Signals & Systems - Chapter 4

1S. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation to calculate the Fourier transform of:
a) e −2(t −1) u (t − 1) b) e −2|t −1|
Sketch and label the magnitude of each Fourier transform.
Solution: For Fourier Transform we have
1 ∞
x(t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X ( jw)e jwt dw Fourier Transform Synthesis equation
∞
X ( jw) = ∫ x(t )e − jwt dt Fourier Transform Analysis equation
−∞

a) Using the Fourier Transform Analysis equation

∞ ∞ ∞
X ( jw) = ∫ x(t )e − jwt dt = ∫ e −2 (t −1) u (t − 1)e − jwt dt = ∫ e −2 (t −1) e − jwt dt
−∞ −∞ 1
− jw
∞ −1 − (2 + jw)t + 2 = − 1 (0 − e −( 2+ jw)+ 2 ) = e
∞
X ( jw) = ∫ e −( 2+ jw)t + 2 dt = |1 2 + jw
1 2 + jw e 2 + jw

|X(jw)| which is the magnitude…

1/2

w
0

b) Using the Fourier Transform Analysis equation

∞ ∞ ∞ 1
X ( jw) = ∫ x(t )e − jwt dt = ∫ e − 2|t −1|e − jwt dt = ∫ e − 2( t −1)e − jwt dt + ∫ e 2 (t −1)e − jwt dt
−∞ −∞ 1 −∞
∞ 1
X ( jw) = ∫ e − ( 2 + jw) t + 2 dt + ∫ e( 2 − jw) t − 2 dt
1 −∞

− 1 − ( 2 + jw )t + 2 ∞ 1 1 e − jw e − jw
e | + e( 2 − jw) t − 2 | = + =
2 + jw 1 2 − jw −∞ 2 + jw 2 − jw
4e − jw
X ( jw) =
4 + w2
|X(jw)|

w
0

1U. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation to calculate the Fourier transform of:
4 ( t −5)
a) e u (−t + 3) b) e −4|t −3|

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 38

 Sketch and label the magnitude of each Fourier transform.
Solution:

2S. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation to calculate the Fourier transform of:
d
a) δ (t + 1) + δ (t − 1) {u ( −2 − t ) + u (t − 2)}
b)
dt
Sketch and label the magnitude of each Fourier transform.
Solution: For Fourier Transform we have
1 ∞
x(t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X ( jw)e jwt dw Fourier Transform Synthesis equation
∞
X ( jw) = ∫ x(t )e − jwt dt Fourier Transform Analysis equation
−∞

a) Use the Fourier Transform Analysis Equation

∞ ∞
X ( jw) = ∫ x(t )e − jwt dt = ∫ {δ (t + 1) + δ (t − 1)}e − jwt dt
−∞ −∞
we know that when t=0 then δ(t) =1otherwise δ(t) =0 therefore
X ( jw) = e jw + e − jw = 2 cos w

|X(jw)|

w
-π/2 0 π/2

b) Use the Fourier Transform Analysis Equation

∞ ∞ d
X ( jw) = ∫ x (t )e − jwt dt = ∫ {u ( −2 − t ) + u (t − 2)}e − jwt dt
−∞ − ∞ dt

d {u (t )}
we know that = ∂ (t ) therefore
dt
∞
X ( jw) = ∫ {δ (t − 2) − δ (t + 2)}e − jwt dt = e − 2 jw − e 2 jw = −2 j sin(2w)
−∞

|X(jw)|

w
-π/2 0 π/2

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 39

2U. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation to calculate the Fourier transform of:
d
a) δ (t + 2) + δ ( −t + 2) {u ( −3 − t ) + u (t − 3)}
b)
dt
Sketch and label the magnitude of each Fourier transform.
Solution:

3S. Determine the Fourier transform of each of the following periodic signals:
π π
a) sin( 2πt + ) b) 1 + cos(6πt + )
4 8
Solution:

π
a) signal x(t ) = sin(2πt + ) is periodic with period (Fundamental Period, T=1 w0 = 2π)
4
The easiest way would be use Euler’s Identity to find the Fourier Series coefficients.

π
1 j ( 2πt +π / 4 ) 1 jπ / 4 j 2πt 1 − jπ / 4 − j 2πt
x(t ) = sin(2πt + (e )= − e j ( 2πt +π / 4 ) ) = e e − e e
4 2j 2j 2j
1 jπ / 4 1
Therefore a1 = e a −1 = − e − jπ / 4
2j 2j
We know this signal is periodic with period 1 and we know that a periodic signal in the above form has
transfer function as shown below:

∞
X ( jw) = ∑ 2πa δ ( w − kw ) = 2πa
k = −∞
k 0 −1δ ( w + w0 ) + 2πa1δ ( w − w0 )

π π
X ( jw) = − e − jπ / 4δ ( w + 2π ) + e jπ / 4δ ( w − 2π )
j j
π
b) signal x (t ) = 1 + cos(6πt + ) is periodic with period (Fundamental Period, T=1/3 w0 = 6π)
8
The easiest way would be use Euler’s Identity to find the Fourier Series coefficients.

π 1 j ( 6πt +π / 8 ) 1 1
x (t ) = 1 + cos(6πt + ) = 1+ (e + e − j ( 6πt +π / 8 ) ) = 1 + e jπ / 8 e j 6πt + e − jπ / 8 e − j 6πt
8 2 2 2
1 jπ / 8 1
Therefore a1 = e a −1 = e − jπ / 8 a 0 = 1
2 2
We know this signal is periodic with period 1 and we know that a periodic signal in the above form has
transfer function as shown below:

∞
X ( jw) = ∑ 2πa δ (w − kw ) = 2πa
k = −∞
k 0 −1δ ( w + w0 ) + 2πa 0δ ( w) + 2πa1δ ( w − w0 )

X ( jw) = πe − jπ / 8δ ( w + 6π ) + 2πδ ( w) + πe jπ / 8δ ( w − 6π )

3U. Determine the Fourier transform of each of the following periodic signals:
π 3π
a) cos( 2πt − ) b) 10 + sin(5πt + )
3 8
Solution:

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 40

4S. Use the Fourier transform synthesis equation to determine the inverse Fourier transforms of:
X 2 ( jw) = 2 for 0 ≤ w ≤ 2
a) X 1 ( jw) = 2πδ ( w) + πδ ( w − 4π ) + πδ ( w + 4π ) b) −2 for − 2 ≤ w < 0
0 for | w | > 2

Solution:

a)
1 ∞
2π ∫−∞
x(t ) = X ( jw)e jwt dw Fourier Transform Synthesis equation

1 ∞
x(t ) =
2π ∫− ∞
{2πδ ( w) + πδ ( w − 4π ) + πδ ( w + 4π )}e jwt dw

1 1 1
x(t ) = {2πe 0 + πe j 4πt + πe − j 4πt } = 1 + e j 4πt + e − j 4πt = 1 + cos(4πt )
2π 2 2
b)
1 ∞
2π ∫−∞
x(t ) = X ( jw)e jwt dw Fourier Transform Synthesis equation

1 2 jwt 1 0 1 1
x(t ) =
2π 0∫ 2e dw + ∫
2π − 2
− 2e jwt dw =
jπt
(e j 2t − 1} −
jπt
(1 − e − j 2t )

1 2
x(t ) = (e j 2 t + e − j 2 t ) −
jπt jπt

4U. Use the Fourier transform synthesis equation to determine the inverse Fourier transforms of:
a) X 1 ( jw) = 3 jπδ ( w − 2π ) + πδ ( w − 4π ) − 3 jπδ ( w + 2π ) + πδ ( w + 4π ) − 10

X 2 ( jw) = 1 for 0 ≤ w ≤ 5
b) −1 for − 5 ≤ w < 0
0 for | w | > 5

Solution:

5S. Consider the signal

x (t ) = 0 for | t | > 1
(t + 1) / 2 for −1 ≤ t ≤ 1
a) With the help of Fourier Transform pair table, determine the closed-form expression for X(jw)
b) Take the real part of your answer to part (a), and verify that it is the Fourier transform of the even
part of x(t).
c) What is the Fourier transform of the odd part of x(t)?

Solution:

a)
in order to be able to use the tables, we need to make the following conversions:

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 41

 x(t) y(t)
1
1/2
t t
-1 1 -1 1

t
1
We can rewrite x(t) as x (t ) = ∫ y (t ) dt − u (t − 1) and then use the following transformations
2 −∞
from the table:
t
1
∫−∞ y(t )dt → jw Y ( jw) + πY (0)δ (w)
F

F sin w
Square wave : y (t ) = 1 / 2 for | t |< 1 and y (t ) = 0 for | t |> 1 →
w
F
z (t − 1) → e − jw Z ( jw)
F 1
u (t ) → + πδ ( w)
jw

Which leads to:

1 sin w 1
X ( jw) = { ) − e − jw { + πδ ( w)}
jw w jw
sin w e − jw
X ( jw) = 2
− − πe − jwδ ( w)
jw jw
b)
Even part {x(t)} = {x(t) + x(-t)} / 2

x(t)
1

t
-1 1
x(-t)
1

t
-1 1
y(t)
1/2

t
-1 1

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 42

 F sin w
Square wave : y (t ) = 1 / 2 for | t |< 1 and y (t ) = 0 for | t |> 1 →
w
Therefore F{even part of x(t)}=sin(w) / w

c)
x(t) = {odd part of x(t)} + {even part of x(t)}
{odd part of x(t)}=x(t) - {even part of x(t)}
sin w e − jw sin w sin w cos w
F {odd part of x(t )} = − − = −
jw 2 jw w jw 2 jw

5U. Consider the signal

x (t ) = 0 for | t | > 2
t/2 for −2≤t ≤2
a) With the help of Fourier Transform pair table, determine the closed-form expression for X(jw)
b) Take the real part of your answer to part (a), and verify that it is the Fourier transform of the even
part of x(t).
c) What is the Fourier transform of the odd part of x(t)?

Solution:

6S. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answers.
a) An odd and imaginary signal always has an odd and imaginary Fourier transform.
b) The convolution of an odd Fourier transform with an even Fourier Transform is always odd.

Solution:

a) Form Fourier transform properties table we have

odd signal x(t) purely imaginary and odd Fourier transform X(jw)
F{purely imaginary signal jx(t)} jX(jw) using linearity

Based on the above two statements we can conclude that an odd and imaginary signal jx(t) always has
an odd and real Fourier transform therefore the problem statement is false.

b) We have
1) odd Fourier transform corresponds to an odd signal
2) even Fourier transform corresponds to an even signal

Convolution of an even F.T. with an odd F.T. in time domain is multiplication of even and odd function
which results in an odd function therefore the problem statement is True.

6U. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answers.

a) A sin() function will always have pure imaginary even Fourier Transfer function.
b) A tan() function will always have pure imaginary odd Fourier Transfer function.
c) A cos() function will always have real and even Fourier Transfer function.

Solution:

7S. Compute the Fourier transform for each of the following Signals:
− at −3|t |
a) [e cos wo t ]u (t ) for a>0 b) e sin 2t

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 43

 x (t ) = 1 + cos πt for | t |≤ 1 ∞
c)
0 for | t | > 1
d) ∑ a δ (t − kT )
k =0
k
for | a | < 1

−2 t  sin πt   sin 2π (t − 1) 
e) [te sin 4t ]u (t ) f)   
 πt   π (t − 1) 
g)

x(t)

t
-2 -1 1 2

-1

h)

... ...
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x(t ) = 1 − t 2 for 0 < t < 1

i)
0 Otherwise

+∞
j) ∑e
n = −∞
−|t − 2 n|

Solution:

a)
x(t ) = [e − at cos wo t ]u (t ) for a > 0
1 −at jw0t 1 1
x(t ) = e {e + je − jw0t }u (t ) = { e −( a − jw0 )t + e −( a + jw0 )t }u (t )
2 2 2
From the Fourier Transform Table:
1
e −at u (t ) →
F

a + jw
Therefore
1 1
X ( jw) = +
2( a − jw0 + jw) 2( a + jw0 + jw)

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 44

 b)
x(t ) = e −3|t| sin(2t ) = e −3t sin(2t )u (t ) + e 3t sin(2t )u (−t )
1 −3t j 2t 1 3t j 2 t
x(t ) = e {e − e − j 2t }u (t ) + e {e − e − j 2t }u (−t )
2j 2j
x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x 2 (t ) where
1 − ( 3− 2 j ) t 1 − ( 3+ 2 j ) t
x1 (t ) = e u (t ) − e u (t )
2j 2j
1 −( −3−2 j )t 1 −( −3+ 2 j ) t
x 2 (t ) = e u (−t ) − e u (−t ) = − x1 (−t ) ⇒= X 2 ( jw) = − X 1 (− jw)
2j 2j
1 1
X 1 ( jw) = −
2 j (3 − j 2 + jw) 2 j (3 + j 2 + jw)
1 1 1 1
X ( jw) = X 1 ( jw) + X 2 ( jw) = − − +
2 j (3 − j 2 + jw) 2 j (3 + j 2 + jw) 2 j (3 − j 2 − jw) 2 j (3 + j 2 − jw)
1 1
X ( jw) = 2
−
9 + ( w + 2) 9 + ( w − 2) 2

c)
x (t ) = 1 + cos πt for | t |≤ 1
0 for | t | > 1
∞ 1 1
1 + jπt 1 − jπt − jwt
∫−∞x(t )e dt = −∫1(1 + coπt )e dt = −∫1(1 + 2 e + 2 e )e dt
− jwt − jwt
X ( jw) =

1
e − jwt e j (π − w ) t e j (π − w ) t 2 sin w sin w sin w
X ( jw) = { + + = + −
− jw 2 j (π − w) 2 j (π − w) −1
w π −w π +w
d)
∞
x (t ) = ∑ a k δ (t − kT ) for | a | < 1
k =0
∞ ∞ ∞

∫ x(t )e dt = ∫ ∑ a δ (t − kT )e
− jwt k − jwt
X ( jw) = dt
−∞ −∞ k =0

Note : δ (t − kT ) = 1 forvt = KT otherwise δ (t − kT ) = 0 therefore :

∞ ∞
X ( jw) = ∑ a k e − jwkT = ∑ (a 1e − jwT ) k
k =0 k =0
−∞
1
Apply finite sum ⇒ ∑ a k = when | a |< 1
k =0 1− a
1
X ( jw) =
1 − ae − jwT

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 45

 e)
t − 2 t j 4t t −( 2− j 4 )t
x(t ) = [te − 2t sin 4t ]u (t ) =
2j
[
e e − e − 2t e − j 4t u (t ) =
2j
e ] [ ]
− e −( 2+ j 4) t u (t )

1
From table : te − at u (t ) →F

(a + jw) 2
1 1
X ( jw) = 2
−
(2 − j 4 + jw) (2 + j 4 + jw) 2

f)
 sin πt   sin 2π (t − 1) 
x(t ) =   
 πt   π (t − 1) 
From the Fourier Transform Table:
sin πt F
x1 (t ) = → X 1 ( jw) = 1 for | w |< π otherwise X 1 ( jw) = 0
πt
apply the time shifting and time scaling properties ⇒
sin 2π (t − 1) F
x2 (t ) = → X 2 ( jw) = e − j 2 w for | w |< 2π otherwise X 1 ( jw) = 0
π (t − 1)
x(t)=x1(t) x2(t) X(jw)={1/2π}{X1(jw)*X2(jw)}
∞
1
X ( jw) =
2π ∫X
−∞
2 ( jθ ) X 1 ( j ( w − θ ))dθ
-jw
X(jw) = e |w| <π
-jw
(1/2π){3π+w)e -3π < w <-π
-jw
(1/2π){3π+w)e π < w < 3π
0 otherwise

g)

x(t)

t
-2 -1 1 2

-1

∞ −1 1 2

∫ x(t )e dt = ∫ − e dt + ∫ te dt + ∫ e − jwt dt
− jwt − jwt − jwt
X ( jw) =
−∞ −2 −1 1

2j  sin w 
X ( jw) =  cos 2 w −
w w 

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 46

 h)

2 x(t)
1
... ...
t
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

∞
if x1 (t ) = ∑ δ (t − 2k ) then x(t ) = 2 x (t ) +x (t − 1) therefore
k = −∞
1 1

∞
X ( jw) = X 1 ( jw)[2 + e jw ] = π ∑ δ (w − πk )[2 + e
k = −∞
jw
]

i)
x(t ) = 1 − t 2 for 0 < t < 1
0 Otherwise
∞ 1

∫ x(t )e dt = ∫ (1 − t )e dt
− jwt 2 − jwt
X ( jw) =
−∞ 0
− jw
1 2e 2e − jw − 2
X ( jw) = + −
jw − w 2 jw 2

+∞
j) x(t)= ∑e
n = −∞
−|t − 2 n|
is periodic with period 2 therefore

+∞ +∞
x(t ) = ∑e
n = −∞
−( t − 2 n )
u (t − 2n) + ∑e
n = −∞
(t −2 n )
u ( −t + 2 n )

+∞  1 1 − e −2(1+ jw) −2 1 − e
2 (1+ jw )

X ( jw) = π ∑  −2 
− e δ ( w − kπ )
k = −∞ 1 − e  1 + jw 1 − jw 

7U. Compute the Fourier transform for each of the following Signals:
a) e −4|t| cos 2t

b)

x(t)

t
-2 -1 1 2

-1

x(t ) = 4 + 3t 2 for 0 < t < 1

c)
0 Otherwise

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 47

 +∞
d) ∑e
n = −∞
− | 2 t − 2 n|

Solution:

8S. Determine the continuous-time signal corresponding to each of the following transforms.
2 sin[3( w − 2π )]
a) X ( jw) =
( w − 2π )

b) X ( jw) = cos( 4 w + π / 3)

c) X(jw) as given by the following magnitude and phase plots

|X(jw)| X(jw)

1 1

w w
-1 1
Slope = -3

d) X ( jw) = 2[δ ( w − 1) − δ ( w + 1)] + 3[δ ( w − 2π ) + δ ( w + 2π )]

e) X(jw) as shown in the following figure

X(jw)

w
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-1

Solution:

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 48

 a)
2 sin[3( w − 2π )]
X ( jw) =
( w − 2π )
Inverse Fourier Transform Table
2 sin wT1 F −1 {}
X 1 ( jw) = →1 for | t |< T1 otherwise x1 (t ) = 0
w
−1
{}
X 2 ( jw) = j ( w − w0 )) F → e jw0t x1 (t )
therefore
x(t ) = e j 2πt | t |< 3
0 Otherwise

b)
1 1 1
X ( jw) = cos(4 w + π / 3) = {e j ( 4 w+π / 3) + e − j ( 4 w+π / 3) } = e j 4 w e jπ / 3 + e − j 4 w e − jπ / 3
2 2 2
Inverse Fourier Transform Table
−1
e − jwt 0 F
{}
→ 2πδ (t − t 0 )
Therefore
1 jπ / 3 1
x(t ) = e δ (t + 4) + e − jπ / 3δ (t − 4)
2 2
c)

|X(jw)| X(jw)

1 1

w w
-1 1
Slope = -3

X ( jw) =| X ( jw) | e j{ phase{ X ( jw)}}

∞ 0 1
1 1 1
Inv. F .T . ⇒ x(t ) = ∫ X ( jw)e ∫ − we j ( −3 w) e jw0t dw + ∫ we j ( −3w ) e jw0t dw
jw0t
dw =
2π −∞
2π −1 2π 0
1  sin(t − 3) cos(t − 3) − 1
x(t ) = +
π  t − 3 (t − 3) 2 


www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 49

 d)
X ( jw) = 2[δ ( w − 1) − δ ( w + 1)] + 3[δ ( w − 2π ) + δ ( w + 2π )]
Inv.. F .T . Table ⇒
. FT
2πδ ( w − w0 ) Inv 
 {}
→ e jw0t
2 jt 3 j 2πt 2j 3
x(t ) = [e − e − jt ] + [e + e j 2πt ] = sin t + cos(2πt )
2π 2π π π

e)

X(jw)

w
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-1

∞
1
Inv. F .T . ⇒ x(t ) = ∫ X ( jw)e
jw0 t
dw
2π −∞
−2 −1 2 3
1 1 1 1
∫ − e 0 dw + ∫ (1 + t )e 0 dw + ∫ 2π ∫2
jw t jw t
x(t ) = (−1 + t )e jw0 t dw + e jw0 t dw
2π −3
2π −2
2π 1
cos 3t sin t − sin 2t
x(t ) = +
jπt jπt 2

8U. Determine the continuous-time signal corresponding to each of the following transforms.
3 sin[5( w − 5π )]
a) X ( jw) =
( w − 5π )

b) X ( jw) = sin( 2 w − 2π / 3)

c) X ( jw) = 5[δ ( − w − 3) − δ (− w + 3)] + 9[δ ( w − 21π ) + δ ( w + 21π )]

Solution:

9S. Compute Fourier transform for the following signals:

∞
x (t ) = ∑ a k δ (t − kT ) for | a |< 1
k =0

Solution:

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 50

 ∞
x (t ) = ∑ a k δ (t − kT ) for | a | < 1
k =0
∞ ∞ ∞

∫ x(t )e dt = ∫ ∑ a δ (t − kT )e
− jwt k − jwt
X ( jw) = dt
−∞ −∞ k = 0

Note : δ (t − kT ) = 1 for t = KT otherwise δ (t − kT ) = 0 therefore :

∞ ∞
X ( jw) = ∑ a k e − jwkT = ∑ (a 1e − jwT ) k
k =0 k =0
−∞
1
Apply finite sum ⇒ ∑ a k = when | a |< 1
k =0 1− a
1
X ( jw) =
1 − ae − jwT

9U. Compute Fourier transform for the following signals:

∞
a
x (t ) = 5∑ ( ) k δ (t − kT ) for | a |< 2
k =0 2

Solution:

www.EngrCS.com, ik Signals and Systems page 51