................................................................................ 47 
Application type: ......................................................................................................................... 50 
Miscellaneous:............................................................................................................................ 52 
Answers:..................................................................................................................................... 55 

Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Table of Contents
Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 58 

CHAPTER 04: REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE ............................................ 60 

Refraction: ....................................................................................................................................... 60 
Cause of Refraction: .................................................................................................................. 61 
Laws of Refraction (Snell’s laws): .............................................................................................. 61 
Refractive Index (μ) .................................................................................................................... 61 
Refraction through a Glass Slab: .................................................................................................... 62 
Critical Angle: .................................................................................................................................. 63 
Factors Affecting Critical Angle: ................................................................................................. 63 
Total Internal Reflection: ................................................................................................................. 63 
Relation between refractive index and critical angle: ................................................................. 63 
Applications of Total Reflection: ................................................................................................. 63 
Refraction through Prism:................................................................................................................ 64 
Total Reflecting Prism: .................................................................................................................... 65 
Total internal reflection and different prisms: ............................................................................. 66 
Differences between total internal reflection and ordinary reflection ......................................... 66 
Previous Board Questions: ........................................................................................................ 66 
Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 71 
Numericals: ................................................................................................................................ 72 
Application type: ......................................................................................................................... 73 
Miscellaneous:............................................................................................................................ 76 
Answers:..................................................................................................................................... 78 
Worksheet .................................................................................................................................. 82 

CHAPTER 05: REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS ................................................ 84 

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 84 
REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS: ................................................................................................................. 84 
Action of Lens as a Prism:............................................................................................................... 85 
Important Definitions: ...................................................................................................................... 85 
Ray Diagrams: ................................................................................................................................. 86 
Principal Rays in constructing Ray diagram: ............................................................................. 86 
Power of lens: .................................................................................................................................. 90 
Limitations of the Eye: ..................................................................................................................... 90 
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE (MAGNIFYING GLASS): ............................................................................................. 90 
Determination of focal length of convex lens: ................................................................................. 91 
Uses of lenses: ........................................................................................................................... 91 
Sign Conventions and Lens Formula: ............................................................................................. 91 
Sign convention of measurement of distances: ......................................................................... 91 
Lens Formula: ............................................................................................................................ 92 
Linear Magnification: .................................................................................................................. 93 
Previous Board Questions: ........................................................................................................ 94 
Review Questions: ..................................................................................................................... 96 
Application type: ......................................................................................................................... 97 
Miscellaneous:.......................................................................................................................... 100 
Answers:................................................................................................................................... 102 

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

 Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 102 

CHAPTER 06: SPECTRUM .................................................................................. 104 

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 104 
DEVIATION: ............................................................................................................................................. 104 
Factors on Which Angle of Deviation (δ)Depends: .................................................................. 104 
DISPERSION OF LIGHT: ............................................................................................................................ 105 
Recombination of White Light: ...................................................................................................... 105 
Prism itself produces no colour: ............................................................................................... 105 
Electromagnetic Spectrum: ...................................................................................................... 106 
Properties and uses of Different Radiations of electromagnetic spectrum: .................................. 106 
Gamma rays: ............................................................................................................................ 106 
X-rays: ...................................................................................................................................... 106 
Ultraviolet rays:......................................................................................................................... 106 
Visible light: .............................................................................................................................. 107 
Infrared Radiations: .................................................................................................................. 107 
Microwaves: ............................................................................................................................. 107 
Radio waves: ............................................................................................................................ 107 
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: .............................................................................................................. 108 
Common properties of electromagnetic waves ........................................................................ 109 
Scattering of Light: ........................................................................................................................ 109 
Effects of Scattering: ..................................................................................................................... 109 
Blue colour of sky: .................................................................................................................... 109 
White colour of sky at noon: ..................................................................................................... 109 
Previous Board Questions: ...................................................................................................... 110 
Review Questions: ................................................................................................................... 111 
Numericals: .............................................................................................................................. 112 
Application type: ....................................................................................................................... 112 
Miscellaneous:.......................................................................................................................... 114 
Answers:................................................................................................................................... 115 
Worksheet ................................................................................................................................ 115 

Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 7: SOUND ........................................................................................... 117 

INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 117 
Characteristics of Wave Motion: .............................................................................................. 118 
Reflection of Sound Waves: .......................................................................................................... 118 
Echo: ............................................................................................................................................. 118 
Use of Echoes: .............................................................................................................................. 118 
Determination of Speed of Sound by the Method of Echo: ........................................................... 119 
Free (or Natural) Vibrations: .......................................................................................................... 119 
Damped Vibrations: ....................................................................................................................... 121 
Forced Vibrations: ......................................................................................................................... 121 
Resonance: ................................................................................................................................... 122 
Some Examples of Resonance: .................................................................................................... 122 
Characteristics of Sound: .............................................................................................................. 123 
Music and Noise: ........................................................................................................................... 126 
Distinction between light and sound waves ............................................................................. 126 
Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 126 
Review Questions: ............................................................................................................... 129 
Numericals: .......................................................................................................................... 130 
Application Type: ................................................................................................................. 131 
Miscellaneous: ..................................................................................................................... 133 
Answers: .............................................................................................................................. 137 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 137 

CHAPTER 8: CURRENT ELECTRICITY .............................................................. 141 

CHAPTER MAP ........................................................................................................................................ 141 
INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 141 
Electric Current: ............................................................................................................................. 142 
Electric Potential:...................................................................................................................... 142 
Ohm’s Law:.................................................................................................................................... 143 
Resistance: .................................................................................................................................... 143 
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.): ......................................................................................................... 145 
Factors affecting e.m.f. of a cell: .............................................................................................. 145 
Internal resistance: ........................................................................................................................ 146 
Resistors in Series: ....................................................................................................................... 146 
Resistances in Parallel: ................................................................................................................. 147 
INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................................... 147 
Expression for the Measurement of Electrical Energy: ................................................................. 147 
Electrical Power: ............................................................................................................................ 148 
Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy: ........................................................................................... 148 
Power Rating: ................................................................................................................................ 149 
Power rating of Some Common Appliances: ................................................................................ 149 
Calculation:............................................................................................................................... 149 
Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 149 
Review Questions: ............................................................................................................... 153 
Numericals: .......................................................................................................................... 154 
Application type: .................................................................................................................. 159 
Miscellaneous: ..................................................................................................................... 161 
Answers: .............................................................................................................................. 165 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 166 

CHAPTER 9: HOUSEHOLD CIRCUITS ................................................................ 170 

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 170 
Household Wiring System: ............................................................................................................ 170 
Transmission of Power: ............................................................................................................ 170 
Power Distribution: ................................................................................................................... 170 
Supply to a House: ................................................................................................................... 171 
Household Wiring is Done in Parallel: ...................................................................................... 172 
Essential Components of Household Wiring: ................................................................................ 172 
Fuse: ........................................................................................................................................ 172 
Switches: .................................................................................................................................. 172 
Dual Switch .............................................................................................................................. 173 
Earthing: ................................................................................................................................... 173 
Three Pin Plug: .............................................................................................................................. 174 
Colour Coding of Wires in a Cable: ............................................................................................... 174 
Previous Board Quesiton: .................................................................................................... 175 
Review Quesitons: ............................................................................................................... 176 
Application type: .................................................................................................................. 176 
Miscellaneous: ..................................................................................................................... 177 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 178 

CHAPTER 10: ELECTRO–MAGNETISM ............................................................. 181 

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 181 
Magnetic Effect of Current:............................................................................................................ 181 
Magnetic Field Due to Current: ..................................................................................................... 181 
Rules to Find the Direction of Magnetic Field: ......................................................................... 182 
Electromagnet: .............................................................................................................................. 183 
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field ............................................................ 184 
D.C. Motor: .................................................................................................................................... 184 
The Main Parts of an Electric Motor are: ................................................................................. 184 
Ways of Increasing the Speed of Rotation of Coil: .................................................................. 185 
Electromagnetic Induction: ............................................................................................................ 185 
Faraday’s Laws: ....................................................................................................................... 185 
A. C. Generator (or Dynamo): ....................................................................................................... 186 
Transformer: .................................................................................................................................. 187 
Energy losses in a Transformer: .............................................................................................. 189 
Previous Year Board Questions .......................................................................................... 189 
Review Questions: ............................................................................................................... 190 
Numericals: .......................................................................................................................... 191 
Application type: .................................................................................................................. 192 
Miscellaneous Exercise: ...................................................................................................... 194 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 195 

CHAPTER 11: CALORIMETRY ............................................................................ 197 

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 197 
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 197 
Heat Capacity: (C′) ........................................................................................................................ 198 
Specific Heat Capacity: ................................................................................................................. 198 
Relationship between Heat Capacity & Specific Heat Capacity: .................................................. 198 
Calorimeter: ................................................................................................................................... 199 
Principle of Mixtures (or Principle of Calorimetry): ........................................................................ 200 
Measurement of Specific heat of a solid: ................................................................................. 200 
Specific heat capacity of a solid or liquid by electrical method: ............................................... 201 
Natural Phenomena and Consequences of High Specific Heat Capacity of Water:..................... 201 

Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Table of Contents
The Climate Near the Seashore is Moderate:.......................................................................... 201 
Hot Water Bottles are Used for Fomentation: .......................................................................... 201 
Water is Used as an Effective Coolant: ................................................................................... 201 
Farmers fill their fields with water to protect the crops from frost: ........................................... 201 
Some Examples of High and Low Thermal Capacity: ................................................................... 202 
Change of Phase (State): .............................................................................................................. 202 
Melting and Fusion: ....................................................................................................................... 202 
Change in Volume on Melting: ...................................................................................................... 203 
Effect of Pressure on the Melting Point: ........................................................................................ 203 
Effect of Impurities on the Melting Point:....................................................................................... 203 
Vaporisation or Boiling: ................................................................................................................. 203 
Latent Heat: ................................................................................................................................... 204 
Definition: ................................................................................................................................. 204 
Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation: ....................................................................................... 205 
Change in Phases of Ice: .............................................................................................................. 205 
Natural Consequences of High Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice: .................................... 205 
Consequences of High Specific Latent Heat of Steam: ........................................................... 206 
Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 207 
Review Questions: ............................................................................................................... 209 
Numericals: .......................................................................................................................... 210 
Application type: .................................................................................................................. 212 
Miscellaneous: ..................................................................................................................... 213 
Answers: .............................................................................................................................. 216 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 217 

CHAPTER 12: RADIOACTIVITY........................................................................... 219 

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 219 
Atomic Structure ............................................................................................................................ 219 
Radioactivity: ................................................................................................................................. 220 
Radioactivity as Emission of Alpha (α), Beta (β) & Gamma (γ) Radiations: ................................. 220 
The Properties of α, β and γ Radiations: ....................................................................................... 221 
Changes within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta & Gamma Emission ................................................. 221 
Uses of Radioactivity–Radio Isotopes:.......................................................................................... 221 
Harmful Effects and Safety Precautions: ...................................................................................... 222 
Background Radiations: ................................................................................................................ 223 
Nuclear Fission and Fusion: .......................................................................................................... 223 
Nuclear energy: ............................................................................................................................. 224 
Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 224 
Review questions:................................................................................................................ 227 
Numericals: .......................................................................................................................... 228 
Application Type: ................................................................................................................. 228 
Miscellaneous Exercise: ...................................................................................................... 230 
Worksheet ............................................................................................................................ 232 

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

Syllabus

Syllabus
There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of
practical work carrying 20 marks.
The paper will be divided into two sectioiis, Section 1 (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks,).
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer questions on the entire syllabus.
Section II will contain six questions. candidates will be required to answer any four of these six
questions.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units are to be used while teaching and learning, as
well as for answering questions.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
i) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity;
[discussions using simple examples and simple numerical problems].
Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (turning effect) of a
force, also called torque and its cgs and SI units; common examples - door, steering wheel,
bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and anti-clockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in
equilibrium (translational and rotational); principle of moment and its verification using a
metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple
numerical problems; Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with examples of some regular
bodies and irregular lamina.
ii) Uniform circular motion.
As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is present. Differences
between centrifugal and centripetal force.
iii) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.
Definition of work. W = FS cos θ; special cases of θ = 0°, 90°. W mgh. Definition of energy,
energy as work done. Various units of work and energy and their relation with SI units. [erg,
calorie, kWh and eV]. Definition of Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units, kilowatt (kW),
megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW); and horse power (1hp=746W,) [Simple numerical
problems on work, power and energy].
iv) Different types of energy (e.g. chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical
energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy).
Mechanical energy: potential energy U = mgh (derivation included,) gravitational FE,
examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv2 (derivation included); forms of kinetic energy:
translational, rotational and vibrational - only simple examples. /Numerical problems on K
and U only in case of translational motion]; qualitative discussions of electrical, chemical,
heat, nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from one form to another; common
examples.
v) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and
efficiency; simple treatment of levers, pulley systems showing the utility of each type of
machine.
Functions and uses of simple machines:
Terms – effort E, load L, mechanical advantage MA = L/E, velocity ratio VR VE/VL dE/dL,
input (W), output (W0,), efficiency (i), relation between m and MA, VR (derivation included,);
fbi a/practical machines ij <];MA < yR.
Lever: principle. First, second and third class of levers; examples: MA and VR in each case.
Examples of each of these classes of levers as also found in the human body.
Pulley system: single fixed, single movable, block and tackle; MA, VR and η in each case.
vi) Principle of Conservation of energy.

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

 Statement of the principle of conservation of energy; theoretical verifcation that U + K
constant for a freely falling body Application of this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only);
[simple numerical problems].
2) Light
i) Refraction of light through a glass block and a triangular prism - qualitative treatment of
simple applications such as real and apparent depth of objects in water and apparent
bending of sticks in water. Applications of refraction of light.
Partial reflection and refraction due to change in medium. Laws of refraction; the effect on
speed (V), wavelength (A) and frequency J) due to refraction of light; conditions for a light ray
to pass undeviated. Values of speed of light (c) in vacuum, air water and glass; refractive
index p = c/V, V = fλ. Values of p for common substances such as water, glass and diamond;
experimental verification; refraction through glass block; lateral displacement; multiple
images in thick glass plate/mirror; refraction through a glass prism simple applications: real
and apparent depth of objects in water, apparent bending of a stick under water. (Simple
numerical problems and approximate ate ray diagrams required).
ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle; examples in triangular glass prisms; comparison with
reflection from a plane mirror (qualitative only). Applications of total internal reflection.
Transmission of light from a denser medium (glass/water) to a rarer medium (air) at different
angles of incidence; critical angle (C)µ = 1/sin C. Essential conditions from total internal
reflection. Total internal reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray diagram, different cases -
angles of prism (60º, 60º, 60º), (60º, 30º, 90º), (45º, 45º, 90º). Use of right angle prism to
obtain 5 = 90° and 180° (ray diagram); comparison of total internal reflection from a prism
and reflection from a plane mirror.
iii) Lenses (converging and diverging) including characteristics of the images formed (using ray
diagrams only); magnifying glass; location of images using ray diagrams and thereby
determining magnification.
iv) Types of lenses (converging and diverging,), convex and concave, action of a lens as a set
of prisms, technical terms; centre of curvature, radii of curvature, principal axis, foci, focal
plane and focal length; detailed study of refraction of light in spherical lenses through ray
diagrams formation of images - principal rays or construction rays; location of images from
ray diagram for various positions of a small linear object on the principal axis; characteristics
of images. Sign convention and direct numerical problems using the lens formula are
included (derivation of formula required).
Scale drawing or graphical representation of ray diagrams not required.
Power of a lens (concave and convex,) – [simple direct numerical problems]: magnifying
glass or simple microscope: location of image and magnification from ray diagram only
[formula and numerical problems not included]. Applications of lenses.
v) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible spectrum from white light; Electromagnetic
spectrum; Scattering of light.
Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour (wavelength) of light,
dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic spectrum: broad classification (names only
arranged in order of increasing wavelength,); properties common to all electromagnetic
radiations; properties and uses of infrared and ultraviolet radiation. Simple application of
scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky.
3) Sound
i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their use; simple numerical problems on echoes.
Production of echoes, condition for formation of echoes; simple numerical problems; use of
echoes by bats, dolphins, fishermen, medical field. SONAR.

Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Syllabus
ii) Natural vibrations, Damped vibrations, Forced vibrations and Resonance - a special case of
forced vibrations. Meaning and simple applications of natural, damped, forced vibrations and
resonance.
iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound:
Characteristics of sound: loudness and intensity; subjective and objective nature of these
properties; sound level in db (as unit only); noise pollution; interdependence of pitch and
frequency; quality and waveforms (with examples).
4) Electricity and Magnetism
i) Ohm’s Law; concepts of emf, potential difference, resistance; resistances in series and
parallel, internal resistance.
Concepts of pd (V), current (I), resistance (R) and charge (Q). Ohm’s law: statement, V = IR:
SI units; experimental verification, graph of V vs I and resistance from slope; ohmic and non-
ohmic resistors, factors affecting resistance (including specific resistance) and internal
resistance; super conductors, electromotive force (emf); combination of resistances in series
and parallel and derivation of expressions for equivalent resistance. Simple numerical
problems using the above relations. [Simple network of resistors].
ii) Electrical power and energy.
Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor, lamp, loudspeaker, etc. Electrical power;
measurement of electrical energy, W = QV = VIt from the definition of pd. Combining with
ohm ‘s law W = VIt = I2Rt (V2/R)t and electrical power P = (W/t) = VI = I2 R = V2/R.
Units: SI and commercial; Power rating of common appliances, household consumption of
electric energy, calculation of total energy consumed by electrical appliances; W Pt (kilowatt
x hour kwh), [simple numerical problems].
iii) Household circuits – main circuit; switches; fuses; earthing; safety precautions; three-pin
plugs; colour coding of wires.
House wiring (ring system), power distribution; main circuit (3 wires-live, neutral, earth) with
fuse /MCB, main switch and its advantages - circuit diagram; two- way switch, staircase
wiring, need for earthing, fuse, 3-pin plug and socket; Conventional location of live, neutral
and earth points in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Safety precautions, colour coding of wires.
iv) Magnetic effect of a current (principles only, laws not required); electromagnetic induction
(elementary); transformer.
Oersted ‘s experiment on the magnetic effect of electric current; magnetic field (B) and field
lines due to current in a straight wire (qualitative only), right hand thumb rule – magnetic field
due to a current in a loop; Electromagnets: their uses; comparisons with a permanent
magnet; Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the DC electric motor- simple sketch of main parts (coil,
magnet, split ring commutators and brushes); brief description and type of energy
transfer(working not required): Simple introduction to electromagnetic induction; frequency of
A C in house hold supplies , Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, AC Generator - Simple sketch of
main parts, brief description and type of energy transfer (working not required). Advantage of
AC over DC. Transformer- its types, characteristics of primarily and secondary coils in each
type (simple labelled diagram and its uses).
5) Heat
i) Calorimetry: meaning, specific heat capacity; principle of method of mixtures; Numerical
Problems on specific heat capacity using heat loss and gain and the method of mixtures.
Heat and its units (calorie, joule), temperature and its units (ºC K); thermal (heat) capacity C′
Q/ΔT... (SI unit of C): Specific heat Capacity C = Q/m Δ T (SI unit of C) Mutual relation
between Heat Capacity and Specific Heat capacity, values of C for some common
substances (ice, water and copper). Principle of method of mixtures including mathematical
statement. Natural phenomenon involving specific heat. Consequences of high sp. heat of
water. [Simple numerical problem].

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics

 ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat involving change of state for fusion only.
Change of phase (state); heating curve for water; latent heat; sp latent heat of fusion (‘SI
unit). Simple numerical problems. Common physical phenomena involving latent heat of
fusion.
6) Modern Physics
i) Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus; background radiation and safety precautions.
Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic number (Z),
mass number (A) Radioactivity as spontaneous disintegration, α, β and γ – their nature and
properties; changes within the nucleus. One example each of α and, β decay with equations
showing changes in Z and A. Uses of radioactivity - radio isotopes, Harmful effects, Safety
precautions, Background radiation.
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fallout from nuclear plants and other sources.
Nuclear Energy: working on safe disposal of waste. Safety measures to be strictly reinforced.
ii) Nuclear fission and fission; basic introduction and equations.

Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Chapter 01: Force 1

Chapter 01: Force

Chapter Map:
→ Force
→ Introduction
→ Definition
→ Units
→ Absolute units
→ Gravitational units
→ Moment of force and Equilibrium
→ Translational Motion
→ Rotational Motion
→ Torque
→ Explanation
→ Factors affecting torque
→ Couple
→ Equilibrium of bodies
→ Kinds of equilibrium
→ Centre of Gravity
→ C.G. of regular bodies
→ Uniform Circular Motion

Moment of a force and equilibrium

Translational motion:
 When a force is applied on a stationary object which is free to move, it gets displaced along a
linear path. Such a motion is called linear or translational motion.

Rotational motion:
 When a body moves about an axis, the motion is called rotational motion.

Torque (moment of force or Turning effect)

¾ The turning effect of force acting on a body about an axis is called the moment of force or torque.
¾ Torque is a vector quantity. A F

O P
Axis
(FP – line of action of force)

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics 1

2

Exp
planation::
z Consider a rigid body (A)
z As the boody A is pivotted as in fig. at O, it does not move in a straight line but rotaates about
O on the application
a o forces.
of
z The line along
a t force actss is called the line of action of force.
which the
z The body rotates in annticlockwise direction, de epending on the
t direction of force.
z The perpeendicular distance betwe een the point and line of action
a of forcce is force arm
m.
z The mom ment (also called torque) of force is equal to the product
p of magnitude of force
f and
the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from
m the axis off rotation.
Toorque (T) = F × ⊥ distance
e OP (force arm)
a
z SI unit of torque is newwton metre (Nm)
(
z It is a vector quantity.

Facto
ors affectting turnin
ng effect (Torque)):
 M
Magnitude off applied forcce (greater th
he force, greater is the to
orque)
 Perpendicula
P ar distance of
o line of actiion of force with respectt to pivot from the axis of
o rotation
(
(greater the distance,
d gre
eater is the to
orque)
 T α F, T α d

Clock
kwise and
d anticloc
ckwise moments:
m
 T The direction n of turning depends on (i) point of appplication of force
f and (ii) direction of force
 If the turning g effect produced is in anticlockwise direction, it is called an nti clockwise moment.
A
Anticlockwis se moment is taken as positive.
B
 If the turning effect produ uced is in clo
ock wise direection,
itt is called clockwise
c moment. Cloc ckwise mom ments
a taken as
are s negative.
Exxamples F Anticlockw
wise Clockwise
C

i) Steering
S whe
eel ii) Bicycle
B whee el

iii) See–saw iv) Spanner

Coup
ple
Deffinition: F
A d
z Two equaal, opposite and
a parallel forces
f at actting distant points
p
on a bodyy free to turn about a poin
nt form a cou
uple. O
(axis)
F

2 utorials – X IC
Universal Tu CSE – Physicss Volume
Chapter 01: Force 3
Note: The two forces do not cancel each other because their line of action is not same.
z Moment of a couple is equal to the product of either of the forces and the perpendicular
distance arm of the couple between the lines of action of the forces.
z Moment of couple = F × d (ref. diagram)

Equilibrium of Bodies:
¾ If several forces acting on a body do not change its state of rest or of motion, the body is said to
be in equilibrium.

Conditions for equilibrium:

 The resultant of all forces acting on the body should be equal to zero.
 The resultant moment of all forces acting on the body about the point of rotation should be zero

Kinds of equilibrium:
Static equilibrium:
 When a body remains in the state of rest under the influence of the applied forces, the body is
in static equilibrium.

Dynamic Equilibrium:
 When a body remains in the state of uniform motion under the influence of the applied forces,
the body is in dynamic equilibrium.

Principle of moments:
¾ When a body is In equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of anti
clockwise moments of the forces active on it. L1 L2

W1 F W2

Centre of Gravity (C.G.):

¾ It is the point through which the entire weight of the body acts and the
algebraic sum of moments of weights of particles constituting the body is
W W
zero W W
C. G
¾ Position of C.G. of a body depends. on the distribution of mass in it.
W W W
¾ C.G. may lie within the material of the body or outside the material of the W
body.
¾ E.g. C.G. of a ring or hollow sphere lies at its centre, which is not on it. W
¾ CG of a body shifts towards the region of greater mass of the body, in the case of irregular bodies.

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics 3

4

Centre of gravity of some regular uniform bodies:

Object Position of C.G
C.G
Rod (uniform) mid point of its axis.

Circular disc Geometric centre

Sphere Geometric centre

mid point of the axis

cylinder
(at half then height)

at. 1/4 height from the

Solid cone h
base, on the axis
4

h at 1/3 height from the

hollow cone
3 base, on the axis

centre of the ring

circular Ring
(outside the ring)

Intersection of
Triangular lamina
medians (centroid)

Intersection of
Parallelogram
diagonals

Note: When a body is suspended freely it rests in such a way that C.G. lies below the point of
suspension.

Uniform Circular Motion (UCM):

¾ When a body moves with constant speed in a circular path, it is said to V
perform uniform circular motion. V
¾ In UCM, speed is constant but direction changes. Hence it is an accelerated
motion.
¾ In uniform linear motion speed and direction are constant. Hence V
acceleration is zero.
V
¾ In UCM, the change in direction is due to the force called centripetal force.

4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Chapter 01: Force 5
¾ Centripetal force is the force acting on the body towards the centre of its circular path.
¾ Centripetal force is a real force because it has a cause/ source.
¾ The apparent force acting on the body away from the centre of the circular path is called
centrifugal force.
¾ It is a virtual force.
Examples:
z In an atom, an electron moves around the nucleus in a circular path for which the
centripetal force is obtained from the electrostatic force of attraction on electron by the
nucleus.
z A planet moves around the sun in a nearly circular path for which the gravitational force of
attraction on the planet by the sun provides the necessary centripetal force.
z The moon moves around the earth in a circular path for which the gravitational force of
attraction on the moon by the earth provides the centripetal force.
z When a stone tied at the end of a string is whirled in a circular path, the tension in the string
holding the stone at the other end provides the centripetal force. If this force is not present,
the stone will not turn to move in the circular path.
Note: If while moving in a circular path, the string is cut off the particle will move along the tangent
to the path and not along a line containing the centre.

PREVIOUS BOARD QUESTIONS:

1) A brass ball is hanging from a stiff cotton thread. Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the
forces acting on the brass ball and the cotton thread. [2017]
2) The distance between two bodies is doubled. How is the magnitude of gravitational force
between them affected? [2017]
3) How does the magnitude of this non contact force on the two bodies depend on the distance of
separation between them? [2016]
4) A stone of mass m is rotated in a circular path with a uniform speed by tying a strong string with
the help of your hand. Answer the following questions: [2016]
i) Is the stone moving with a uniform or variable velocity.
ii) Is the stone moving with a uniform acceleration? In which direction does the acceleration act?
iii) What kind of force acts on the hand and state its direction?
5) i) On what factor does the position of the centre of gravity of a body depend? [2015]
ii) What is the S.I. unit of the moment of force?
6) Name the factors affecting the turning effect of a body. [2015]
7) i) Define equilibrium.
ii) In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in a horizontal position, it is in ____________
equilibrium. [2015]
8) Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in a circular path. [2015]
9) A nut is opened by a wrench of length 20cm. If the least force required is 2N, find the moment of
force needed to loosen the nut. [2015]
10) A force is applied on (i) a non-rigid body and (ii) a rigid body. How does the effect of the force
differ in the above two cases? [2014]
11) Is it possible to have an accelerated motion with a constant speed? Explain. [2014]
12) What is the work done by the moon when it revolves around the earth? [2014]
5N
13) Two forces each of 5N act vertically upwards and downwards 50
respectively on the two ends of a uniform metre rule which is
placed at its mid-point as shown in the diagram. Determine the 5N
magnitude of the resultant moment of these forces about the midpoint. [2014]
Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics 5
6
14) i) Define 1 kg gf.
ii) How is it related to the S.I.
S unit of foorce? [2012]
15) A boy of mass 30 kg is sitting at a dista ance of 2 m from f the middle of a see--saw. Wheree should a
booy of mass 40 0 kg sit so ass to balance the sea-saw w? [2012]
16) i) What is me eant by the teerm ‘momentt of force’?
ii) If the mome ent of force s assigned a negative sign then will the turning tendency of the force
be clockwisse or anticlocckwise? [2012]
17) i) Which of th he following remains
r consstant in unifo orm circular motion:
m speed or velocity or both?
ii) Name the force
f requiredd for uniform
m circular mottion. State itss direction. [2012]
18) i) Define one newton.
ii) Write the reelation betwe een S.I. unit and
a C.G.S. unit u of force. [2011]
19) Where does th he position off centre of grravity lie for
i) a circular lam
mina ii) a triangular lamina? [2011]
20) A uniform mettre scale can n be balance ed at the 70.0 cm mark when a masss of 0.05 kg g is hung
fro
om the 94.0 cm c mark.
i) Draw
D a diagrram of the arrrangement ii) Find
F the masss of the mettre scale. [2011]
SOL
LVED EXERC
CISE:
1) Distinguish between:
a) Uniform circular and uniform lineear motion.
b) Centripetaal force and centrifugal force.
Ans: a)
U
Uniform circ
cular motion
n Uniforrm linear mo
otion
V
Velocity chan
nges. Velocitty is constan
nt.
Itt is an accele
erated motion. Its acc
celeration is zero.
z
E
Earth is circular Path is
s rectilinear (apparently)
(
b)
C
Centripetal f
force Centriifugal force
The force dire
T ected toward ds the centree of It is the force whicch acts awayy from
a circular path
h is called ce
entripetal forcce. the centre of a circcular path
Itt is a real force It’s a fiictitious force
e
2) Obbserve the given
g diagraam and answ wer the questions given n below:
a) When the merrry go round d starts rota ating what is s the observ
vation of the
e person sta
anding at
M..
Ans: Thhe person fin
nds the ball is moving in n a circular path
p
beecause the tension in the string g provides the
neecessary cen
ntripetal force
e.
b) What is the observation
o of the person standing g at
A on the merrry go round?
Ans: Thhe person att A funds thaat the ball is stationary ata P
beecause when n the merry go
g round rota ates, two forrces
aree acting on the ball. One
O is tensioon in the string
tow
wards the centre
c and centrifugal
c fo
orce away frrom
the
e centre. Since both th hese forces one equal and
oppposite the net force iss zero. Hen nce the ball is
sta
ationary.
6 utorials – X IC
Universal Tu CSE – Physicss Volume
Chapter 01:
0 Force 7

c) What would th heir observa ations be if the string iss cut off?
Ans: Foor the personn at M, tension has ceased. Hence there is no centripetal fo force. The ba all moves
tan
ngential alonng the path P1, P11, P1111, etc. For th he person on the merry go round, the ball is
alw
ways in frontt of him i.e. at
a P when he e is at A, at P1 when he is
i at A1 etc. So it appearrs that the
baall is moving because of centrifugal
c fo
orce acting aw way from the
e centre.
Typ
pical Solve
ed Problems:
1) A boy of mas ss 30 kg is sitting
s at a distance off 2 m from the
t middle o
of a see-saw
w. Where
sh
hould a boy of mass 40 kg sit so as s to balancee the see-saww?
Sol: Le
et 40 kg boy sits
s at a dista
ance of x m from
f the mid
ddle of a see--saw.

Acccording to th
he principle of
o moments
Annticlockwise moment = Clockwise mo oment
0kg f × 2 m = 40 kg f × x
30 or x = 1.5 m
2) A uniform me etre scale iss kept in eqquilibrium when
w suppoorted at the
e 60 cm ma ark and a
maass m is su uspended frrom the 90 cm mark as s shown in the figure. State with reasons,
whhether the weight
w of th
he scale is greater
g n, less than or equal to the weight of mass
than
m..

Sol: Weight (w) of the

t metre sccale will be accting at its mid-point
m i.e., at 50 cm mark. Therefore, by the
priinciple of mo
oments
w × (60 – 50) cm
c = m × (90 0 – 60) cm
or 10 w = 30 m
⇒ w = 3m
herefore, weight (w) of the
Th e scale is gre
eater than thhe weight of the
t suspended mass m.
3) A 50 cm unifo orm ruler is
s freely pivooted at 15 cm mark which balance es horizonta
ally when
n object of weight 40 dyn
an d is hung g from the 2 cm mark k. Draw a fo orce diagram of the
arrangement and I calcu ulate the we eight of the ruler. Also calculate the force with which
pivvot is presssed.
Sol: Fo
ollowing figurre shows thee arrangemen nt of forces

From the princciple of mome

ent,
An
nticlockwise moment = Clockwise mo
oment
w × 10 cm = 40 0 dyn ×13 cm
m

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Universal Tu CSE – Physicss 7
8

40 dyn × 13 cm
w=
10cm
4) The moment of a force of 10 N about a fixed point is 5 Nm. Calculate the distance of the
fixed point from the line of action of the force.
Sol: moment of force (T) = 5 Nm.
Force (F) = 10 N. Distance (d) = ?
5
T=F×d 5 N m = 10 N × d ∴d= = 0.5 m.
10
5) A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid point. A weight of 50 gf is suspended at one end
of it. Where should a weight of 100 gf be suspended to keep the rule horizontal?
Sol: Since the rule is a metre rule, its length is 100 cm. O 50 cm
∴ midpoint is 50 cm (fulcrum) 50 cm
F x
When 50gf is suspended on one side, the rule will tilt
on that side. Hence, the 100 gf should be suspended
on the other side of fulcrum. 50 gf 100 gf
By principle of moments, sum of anticlockwise moments = sum of clockwise moments
50 × 50
W1L1 = W2L2 50 gf × 50 cm = 100 gf × x x= cm.
100
x = 25 cm from 50 cm mark i.e. at 75 cm mark of the rule.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Direct questions:
1) Define newton (the S.I. unit of force).
2) Write down the gravitational unit of force. How is it related to newton?
3) State the condition when a force produces
a) translational motion in a body b) rotational motion in a body
4) Define moment of force and state its S.I. unit.
5) Is moment of a force a scalar or a vector?
6) State two factors on which moment of force about a point depends.
7) Why is it easier to open a door by applying the force at the free end of it?
8) The stone of hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near its rim. Give a reason.
9) It is easier to turn the steering wheel of a large diameter than that of a small diameter. Give
reason.
10) Draw a neat labelled diagram to show the direction of two forces acting on a body to produce
rotation in it. Also mark the point about which rotation takes place, by the letter O.
11) Define moment of couple. Write its S.I. unit.
12) State the condition when a body is in (i) static equilibrium and (ii) dynamic equilibrium. Give one
example for each.
13) State the principle of moments. Give one device as application of it.
14) Can the centre of gravity be situated outside the material of the body? Give an example.
15) Define the term ‘centre of gravity of a body’.
16) Which of the following quantity remains constant in a uniform circular motion?
a) velocity b) acceleration c) speed d) force.
17) Name the force required for circular motion. State its direction.
18) What is centripetal force?

8 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume

Chapter 01:
0 Force 9
19) Figgure shows three piecess of card bo oard of unifoorm thicknesss cut
intto different shapes.
s On each
e diagram
m draw two lines to locatte the
poosition of cenntre of gravityy, G.
20) Is it possible to
o have an acccelerated mo otion with a constant
c spe
eed? Name ssuch type of motion.
21) Diffferentiate beetween a uniform linear motion
m and a uniform circcular motion..
22) Is centrifugal foorce the forcce of reaction
n of centripettal force?
23) Is centrifugal foorce a real foorce?
NUMERICALS:
N
Class Work:
W
1) A nut is opene
ed by a wren nch of length 10 cm. If the least force
e required is 5 N, find the
e moment
of force neede
ed to turn the nut. [0.5 Nm]

2) A wheel
w of diameter 2 m iss shown with axle at 0. A force F = 2 N is applied at B
in the directio on shown in figure. Calculate
C e moment of force ab
the bout
(i) centre O, annd (ii) point A.
A
[(i) 2Nm (clockwise) ((ii) 4 Nm (clo
ockwise)]
3) Tw
wo forces each of mag gnitude 10 N act vertica ally upwardss and down nwards
O
resspectively on
n the two endds of a unifo
orm rod of len
ngth 4 m which is pivotedd at its
miid point as sh
hown in fig. Determine
D th
he magnitude e of resultantt moment of forces
ab
bout the pivott O. [40 Nm (clock wise)]
4) A uniform metre rule is pivvoted at its mid-point.
m A weight
w of 50
0 gf is suspennded at one end of it.
Where should a weight of 100
1 gf be suspended to keep k the rule
e horizontal?
[25
5 cm from oth
her end]
5) Thhe diagram below sho ows a unifo orm bar
suupported at th
he mid point O. A weightt of 40 gf
is placed at a distance 40 cm to the le
eft of the
pooint O. How can you ballance the ba ar with a
weeight of 80 gff? [Place
e 80 gf at 20
0 cm to the rig
ght of O]
6) A uniform mete eight 10 gf is pivoted at its
er rule of we s 0 mark. (i) What mome
ent of force depresses
d
the ow can it be made horizo
e rule? (ii) Ho ontal by applying a least force?
[ 500 gf cm
[(i) m (ii) by force
e of 5 gf upw
wards at 100 cm
c mark]
7) A uniform mettre rule of ma
ass 100 g iss balanced on a fulcrum at mark 40 ccm by suspe
ending an
un
nknown masss m at the ma ark 20 cm.
i) Find
F the valu
ue of m.
ii) To which sid
de the rule will
w tilt if the mass
m m is mo
oved to the mark
m 10 cm?
iii) What is the resultant mo b balanced by another m
oment now? How can it be mass 50 g?
0 g (ii) the ru
[(i) m = 50 ule will tilt tow
wards m (iii) 500
5 gf cm (anticlockwise), 50g at 50 cm
c mark]
Home Work:
W
1) Thhe diagram in nd F2 = 3 N acting at po
n Fig. showss two forces F1 = 5 N an oints A and B of a rod
pivvoted at a po oint 0, such that OA = 2 m and OB = 4 m. A 2m O 4m B
Ca alculate:
i) Moment
M of fo
orce F1 abou ut O.
ii) Moment of force
f F2 abouut O F2=3N
F2=3N

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Universal Tu CSE – Physicss 9
10
iii) Total mome ent of the two o forces abou ut O.
[i) 10 Nm (anticclockwise) (iii) 12 Nm (cloock wise) (iii) 2 Nm (clock
kwise)]
2) Fig g Shows tw wo forces each of magnitude 10 N acting at the
po oints A and B at a separa c in opposite directionss.
ation of 50 cm,
Ca alculate the resultant
r mom ment of the two
t forces ab
bout the poinnt
(i) A, (ii) B and d (iii) O, situ
uated exactlyy at the midd dle of the two
forrces.
[(i) 5 Nm cloockwise (ii) 5 Nm clockw wise (iii) 5 Nm
m clockwise]
3) A steering wh heel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated anticlockwise by applying g two forcess each of
ma agnitude 5 N.N Draw a diagram to show the application of forrces and calculate the moment m of
coouple applied d. [2.5 Nm]
4) A uniform mettre rule balances horizon ntally on a knife
k edge placed at the 58 cm mark when a
we eight of 20 gff is suspende ed from one end.
i) Draw
D a diagrram of the arrrangement.
ii) What is the weight
w of thee rule? [105 gf]
5) Sh hows a unifo orm metre rule placed on a fulcrum at a its mid-poinnt O and havving a weigh ht 40 gf at
the e 10 cm marrk and a weig ght of 20 gf at the 90 cmm
ma ark.
i) Is the metre rule in equilibrium? If not, how will
the rule turn.

ii)How can the rule be brrought in equ uilibrium by using

u an additional weigh ht of 40 gf?
[(i) No, anticlock wiise (ii) add 40
0 gf at 70 cm
m mark]
6) When a boy weighing
w 20 kgf
k sits at on ne end of a 4 m long see e-saw, it getss pushed dow wn at this
ennd. How can it be broughtt to the horizzontal positioon by a man weighing
w 40 kgf.
[1 m from the cen ntre on opposite side]
7) A physical balance has itss arms of len ngth 60 cm and 40 cm. What weigh ht kept in the
e pans of
lon
nger arm willl balance an object of weeight 100 gf kept
k on otherr pan? [66.67
[ gf]
8) Thhe diagram in Fig. show ws a uniformm metre rule e weighing
1000 gf, pivoted
d at its centrre 0. Two we eights 150 gf g and 250
gf hang from the metre rule as shown. Calculate: (i) ( the total
annticlockwise moment ab bout 0, (ii) the total clockwise
mooment about 0, (iii) the e difference of anticlock kwise and
clo
ockwise mom ment, and (iiv) the distance from 0 where a 10 00 gf weight should be placed to
baalance the meetre rule. [(i) 6000gf cm m (ii) 5000gf cm (iii) 1000 0gf cm (iv) 10 0 cm to the riight of O]
APPLICATION TYPE:
T
Class Work:
W
1) A, B and C are e three force
es each of magnitude
m 4 N acting in the
t plane of paper as shown. The
pooint O lies in the same plaane. B
A C
0.9m
i) Which
W force has the leasst moment ab
bout O? Give
e a reason. 0.8m
m
ii) Which force has the grea atest momen
nt about O? Give
G a reasoon.
0.6m

2) A body is acte ed upon by two

t forces each
e of magn nitude F, butt in opposite
e directions. State the
efffect of the forces if
a) both forces act at the sa
ame point of the
t body.
b) the two forces act at two
o different po
oints of the bo
ody at a separation r.

10 utorials – X IC
Universal Tu CSE – Physicss Volume
Chapter 01: Force 11
3) State the effect of force on:
10 N 2m
i) Stationary rigid object free to move.
ii) Object pivoted about an axis.
3m
4) i) In the given diagram what is the resultant torque?
ii) Will the object rotate in clockwise or anticlockwise direction? 12

5) In the given diagram, mark the direction Block m Pulley

of Tension.
Frictionless surface

6) On what a factor does the direction of turning produced on a body depends. String
7) Give reason: The upper circular stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near its
rim.
8) A spanner has a large handle. Why?
9) What are the conditions for equilibrium?
10) The following diagram shows two parallel and opposite forces F1 and F2 Y
each of magnitude 5N, with their lines of action separated by a distance of F2 = 5N
2m. A point X lies midway between F1 and F2 while a point Y lies on F2. 2m
X
a) Calculate the total moment of the two forces about (i) X and (ii) Y
b) State the effect produced by the two forces about the points X and Y.
F1 = 5N

Home Work:
1) The adjacent diagram shows a heavy roller, with its axle at O,
which is to be raised on a pavement XY by applying minimum O
X Y
possible force. Show by an arrow in the diagram the point of
application and the direction in which the force should be applied
2) A small pebble is placed near the periphery of a circular disc which is rotating about an axis
passing through its centre.
a) What will be your observation when you are standing outside the disc? Explain it.
b) What will be your observation when you are standing at the centre of the disc? Explain it.
3) How does the turning effect change when
i) the distance between the point of application of force and the axis of rotation is doubled.
ii) the force is reduced to half (other parameters remaining same)
4) In the given diagram, O is the centre of a circular wheel of radius 6 cm. A
F1
O’ is a point on OA such that OO’ is 3 cm. [O is the axis] F1
O’
When forces F1 and F2 are applied, the wheel is in equilibrium. O
Compare the two forces F1 and F2. Justify.
5) What is the sign convention for
i) clockwise moment ii) anticlockwise moment
6) For turning a steering wheel, a force is applied tangentially on the rim of the wheel. Why?
7) Classify as static and dynamic equilibrium
i) A book lying on a table.
ii) A rain drop reaching the earth with constant velocity.
iii) A beam balance held horizontally.
8) The wheel shown in the diagram has a fixed axle passing through O. The wheel is kept
stationary under the action of B A F1
i) a horizontal force F1 at A and ii) a vertical force F2 at B.
a) Show the direction of force F2 in the diagram. O’ O

Volume Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics 11

12
b) Which of the force F1 or F2 is greater?
c) Find the ratio between the forces F1 and F2.
Given : AO = 2.5 cm, BO’= 1.5 cm and O΄O = 2.0 cm.
9) Draw a neat labeled diagram for a particle moving in a circular path with a constant speed. In
your diagram show the direction of velocity at any instant.
MISCELLANEOUS:
1) The moment of a force about a given axis depends:
a) only on the magnitude of force
b) only on the perpendicular distance of force from the axis
c) neither on the force nor on the perpendicular distance of force from the axis
d) both on the force and its perpendicular distance from the axis.
2) Write the expression for calculating the moment of force about a given axis.
3) The unit of moment of force is:
N
a) N b) c) kg m2s–1 d) Nm
m
4) What do you understand by clockwise moment and anticlockwise moment of forces? Classify
them as positive and negative.
5) A spanner (or wrench) has a long handle. Why?
6) In order to rotate a bar pivoted at its mid point, we need to apply:
a) a large force at any point on the bar
b) a small force exactly at the mid point where it is pivoted
c) two unequal forces at the two ends, but in the same direction
d) two equal forces at the two ends, but in opposite directions.
7) A body is acted upon by two unequal forces in opposite directions, but not in one line. The effect is
that
a) the body will have only the rotational motion
b) the body will have only the translational motion
c) the body will have neither the rotational motion nor the translational motion
d) the body will have rotational as well as translational motion.
8) What do you understand by the term couple? State its effect. Give two examples of couple action
in our daily life.
9) Prove that, Moment of couple = Force × Couple arm.
10) What do you mean by equilibrium of a body?
11) State two conditions for a body acted upon by several forces to be in equilibrium.
12) The appliance which works on the principle of moments, is
a) spring balance b) beam balance c) pendulum clock d) balance wheel.
13) On what factor does the position of centre of gravity of a body depend? Explain your answer with
an example.
14) What is the position of centre of gravity of the following:
i) a rectangular lamina
ii) triangular lamina
iii) Uniform metre rule,
iv) Solid cone etc.
15) At which point is the centre of gravity of a triangular lamina situated?

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Chapter 01: Force 13
16) The centre of gravity of a body can be even outside it. Give examples.
17) A square card board is suspended by passing a pin through a narrow hole at its one corner.
Draw a diagram to show its rest position. In the diagram mark the point of suspension by the
letter S and centre of gravity by the letter G.
18) Explain how you will determine the position of centre of gravity for a triangular piece of card
board experimentally.
19) State whether the following statement is true or false.
‘The position of centre of gravity of a body remains unchanged even when the body is
deformed.’
20) Explain the meaning of uniform circular motion. Give one example of such motions.
21) Give an example of motion in which speed remains uniform, but the velocity changes. Justify
your answer.
22) A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. Explain.
23) A piece of stone tied at the end of a thread is whirled in a horizontal circle. Name the force which
provides the centripetal force.
24) Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in a circular path.
25) State whether the following statements are true or false by writing T/F against them.
a) The earth moves around the sun with a uniform velocity.
b) The motion of the moon around the earth in circular path is an accelerated motion.
c) A uniform linear motion is not accelerated, while a uniform circular motion is an accelerated.
d) In a uniform circular motion, the speed continuously changes because the direction of the
motion changes.
ANSWERS:
Previous Board Questions:
1) 5 × 0.5 + 5 × 0.5 = 5Nm
3) Let the boy of mass 40 kg sits at a distance of x in from the middle of sea-saw on other side of
the boy of mass 30 kg to balance the sea-saw. Then by principle of moments,
30 × 2
30 kgf × 2 m = 40 kgf . x or X = = 1.5 m
40
Thus the boy of mass 40 kg should sit at a distance 1.5 m from the middle on other side.
5) i) Speed.
ii) Centripetal force. It is directed towards the centre of circle.
8) 0.06 kg
WORKSHEET
Moment of a force, couple, equilibrium
1) A force acted on a rigid stationary body, free to move, produces …………………………………
motion in it.
2) A force produces ……………………………….motion in a rigid body which is freely pivoted at a
point and the point of application of the force is away from the pivot.
3) In the case of …………………………………motion, the position of the body changes along a
linier path.
4) The rotational effect that a force produces in a body is called……………..of the force or …………

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5) The magnitude of moment is given by …………………………………………………………and its
S I unit is …….
6) A couple is a pair of ………………… and…….………………….. forces acting on a rigid body at
different points, ………………………….to each other.
7) The magnitude of a couple is given by the ……………………………….of the arm of the couple
and……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8) The diagram given alongside depicts a …………………………………………. Arm of the couple
is………and its moment is equal to ………………
9) According to the principle of moments,
………………………………………………………………… =
…………………………………………………………
10) A body is said to be in equilibrium if
i) ______________________________________________________________________ and
ii) ______________________________________________________________________

Circular motion and Centre of gravity

1) A body in circular motion is acted upon by a force called…………………………., the direction of
which is ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) The fictitious force acting on a body in circular motion is called …………………………………..,
which apparently acts against …….........................................................................
3) In the case of uniform circular motion, the ………………………….of the body remains unchanged
but its …………………………keeps changing.
4) Because of the property stated above ,uniform circular motion
is………………………………motion.
5) A body can be balanced at its ……………………………………………………………
6) The resultant of weights of the particles of a body passes through its…………….
7) The C G of a body shifts towards the region of ………………………mass.
8) The CG of triangular lamina is at its …………………
9) The C.G. of a uniform circular ring is ……………………………………the ring.
10) The C.G of a uniform cylinder is at the midpoint of its ………….

14 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Physics Volume