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Effect of Accelerated Ageing Conditions on the Degradation Process of

Dyneema (R) Polyethylene Composites

Article  in  Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe · January 2011

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 Marzena Fejdyś,
Marcin Łandwijt,
Effect of Accelerated Ageing Conditions
Marcin H. Struszczyk on the Degradation Process of Dyneema®
Polyethylene Composites
Institute of Security Technologies MORATEX Abstract
ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3, 90-965 Łódź, Poland This research work concerned testing the effect of ageing processes (real-time and acceler-
E-mail: [email protected] ated ) on the usage properties and safety of ballistic inserts made of a polyethylene sheet
called Dyneema® UD SB21 (for soft ballistic inserts). The effect of the ageing process was
verified by the assessment of ballistic and mechanical properties. Changes in the structure
of the materials tested were estimated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

Key words: accelerated ageing, high molecular weight polyethylene, crystallinity.

Sixteen of them showed a reduction in the bibliography shows that the rarity of
the ballistic protection limit, expressed changes occurring within PE plastic was
as V501), of 8 ÷ 18%, and another - of estimated on the basis of tests of the me-
n Introduction 24%. Further ballistic tests of such vests chanical and ballistic properties of these
[7], also executed by Du Pont, after sev- materials [10]. Regarding the data above,
Ageing is the process of structural chang- en years of intensive usage showed a re- it can be concluded that the risk assess-
es occurring in a polymer as an effect of duction in V50 of 10% compared to the ment connected with the loss of the per-
the long-term impact of external agents, V50 of new bulletproof vests. However, formance and safety parameters of pro-
leading to the degradation of the usage sprinkling tests (wet) show an even big- tective products during use becomes an
properties of the material. During ageing, ger reduction in the ballistic protection important problem mainly with respect to
irreversible changes occur in material, user safety.
boundary ie. of 20 - 25%. The National
which are the result of the synergic ac-
Institute of Justice (NIJ, USA) presented
tion of external agents, often some chem- Therefore doing research into ballistic
the results of research concerning the
ical reactions, resulting in cross-linking, products under conditions of acceler-
resistance to ageing of PBO poly(p-
oxidation (photo- and thermo-oxidation),
phenylene-benzo-bis-oxazole), known as ated ageing seems necessary, as well as
degradation, and finally the destruction
Zylon®, which was applied as a ballistic knowledge expansion of this topic. De-
and disintegration of the material [1 - 4].
material for manufacturing bullet- and veloping a comprehensive method for ac-
fragment-proof vests. The mechanical celerated ageing testing as well as the re-
Drawing conclusions regarding the re-
properties of PBO exposed to accelerated sults obtained from tests allow to define
sistance of materials to atmospheric con-
ageing under a temperature of 50 °C and guidelines to change the currently valid
ditions requires the execution of ageing
humidity of 60% over a period of 50 days standards, which are also helpful to de-
tests under natural conditions, which
had deteriorated by 20% compared to the velop new guidelines and standards to be
is immensely important for materials,
initial material [8]. The company DSM, applied for the estimation of the protec-
whose parameters are responsible for
which is the manufacturer of Dyneema® tive properties of ballistic products tak-
safety and performance. Because of the
UD HB26 and Dyneema® UD HB2, test- ing into account the testing methods for
long duration of the process, changes that
ed composite panels made on the basis of ageing processes.
occur by nature are simulated by apply-
ing the method of accelerated ageing. the materials mentioned for the alteration
of their ballistic properties, defined by
the parameter V50. The panels were ex- n Materials
Accelerated ageing is a research method
which serves the purpose of determining posed to natural ageing under real condi- Tests of accelerated ageing were per-
the usability period of a product (and de tions for a period of 4 years, as well as to formed on ballistic protective inserts
facto estimation of its performance and accelerated ageing for 20 weeks under a made of a Dyneema® UD SB21 sheet of
safety in the aspect of the time of its use- temperature of 65 °C to 90 °C. Ballistic ultra high molecular weight polyethyl-
fulness ). The method is applied for prod- tests of the products showed a insignifi- ene fibres (UHMWPE). Dyneema® UD
ucts which retain their features with no cant reduction in the V50 value compared SB21 was obtained from DSM High Per-
remarkable changes over long periods of to the initial samples [9]. Chabba and formance Fibers BV (the Netherlands).
time that run into years [5, 6]. co-workers [10] tested Dyneema® SK76, The specification of Dyneema® UD
Dyneema® UD SB21, SB31 & SB61 SB21 sheets is shown in  Table 1.
Tests of ballistic products in accelerated under conditions of accelerated ageing.
ageing conditions have been executed The analysis of the material properties Another object of testing were 120 im-
many times by manufacturers and users tested proved that the changes occurring ages of bullet-proof vests manufactured
of personal protection goods [7 - 13]. In inside them during ageing for 8-weeks at by the Institute of Security Technology
1985 the Du Pont company tested 79 bul- a temperature of 65 °C and relative hu- ’MORATEX”, used for 5 years in real
letproof vests made on the basis of para- midity of 80% match those occurring to conditions. The ballistic inserts of the
aramide fabrics, to be worn under overt the same products under conditions of bullet-proof vests were also made of
clothing and used from 2 to 10 years [7]. natural ageing over 5 years. Analysis of Dyneema® UD SB21 sheet.

60 Fejdyś M., Łandwijt M., Struszczyk M. H.; Effect of Accelerated Ageing Conditions on the Degradation Process of Dyneema® Polyethylene Composites.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 1 (84) pp. 60-65.
Table 1. Properties of the non-woven PE product Dyneema® UD SB21; * Each sample had a) the impact velocity of the bullet Vup in
a working width of 50 ± 0.5 mm and length of 200 ± 1 mm. m/s,
b) the depth of test base deformation Ud
Parameter Unit Value Test Method
in mm,
Width cm 130 ± 0.2 PN-EN ISO 2286-1:2000 [14]
Area density g/m2 145 ± 5 PN-EN ISO 2286-2:1999 [15]
c) the number of punctured layers.
Thickness mm 0.19 ± 0.02 PN-EN ISO 2286-3:2000 [16]
Breaking force*:
FT-IR tests
- lengthwise N 6 000 ± 500 PN-EN ISO 1421:2001 [17] The alteration of the chemical structure
- crosswise 5 500 ± 500
was analysed with the Fourier Transform
Elongation at break*:
- lengthwise % 14 ± 0.5 PN-EN ISO 1421:2001 [17] Infrared spectroscopy (ATR – FTIR)
- crosswise 13 ± 0.5 method within the range of 500 ÷ 3500
cm-1. IR spectra were made with a Gen-
n Methods n Analytical methods esis Series FT-IRTM (Unicam). Pill-
shaped Dyneema® UD SB21 material
Accelerated ageing test Assessment of mechanical properties was tested in the form of KBr tabs. The
The testing methods for the resistance Measuring the breaking force of samples pills were made by adding 1 part of very
of Dyneema® UD SB21 to ageing were subjected to ageing and those which were finely comminuted Dyneema® UD SB21
reduced to two basic matters: defining a not was made according to Standard PN- to 99 parts of KBr. The mixture of KBr
group of properties to be tested, which EN ISO 1421:2001 [17] with a strength with the samples was rubbed in a mor-
will be the criteria of resistance assess- tester from Zwick that allowed to deter- tar in order to gain a precise distribution
ment and will determine the measure- mine the tear force up to 50 kN. of the composite tested, after which all
of it was subject to high pressure (over
ment conditions as well as the set of
The breaking force, based on risk assess- 50 MPa) for several minutes.
agents and their intensity effect on the
samples being tested. Ageing tests of ment, is the most representative property
Assessment of thermal properties
samples were executed with the applica- of ballistic materials, others being the
with the method of Differential
tion of test methodology based on Stand- bursting strength, module of elasticity,
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
ards PN-EN 12280-1:2002 [18] and tearing resistance, etc. to obtain a quick
interpretation of changes in the mechani- Thermal analysis was made in a neutral
PN-EN 12280-3:2002 [19].
cal properties of the samples studied. gas (Nitrogen) atmosphere using a dif-
ferential scanning calorimeter (Diamond/
Accelerated ageing tests were executed
Perkin – Elmer). A 7 ÷ 14 mg sample
inside the following : Assessment of ballistic properties
was placed in the kiln of the thermal ana-
1. A thermal chamber - TK 720 from Tests were made according to the require- lyser and heated at a rate of 20 °C/min
BINDER GmbH, which allow to sim- ments and methods included in Standard up to 180 °C. The sample was kept for
ulate the pr °Cess of ageing with a heat PN-V-87000:1999 [20]. 5 minutes in such a temperature and later
effect at a temperature of 70 ± 0.5 °C cooled down to a temperature of -20 °C
and humidity of 0 + 1.5%. Lead core pistol bullets of 7.62 × 25 mm at a rate of 20 °C/min. Afterwards it was
2. A climatic chamber - KBF 240 from TT with an impact velocity of 420+15 m/s heated again up to 180 °C at a rate of
BINDER GmbH, which allows to sim- were used for the bullet-proofness tests. 20 °C/min. The temperatures of phase
ulate the pr °Cess of ageing with a heat and chemical changes in the test mate-
effect at a temperature of 70 ± 0.4 °C During the tests, the following param- rial were determined on the basis of DSC
and humidity of 50 ± 1.5%. eters were determined: curves.

Figure 1. Relation between the breaking force (lengthwise) and Figure 2. Relation between the breaking force (lengthwise) and
time of the accelerated ageing of Dyneema® UD SB21 at a tem- time of the accelerated ageing of Dyneema® UD SB21 at a tem-
perature of 70 °C and humidity of 0%. perature of 70 °C and humidity of 50%.

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 1 (84) 61
Table 2. Specific absorption bands within the FT-IR spectrum of Dyneema® UD SB21 after intervals between consecutive tests of
21 days of accelerated ageing at a temperature of 70 °C and humidity of 0%. the mechanical properties of the samples
Wave number [cm-1]
throughout the course of ageing were
Found Literature data [26-27]
Group or bond Vibration short enough to allow to precisely detect
2928 2926 CH2 νasym C-H
the moment when the material reaches
2850 2853 CH2 νsym C-H
the minimum breaking force, thus allow-
1700 1698 - 1700 -C=O -C=O
ing to determine the real time of plastic
1648 1675 ÷1665 RR'C=CHR ν C=C
usability. The method for assessing the
1473 1470 ÷ 1420 CH2 δ scissoring C-H mechanical properties of Dyneema®
1384 1380 CH3 δ sym C-H UD SB21 applied resulted in a curve of
δ wagging and twisting plastic durability, which allowed to deter-
1326 1300 CH2
CH2 mine the critical time of ageing when a
1099 ÷ 1047 1020 ÷ 1000 CH2 ν CH2 framework certain change arises in the value of a test
910 950 ÷ 800 C=CH δ C=C parameter that affects the safety provided
719 719 (-CH2-)n>4 CH2 r °Cking by the protective product.
CH2 r °Cking
730 730 CH2
amorphous phase
Ballistic properties
On the basis of the results of the research,
conducted according to Standard PN-V-
87000:1999, it was proved that the 3rd
class of bullet-proof vests ie. protect-
ing against 7.62 × 25 mm TT lead core,
5.5 g pistol bullets at an impact veloc-
ity of 420+15 m/s, as well as their inserts
made of Dyneema® UD SB21, subjected
to ageing in a laboratory reatain the pro-
tective properties declared.

Additionally, in the course of the ballistic

test cycle at various bullet impact veloci-
ties, the number of punctured layers was
determined in the bullet-proof vests as
well as in the inserts made of Dyneema®
UD SB21 subjected to laboratory ageing.
The research results show that the maxi-
mum increase in the punctured layers of
a packet after 5-years of usage is about
13% compared to unused vests, which
corresponds with the 6 layers of ballistic
Figure 3. FT-IR spectrum of Dyneema® UD SB21 after 35 days of accelerated ageing at a inserts of Dyneema® UD SB21 applied.
temperature of 70 °C and humidity of 0%. Analysis of the results obtained show
that there is an increase in shot-punctured
sheet subjected to accelerated ageing for layers depending on the time of ageing in
Using the DSC method, the crystallinity certain time periods of exposure, it was laboratory conditions.
rate, xC, was calculated for the samples was observed that after the initial reduc-
tested according to formula [21]: tion in the breaking force, its increase Structure studies
∆hm comes about in the course of further age- FT-IR
xc = ∗ 100% ing (Figures  1 - 2). Such a diversity of
∆hm0 The FT-IR spectra of every sample of
mechanical properties is linked to the Dyneema® UD SB21 sheet, both for the
where: occurrence of the parallel processes of initial sample and that subjected to ac-
xc – crystallinity rate the oxidation and cross-linking of the celerated ageing or in real time, the ab-
∆hm – fusion heat of the polymer sam- material [22, 23]. Other authors of pub- sorption bands found were within similar
ple lications [24, 25] attribute this effect to ranges of wave numbers. The absorp-
∆h0m – fusion heat of a completely crys- the large number of defects that appear tion bands corresponding to the vibra-
talline polymer – for polyethyl- on the surface of the sample, which loses tions of –CH2– groups (λ = 2920 cm-1,
ene ∆h0m = 293 J/g its ability to transfer stress deep into the λ = 2858 cm-1, λ = 1473 cm-1,
material. The remarkable deterioration λ = 1380  cm-1, λ = 719 cm-1 and
n Results and discussion of the mechanical properties of Dynee- λ = 730 cm-1) were present within the FT-
ma® UD SB21 happens after 42 days of IR spectra (Table 2) [26‑27]. Moreover,
Mechanical properties sample conditioning at a temperature of in the FT-IR spectra of Dyneema® UD
During the assessment of the mechanical 70  °C and humidity of 50% (accelerated SB 21 there appeared absorption bands
properties of the Dyneema® UD SB21 ageing), as shown in Figures 1 – 2. The corresponding to the vibrations of atoms

62 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 1 (84)
 The composition of Dyneema® UD SB21 DSC
is the topic of our institute’s research In order to determine the thermal proper-
[28]. An example of the FT-IR spectrum ties of Dyneema® UD SB21 subjected to
of Dyneema® UD SB21 after 35 days of ageing, some DSC thermal images were
accelerated ageing at a temperature of made (meltdown and crystallisation).
70 °C is shown in Figure 3. The results of DSC analysis are given in
Table 3. The DSC curves of selected sam-
As is known from the mechanism of the ples of Dyneema® UD SB21 (D-SB21-
degradation process initiated thermally 49D) material are shown in Figure  5.
and running with the participation of ox-
ygen from air, a remarkable component The curve form of the DSC charts and
of changes in the structure of polymeric the detailed analysis of the heat effects
chains is oxidation causing the creation of samples subjected to testing prove that
of carboxylic groups of acidic, ketonic the content of the crystalline phase of the
melting point above 160 °C is only spe-
and ester types [29].
cific to Dyneema® UD SB21 subjected to
either accelerated or natural ageing. Un-
Therefore the research was focused on
der accelerated ageing at a temperature
the analysis of bands specific to carbo-
of 70 °C and humidity of 50%, Dynee-
nyl groups when estimating alterations in
ma® UD SB 21 undergoes its crystalline
the chemical structure of Dyneema® UD
Figure  4. Absorption change in carbonyl phase, which consists of various types
SB21 samples subjected to accelerated
groups of the material depending on the of crystalline structures. During the first
various time periods of the accelerated ageing in a laboratory as well as those heating, the endothermic peaks of the
ageing of Dyneema® UD SB 21 at a tem- after 5 years of real usage. The analysis
perature of 70 °C and humidity of 0%. DSC curve of test samples subjected to
resulted in finding an increase in the ab- ageing are assigned the meltdown of the
sorbance of bands within a wave number following crystalline structures [21]:
of –C=C– groups within a wave number range of 1698 ÷ 1700 cm-1 along with n rhombic crystals – melting point
range of 1640 ÷ 1660 cm-1. The presence an increase in the period of accelerated 149 °C,
of these bindings may be explained by ageing (Figure 4). A significant increase n pseudohexagonal meso-phase - melt-
the composition of Dyneema® UD SB21, in the absorbance of carbonyl groups ing point 155 °C,
which is as follows [28]: was observed after 42 days of acceler- n monocrystals - melting point 160 °C,
n 73% fibres (High Molecular Weight ated ageing at a temperature of 70 °C.
Polyethylene, HMWPE), This result shows structural alterations in During the second heating, an endother-
n 10% foil-matrix (Low Density Poly- macromolecules, which brings about the mic peak was observed, which came
ethylene), cracking of chains, leading to a reduction from the meltdown of undulating lamel-
n 17% binder (a chloroform-soluble in molecular weight, thus causing a dete- las at 135 °C, while the peaks of crystal-
residue - polyisoprene). rioration of mechanical properties. line forms appearing in the first stage of

Table  3.  Results of the DSC analysis of Dyneema® UD SB21 material in a neutral gas atmosphere; 1 - melting point of „undulating
lamellas”, 2 - melting point of rhombic crystals, 3 - melting point of the pseudohexagonal meso-phase, 4 - melting point of monocrys-
tals, 5 - melting point of low molecular weight PE, 6 - temperature of crystalisation of very high molecular weight PE, 7 - temperature
of crystalisation of low molecular weight PE. Tm - melting temperature, ∆hm - fusion heat of polymer sample, xC - crystallinity rate,
Tk - temperature of crystalisation.

Ageing The 1st heating The 2nd heating cooling

Symbol of
time, Tm, °C Tm, °C Tk, °C
sample ∆hm, J/g x C, % ∆hm, J/g x C, %
days 2 3 4 5 1 5 6 7
D-SB21-0 - - 154.59 160.63 123.82 228.25 77.9 138.02 123.94 136.40 46.5 114.66 -
D-SB21-14D 14 150.11 156.49 - 123.83 212.72 72.6 137.20 123.98 138.15 47.1 116.15 107.74
D-SB21-21D 21 150.08 158.45 - 123.82 216.45 73.9 138.20 124.31 139.15 47.5 115.17 107.54
D-SB21-28D 28 149.09 157.79 - 123.98 216.84 74.0 137.52 124.13 137.70 47.0 115.99 107.24
D-SB21-28DW 28 149.80 159.17 - 123.50 217.63 74.3 139.40 124.35 135.42 46.2 114.40 105.65
D-SB21-35D 35 149.75 158.97 - 123.99 222.30 75.9 138.86 125.14 141.33 48.2 115.00 105.92
D-SB21-42D 42 152.57 159.29 - 125.32 208.86 71.3 139.35 125.63 133.16 45.4 114.49 105.57
D-SB21-49D 49 151.75 156.27 - 124.98 207.70 70.9 137.68 123.79 127.72 43.6 115.63 106.88
D-SB21-56D 56 149.82 156.16 - 123.85 221.46 75.5 137.75 123.85 137.29 46.8 115.55 106.80
D-SB21-56DW 56 149.49 158.02 - 123.18 210.73 71.9 138.25 124.51 133.13 45.4 115.37 106.63
D-SB21-84D 84 150.29 159.66 - 123.84 209.47 71.5 139.56 125.24 132.52 45.2 114.07 105.48
D-SB21-84DW 84 151.40 157.75 - 123.59 220.88 75.3 137.13 123.57 135.61 46.2 115.91 107.16
D-SB21-112D 112 151.81 158.48 - 124.69 212.38 72.4 139.24 125.00 134.58 45.9 114.23 105.65
D-SB21-112DW 112 150.04 157.23 - 123.92 220.63 75.3 138.14 124.07 137.03 46.8 115.40 106.83
D-SB21-140D 140 149.65 156.82 - 124.02 217.18 74.1 137.58 124.18 136.6 46.6 115.88 106.70
D-SB21-140DW 140 150.36 155.73 - 124.09 220.05 75.1 138.30 124.08 136.33 46.5 115.09 106.67
D-SB21-5L 5 lat 151.24 158.78 - 123.64 205.90 70.3 138.85 123.78 132.17 45.1 114.15 106.07

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 1 (84) 63
 Figure 5. DSC Dyneema UD SB21 sheet, we can ob-
curves of Dyneema serve a decrease in the crystallinity rate
UD SB 21(D-SB21-
49D) after 49 days after 42 and 49 days of accelerated age-
of accelerated age- ing at a temperature of 70 °C, which is
ing at a tempera- caused by the processes of branching
ture of 70 °C and
humidity of 0%. and cross-linking occurring in the mate-
rial tested, which are in opposition to the
processes of chains cracking [30].

n Conclusions
1. On the basis of the results of research
conducted according to Standard PN-
V-87000:1999, it was proved that the
3rd class of bullet-proof vests after
5-years of usage as well as inserts
made of Dyneema® UD SB21 sub-
heating were not observed. Presumably, second heating amounts to 45% ÷ 48%. jected to accelerated ageing in a labo-
during the second heating of the test sam- It seems possible that the difference be- ratory retain the protective properties
ples at a constant rate, unification of the tween the crystallinity rate of Dyneema® declared;
crystalline structure of Dyneema® UD UD SB21 obtained during the first and 2. Regardless of the factors which cause
SB21 occurred. Moreover, a peak from second heating is determined by the ef- ageing, time has a significant impact
the crystalline structure with a melting fects of time and by the temperature of on the course of ageing, both for real
point of 123 - 125 °C appears on the DCS the material tested. As early as after 14
conditions and accelerated ageing.
curves of both the first and second heat- days of the exposure of Dyneema® UD
3. The effect of temperature and humid-
ing. The appearance of this peak on the SB21 samples subjected to acceler-
ity causes a remarkable reduction in
DSC curve is linked to the presence of ated ageing (T = 70 °C), a remarkable
the mechanical and ballistic proper-
the crystalline phase of low molecular increase in the crystallinity rate occurs
ties of Dyneema® UD SB21 material.
weight polyethylene included in com- both during the first heating and the sec-
pounds of Dyneema® UD SB21. ond. This increase in the crystallinity rate The effect increased during prolonged
is also visible for the samples subjected exposure.
The experimental data show that the age- to accelerated ageing at a temperature of 4. The progressive ageing of the time
ing processes visibly affect the change 70 °C for 21, 28, 35, 56, 84, 112 and of exposure causes alterations in the
in the crystallinity rate (Figures 6 - 7). 140  days. According to Yanai [30], the chemical structure of macromol-
The crystallinity rate of a Dyneema® reason for the above phenomenon is pos- ecules, confirmed by the presence of
UD SB21 sheet exploited under natural sible degradation taking place in amor- absorption bands arising from –C=O
conditions for 5 years and that of one phous areas, causing chains to break, groups within the FT-IR spectra of
subjected to accelerated ageing at a tem- which may indirectly contribute to the the material tested, as well as by the
perature of 70 °C and humidity of 50% improvement in orderliness, i.e. an in- changing values of the crystallinity
amount to 70% ÷ 76%. The crystallinity crease in the sample’s crystallinity rate. rate (determined by DSC methods) oc-
rate of the material calculated after the Analysing the results of the tests of a curring along with the time of ageing.

Figure 6. Crystallinity rate (1st heating) dependence on the time of Figure 7. Crystallinity rate (2nd heating) dependence on the time of
the ageing of Dyneema® UD SB 21 at a temperature of 70 °C and the ageing of Dyneema® UD SB 21 at a temperature of 70 °C and
humidity of 0% (measurement of the crystallinity rate was made for humidity of 0% (measurement of the crystallinity rate was made for
one sample at a given time of exposure). one sample at a given time of exposure).

64 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 1 (84)
5. The correlation between the critical A. C. L. M. van der Wasal; J. Mater. Sci.
parameters of the Dyneema® UD Vol. 42, 2007 p. 2891.
11. Boccaccini A.R., Atiq S., Boccaccini
SB21 inserts was determined in real D.N., Dlouhy I., Kaya C.; Composites
conditions of use and for materials Science and Technology Vol. 65, 2005
subjected to accelerated aged. Analy- p. 325.
sis of the mechanical, ballistic and 12. Bernstein R., Derzon D.K., Gillen K.T.;
Polymer Degradation and Stability Vol.
structural properties of the material
88, 2005 p. 480.
tested shows that the changes occur- 13. Perepelkin K. E., Andreeva I. V., Mesh-
ring in it throughout the course of ac- cheryakova G. P., Morgoeva I. Yu.; Fibre
celerated ageing between the 35th and Chemistry Vol. 38, 2006 p. 400.
45th day at a temperature of 70 °C and 14. PN-EN ISO 2286-1:2000 Rubber - or
plastics – coated fabrics – Determina-
humidity of 50% correspond to chang- tion of roll characteristics – Part 1: Meth-
es found in the material after having ods for determination of length, width
been in natural ageing conditions for and net mass (ISO 2286-1:1998).
5 years. The research demonstrated 15. PN-EN ISO 2286-2:1999 Rubber - or
plastics – coated fabrics – Determina-
that a reduction in the mechanical tion of roll characteristics – Part 2: Meth-
and ballistic properties of Dyneema® ods for determination of total mass per
UD SB21 inserts occurs after about unit area, mass per unit area of coating
42 days of accelerated ageing. and mass per unit area of substrate (ISO
2286-2:1998).
6. In accordance with the aim of the 16. PN-EN ISO 2286-3:2000 Rubber - or
experiment, a time frame was deter- plastics – coated fabrics – Determina-
mined after which the alteration of tion of roll characteristics – Part 3: Meth-
the properties of ballistic material od for determination of thickness (ISO
2286-3:1998).
°Ccurs. The properties of the high-
17. PN-EN ISO 1421:2001 Rubber- or
strength material Dyneema® UD SB plastics-coated fabrics – Determination
21 tested allow to mark out a curve of of tensile strength and elongation at
plastic durability. break (ISO 1421:1998).
18. PN-EN 12280-1:2002 Rubber- or
plastics-coated fabrics – Accelerated
Edditor note ageing tests – Part 1: Heat ageing (EN
12280-1:1997).
1) Ballistic Limit: For a given bullet type, the 19. PN-EN 12280-3:2002 Rubber- or plas-
velocity at which the bullet is expected tics-coated fabrics – Accelerated ageing
to perforate the armour 50% of the time. tests – Part 3: Environmental ageing
The ballistic limit is typically denoted as (EN 12280-3:2002).
the V50 or V50 value - according to the 20. PN-V-87000:1999 Light ballistic armours
Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ – Ballistics protection vests - General re-
quirements and tests.
Standard-0101.06.
21. Karacan I.; Fibres & Textiles in Eastern
Europe, Vol. 13, No. 4(52) 2005 pp. 15-
21.
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