LABOR RELATIONS BAR Qs and As (2013-2019)

2013
(Essay)
I.
Jose and Erica, former sweethearts, both worked as sales representatives for Magna, a
multinational firm engaged in the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products. Although
the couple had already broken off their relationship, Jose continued to have special feelings for
Erica.
One afternoon, Jose chanced upon Erica riding in the car of Paolo, a co-employee and Erica's
ardent suitor; the two were on their way back to the office from a sales call on Silver Drug, a
major drug retailer. In a fit of extreme jealousy, Jose rammed Paolo's car, causing severe injuries
to Paolo and Erica. Jose's flare up also caused heavy damage to the two company-owned cars
they were driving.
(A) As lawyer for Magna, advise the company on whether just and valid grounds exist to
dismiss Jose. (4%)
(B) Assuming this time that Magna dismissed Jose from employment for cause and you are
the lawyer of Jose, how would you argue the position that Jose's dismissal was illegal?
(4%)

IV.
Bobby, who was assigned as company branch accountant in Tarlac where his family also lives,
was dismissed by Theta Company after anomalies in the company's accounts were discovered in
the branch Bobby filed a complaint and was ordered reinstated with full backwages after the
Labor Arbiter found that he had been denied due process because no investigation actually took
place.
Theta Company appealed to the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) and at the same
time wrote Bobby, advising him to report to the main company office in Makati where he would
be reinstated pending appeal Bobby refused to comply with his new assignment because Makati
is very far from Tarlac and he cannot bring his family to live with him due to the higher cost of
living in Makati.
(A) Is Bobby's reinstatement pending appeal legally correct? (4%)
(B) Advise Bobby on the best course of action to take under the circumstances. (4%)

V.

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Cris filed a complaint for illegal dismissal against Baker Company. The Labor Arbiter dismissed
the complaint but awarded Cris financial assistance. Only the company appealed from the Labor
Arbiter's ruling. It confined its appeal solely to the question of whether financial assistance could
be awarded. The NLRC, instead of ruling solely on the appealed issue, fully reversed the Labor
Arbiter's decision; it found Baker Company liable for illegal dismissal and ordered the payment
of separation pay and full backwages.
Through a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, Baker Company challenged
the validity of the NLRC ruling. It argued that the NLRC acted with grave abuse of discretion
when it ruled on the illegal dismissal issue, when the only issue brought on appeal was the legal
propriety of the financial assistance award.
Cris countered that under Article 218(c) of the Labor Code, the NLRC has the authority to
"correct, amend, or waive any error, defect or irregularity whether in substance or in form" in the
exercise of its appellate jurisdiction.
Decide the case. (8%)

VII.
Philippine Electric Company is engaged in electric power generation and distribution. It is a
unionized company with Kilusang Makatao as the union representing its rank-and-file
employees. During the negotiations for their expired collective bargaining agreement (CBA), the
parties duly served their proposals and counter-proposals on one another. The parties, however,
failed to discuss the merits of their proposals and counter-proposals in any formal negotiation
meeting because their talks already bogged down on the negotiation ground rules, i.e., on the
question of how they would conduct their negotiations, particularly on whether to consider
retirement as a negotiable issue.
Because of the continued impasse, the union went on strike. The Secretary of Labor and
Employment immediately assumed jurisdiction over the dispute to avert widespread electric
power interruption in the country. After extensive discussions and the filing of position papers
(before the National Conciliation and Mediation Board and before the Secretary himself) on the
validity of the union's strike and on the wage and other economic issues (including the retirement
issue), the DOLE Secretary ruled on the validity of the strike and on the disputed CBA issues,
and ordered the parties to execute a CBA based on his rulings.
Did the Secretary of Labor exceed his jurisdiction when he proceeded to rule on the parties' CBA
positions even though the parties did not fully negotiate on their own? (8%)

VIII.

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After thirty (30) years of service, Beta Company compulsorily retired Albert at age 65 pursuant
to the company's Retirement Plan. Albert was duly paid his full retirement benefits of one (1)
month pay for every year of service under the Plan. Thereafter, out of compassion, the company
allowed Albert to continue working and paid him his old monthly salary rate, but without the
allowances that he used to enjoy.
After five (5) years under this arrangement, the company finally severed all employment
relations with Albert; he was declared fully retired in a fitting ceremony but the company did not
give him any further retirement benefits. Albert thought this treatment unfair as he had rendered
full service at his usual hours in the past five (5) years. Thus, he filed a complaint for the
allowances that were not paid to him, and for retirement benefits for his additional five (5)
working years, based either on the company's Retirement Plan or the Retirement Pay Law,
whichever is applicable.
(A) After Albert's retirement at age 65, should he be considered a regular employee entitled
to all his previous salaries and benefits when the company allowed him to continue
working? (4%)
(B) Is he entitled to additional retirement benefits for the additional service he rendered after
age 65? (4%)

IX.
Pablo works as a driver at the National Tire Company (NTC). He is a member of the Malayang
Samahan ng Manggagawa sa NTC, the exclusive rank-and-file collective bargaining
representative in the company. The union has a CBA with NTC which contains a union security
and a check-off clause. The union security clause contains a maintenance of membership
provision that requires all members of the bargaining unit to maintain their membership in good
standing with the union during the term of the CBA under pain of dismissal. The check-off
clause on the other hand authorizes the company to deduct from union members' salaries defined
amounts of union dues and other fees. Pablo refused to issue an authorization to the company for
the check-off of his dues, maintaining that he will personally remit his dues to the union.
(A) Would the NTC management commit unfair labor practice if it desists from checking off
Pablo's union dues for lack of individual authorization from Pablo? (4%)
(B) Can the union charge Pablo with disloyalty for refusing to allow the check off of his
union dues and, on this basis, ask the company to dismiss him from employment? (4%)

X.
For ten (10) separate but consecutive yearly contracts, Cesar has been deployed as an able-
bodied seaman by Meritt Shipping, through its local agent, Ace Maritime Services (agency), in

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accordance with the 2000Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Standard
Employment Contract (2000 POEA-SEC). Cesar's employment was also covered by a CBA
between the union, AMOSl.JP, and Meritt Shipping. Both the 2000 POEA-SEC and the CBA
commonly provide the same mode and procedures for claiming disability benefits. Cesar's last
contract (for nine months) expired on July 15, 2013.
Cesar disembarked from the vessel M/V Seven Seas on July 16, 2013as a seaman on "finished
contract". He immediately reported to the agency and complained that he had been experiencing
spells of dizziness, nausea, general weakness, and difficulty in breathing. The agency referred
him to Dr. Sales, a cardio-pulmonary specialist, who examined and treated him; advised him to
take a complete rest for a while; gave him medications; and declared him fit to resume work as a
seaman.
After a month, Cesar went back to the agency to ask for re-deployment. The agency rejected his
application. Cesar responded by demanding total disability benefits based on the ailments that he
developed and suffered while on board Meritt Shipping vessels. The claim was based on the
certification of his physician (internist Dr. Reyes) that he could no longer undertake sea duties
because of the hypertension and diabetes that afflicted him while serving on Meritt Shipping
vessels in the last 10 years. Rejected once again, Cesar filed a complaint for illegal dismissal and
the payment of total permanent disability benefits against the agency and its principal.
Assume that you are the Labor Arbiter deciding the case. Identify the facts and issues you would
consider material in resolving the illegal dismissal and disability complaint. Explain your choices
and their materiality, and resolve the case. (8%)

(MCQ)
I.
The parties to a labor dispute can validly submit to voluntary arbitration _________. (1%)
(A) any disputed issue they may agree to voluntarily arbitrate (see Art. 268 of the Labor
Code)
(B) only matters that do not fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiter
(C) any disputed issue but only after conciliation at the National Conciliation and Mediation
Board fails
(D) any disputed issue provided that the Labor Arbiter has not assumed jurisdiction over the
case on compulsory arbitration
(E) only matters relating to the interpretation or implementation of a collective bargaining
agreement

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II.
When there is no recognized collective bargaining agent, can a legitimate labor organization
validly declare a strike against the employer? (1%)
(A) Yes, because the right to strike is guaranteed by the Constitution and cannot be denied to
any group of employees.
(B) No, because only an exclusive bargaining agent may declare a strike against the
employer.
(C) Yes, because the right to strike is a basic human right that the country's international
agreements and the International Labor Organization recognize.
(D) Yes, but only in case of unfair labor practice. (see Art. 296 (c) of the Labor Code)
(E) No, in the absence of a recognized bargaining agent, the workers' recourse is to file a case
before the Department of Labor and Employment.

IV.
Chito was illegally dismissed by DEF Corp. effective at the close of business hours of December
29, 2009.
IV(1). He can file a complaint for illegal dismissal without any legal bar within _________.
(1%)
(A) three (3) years
(B) four (4) years (see Art. 1146 of the Civil Code)
(C) five (5) years
(D) six (6) years
(E) ten (10) years
IV(2). If he has money claims against DEF Corp., he can make the claim without any legal
bar within _________. (1%)
(A) three (3) years (see Art. 297 of the Labor Code)
(B) four (4) years
(C) five (5) years
(D) six (6) years
(E) ten (10) years

V.

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After vainly struggling to stay financially afloat for a year, LMN Corp. finally gave up and
closed down its operations after its major creditors filed a petition for LMN's insolvency and
liquidation.
In this situation, LMN's employees are entitled to _________ as separation pay. (1%)
(A) one-half month pay for every year of service
(B) one month pay for every year of service
(C) one-half month pay
(D) one month pay
(E) no separation pay at all (see Art. 289 of the Labor Code)

VI.
At age 65 and after 20 years of sewing work at home on a piece rate basis for PQR Garments, a
manufacturer-exporter to Hongkong, Aling Nena decided it was time to retire and to just take it
easy.
Is she entitled to retirement pay from PQR? (1%)
(A) Yes, but only to one month pay.
(B) No, because she was not a regular employee.
(C) Yes, at the same rate as regular employees.
(D) No, because retirement pay is deemed included in her contracted per piece pay.
(E) No, because homeworkers are not entitled to retirement pay.

IX.
Mr. Ortanez has been in the building construction business for several years. He asks you, as his
new labor counsel, for the rules he must observe in considering regular employment in the
construction industry.
You clarify that an employee, project or non-project, will acquire regular status if __________.
(1%)
(A) he has been continuously employed for more than one year
(B) his contract of employment has been repeatedly renewed, from project to project, for
several years
(C) he performs work necessary and desirable to the business, without a fixed period and
without reference to any specific project or undertaking

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 (D) he has lived up to the company's regularization standards
(E) All of the above.

X.
Samahang Tunay, a union of rank-and-file employees lost in a certification election at Solam
Company and has become a minority union. The majority union now has a signed CBA with the
company and the agreement contains a maintenance of membership clause.
What can Samahang Tunay still do within the company as a union considering that it still has
members who continue to profess continued loyalty to it? (1%)
(A) It can still represent these members in grievance committee meetings.
(B) It can collect agency fees from its members within the bargaining unit.
(C) It can still demand meetings with the company on company time.
(D) As a legitimate labor organization, it can continue to represent its members on non-CBA-
related matters. (see Art. 248 of the Labor Code)
(E) None of the above.
(F) All of the above.

XII.
Upon the expiration of the first three (3) years of their CBA, the union and the company
commenced negotiations. The union demanded that the company continue to honor their 30-day
union leave benefit under the CBA. The company refused on the ground that the CBA had
already expired, and the union had already consumed their union leave under the CBA.
Who is correct? (1%)
(A) The company is correct because the CBA has expired; hence it is no longer bound to
provide union leave.
(B) The company is correct because the union has already consumed the allotted union leave
under the expired CBA.
(C) The union is correct because it is still the bargaining representative for the next two (2)
years.
(D) The union is correct because union leaves are part of the economic terms that continue to
govern until new terms are agreed upon. (see Art. 259 of the Labor Code)
(E) They are both wrong.

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XIV.
Aleta Quiros was a faculty member at BM Institute, a private educational institution. She was
hired on a year-to-year basis under the probationary employment period provision of the Manual
of Regulations for Private Schools. The terms and conditions of her engagement were defined
under her renewable yearly contract.
For reasons of its own, BM Institute no longer wanted to continue with Aleta's teaching services.
Thus, after the contract for her second year expired, BM Institute advised Aleta that her contract
would no longer be renewed. This advice prompted Aleta to file a complaint for illegal dismissal
against BM Institute.
Will the complaint prosper? (1%)
(A) Yes, because no just or authorized cause existed for the termination of her probationary
employment. (see Mercado vs. AMA Computer College [2010])
(B) Yes, because under the Labor Code, Aleta became a regular employee after 6 months and
she may now only be dismissed for cause.
(C) No, because there was no dismissal to speak of. Her employment was automatically
terminated upon the expiration of her year-to-year fixed term employment.
(D) No, because BM Institute may dismiss its faculty members at will in the exercise of its
academic freedom.
(E) No, because Aleta was still on probationary employment.

XVIII.
The Pinagbuklod union filed a Petition for Certification Election, alleging that it was a legitimate
labor organization of the rank-and-file employees of Delta Company. On Delta's motion, the
Med Arbiter dismissed the Petition, based on the finding that Pinagbuklod was not a legitimate
labor union and had no legal personality to file a Petition for Certification Election because its
membership was a mixture of rank-and-file and supervisory employees.
Is the dismissal of the Petition for Certification Election by the Med-Arbiter proper? (1%)
(A) Yes, because Article 245 of the Labor Code prohibits supervisory employees from
joining the union of the rank and file employees and provides that a union representing
both rank and file and supervisory employees as members is not a legitimate labor
organization.
(B) No, because the grounds for the dismissal of a petition for certification election do not
include mixed membership in one union.

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 (C) No, because a final order of cancellation of union registration is required before a
petition for certification election may be dismissed on the ground of lack of legal
personality of the union.
(D) No, because Delta Company did not have the legal personality to participate in the
certification election proceedings and to file a motion to dismiss based on the legitimacy
status of the petitioning union.
2014
I.
Linda was employed by Sectarian University (SU) to cook for the members of a religious order
who teach and live inside the campus. While performing her assigned task, Linda accidentally
burned herself. Because of the extent of her injuries, she went on medical leave. Meanwhile, SU
engaged a replacement cook. Linda filed a complaint for illegal dismissal, but her employer SU
contended that Linda was not a regular employee but a domestic househelp. Decide. (4%)
Answer:
The employer’s argument that Linda was not a regular employee has no merit. The definition of
domestic servant or househelper contemplates one who is employed in the employer’s home to
minister exclusively to the personal comfort and enjoyment of the employer’s family. The
Supreme Court already held that the mere fact that the househelper is working in relation to or in
connection with its business warrants the conclusion that such househelper or domestic servant is
and should be considered as a regular employee (Apex Mining Co., Inc. vs. NLRC, G.R. No.
94951, April 22, 1991). Here, Linda was hired not to minister to the personal comfort and
enjoyment of her employer’s family but to attend to other employees who teach and live inside
the campus.

II.
Lucy was one of approximately 500 call center agents at Hambergis, Inc. She was hired as a
contractual employee four years ago. Her contracts would be for a duration of five (5) months at
a time, usually after a onemonth interval. Her re-hiring was contingent on her performance for
the immediately preceding contract. Six (6) months after the expiration of her last contract, Lucy
went to Hambergis personnel department to inquire why she was not yet being recalled to work.
She was told that her performance during her last contract was "below average."
Lucy seeks your legal advice about her chances of getting her job back. What will your advice
be? (4%)
Answer:
I will advise Lucy that she can get her job back if she files a case for illegal dismissal where, as a
general rule, the twin reliefs of backwages and reinstatement are available. In the instant case,

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Lucy is a regular employee because the employment contracts of five (5) months at a time, for
four (4) years are obviously intended to circumvent an employee’s security of tenure, and are
therefore void. As a regular employee, Lucy may only be dismissed from service based on just
and authorized causes enumerated under the Labor Code, and after observance of procedural due
process prescribed under said law (Magsalin vs. National Organization of Working Men, G.R.
No. 148492, May 9, 2003).
V.
Liwayway Glass had 600 rank-and-file employees. Three rival unions – A, B, and C ‒
participated in the certification elections ordered by the Med-Arbiter. 500 employees voted. The
unions obtained the following votes: A-200; B-150; C-50; 90 employees voted "no union"; and
10 were segregated votes. Out of the segregated votes, four (4) were cast by probationary
employees and six (6) were cast by dismissed employees whose respective cases are still on
appeal. (10%)
(A) Should the votes of the probationary and dismissed employees be counted in the total
votes cast for the purpose of determining the winning labor union?
(B) Was there a valid election?
(C) Should Union A be declared the winner?
(D) Suppose the election is declared invalid, which of the contending unions should represent
the rank-and-file employees?
(E) Suppose that in the election, the unions obtained the following votes: A-250; B-150; C-
50; 40 voted "no union"; and 10 were segregated votes. Should Union A be certified as
the bargaining representative?
Answers:
(A) Yes. Rule IX, Sec. 5 of DOLE Department Order 40-03 provides that “[a]ll employees
who are members of the appropriate bargaining unit sought to be represented by the
petitioner at the time of the issuance of the order granting the conduct of a certification
election shall be eligible to vote. An employee who has been dismissed from work but
has contested the legality of the dismissal in a forum of appropriate jurisdiction at the
time of the issuance of the order for the conduct of a certification election shall be
considered a qualified voter, unless his/ her dismissal was declared valid in a final
judgment at the time of the conduct of the certification election.”
(B) Yes. To have a valid election, at least a majority of all eligible voters in the unit must
have cast their votes (Art. 256, now Art. 266, of the Labor Code). In the instant case, 500
out of 600 rank-and-file employees voted.
(C) No. The Labor Code provides that the Labor Union receiving the majority of the valid
votes cast shall be certified as the exclusive bargaining agent of all the workers in the unit

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 (Art. 256, now Art. 266, of the Labor Code). Here, the number of valid votes cast is 490;
thus, the winning union should receive at least 246 votes. Union A only received 200
votes.
(D) None of them should represent the rank-and-file employees (Art. 255, now Art. 265, of
the Labor Code).
(E) Yes. The Labor Code provides that the Labor Union receiving the majority of the valid
votes cast shall be certified as the exclusive bargaining agent of all the workers in the unit
(Art. 256, now Art. 266, of the Labor Code). Here, the number of valid votes cast is 490.
Thus, the winning union should receive at least 246 votes; Union A received 250 votes.

VI.
Lina has been working as a steward with a Miami, U.S.A.-based Loyal Cruise Lines for the past
fifteen (15) years. She was recruited by a local manning agency, Macapagal Shipping, and was
made to sign a ten-month (10) employment contract everytime she left for Miami. Macapagal
Shipping paid for Lina’s round-trip travel expenses from Manila to Miami. Because of a food
poisoning incident which happened during her last cruise assignment, Lina was not re-hired.
Lina claims she has been illegally terminated and seeks separation pay. If you were the Labor
Arbiter handling the case, how would you decide? (4%)
Answer:
I will dismiss Lina’s complaint. Lina is a contractual employee and the length of her employment
is determined by the contracts she entered into. Here, her employment was terminated at the the
expiration of the contract (Millares vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 110524, July 29, 2002, 385 SCRA 306,
318).

VII.
Non-lawyers can appear before the Labor Arbiter if: (1%)
(A) they represent themselves (see Art. 222, Labor Code: Rule III, Sec. 6, 2011 NLRC Rules
of Procedure)
(B) they are properly authorized to represent their legitimate labor organization or member
thereof
(C) they are duly-accredited members of the legal aid office recognized by the DOJ or IBP
(D) they appear in cases involving an amount of less than Php5,000

VIII.

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As a result of a bargaining deadlock between Lazo Corporation and Lazo Employees Union, the
latter staged a strike. During the strike, several employees committed illegal acts. Eventually, its
members informed the company of their intention to return to work. (6%)
(A) Can Lazo Corporation refuse to admit the strikers?
(B) Assuming the company admits the strikers, can it later on dismiss those employees who
committed illegal acts?
(C) If due to prolonged strike, Lazo Corporation hired replacements, can it refuse to admit
the replaced strikers?
Answers:
(A) No. The commission of illegal acts during a strike does not automatically bring about loss
of employment status. Due process must be observed by the employer before any
dismissal can be made (Stamford Marketing Corp. vs. Julian, G.R. No. 145496, February
24, 2004, 423 SCRA 633).
(B) No. The employer may be considered as having waived its right to dismiss employees
who committed illegal acts during the strike (Reformist Union of R.B. Liner vs. NLRC,
G.R. No. 120482, January 27, 1997, 266 SCRA 713).
(C) No. Sec. 3, Art. XIII of the Constitution guarantees workers the right to strike in
accordance with law, and prolonged strike is not prohibited by law. With Art. 212 (o)
defining strike as “any temporary stoppage of work as a result of an industrial or labor
dispute, it is the prerogative of strikers to cut short or prolong a strike. By striking, the
employees have not abandoned their employment. Rather, they have only ceased
temporarily from rendering work. The striking employees have not lost their right to go
back to their positions, because the declaration of a strike is not a renunciation of their
employment, much less their employee-employer relationship.

IX.
Luisa Court is a popular chain of motels. It employs over 30 chambermaids who, among others,
help clean and maintain the rooms. These chambermaids are part of the union rank-and-file
employees which has an existing collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the company.
While the CBA was in force, Luisa Court decided to abolish the position of chambermaids and
outsource the cleaning of the rooms to Malinis Janitorial Services, a bona fide independent
contractor which has invested in substantial equipment and sufficient manpower. The
chambermaids filed a case of illegal dismissal against Luisa Court. In response, the company
argued that the decision to outsource resulted from the new management’s directive to streamline
operations and save on costs. If you were the Labor Arbiter assigned to the case, how would you
decide? (4%)

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Answer:
I will decide in favor of the chambermaids. Art. 248 (c) of the Labor Code considers as unfair
labor practice on the part of Luisa Court its “contract out the services or functions being
performed by union members.” Luisa Court’s abolition and act of outsourcing the
chambermaids’ positions are clearly acts of illegal dismissal.

X.
Luisa was hired as a secretary by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Manila. Luisa’s first
boss was a Japanese national whom she got along with. But after two years, the latter was
replaced by an arrogant Indian national who did not believe her work output was in accordance
with international standards. One day, Luisa submitted a draft report filled with typographical
errors to her boss. The latter scolded her, but Luisa verbally fought back. The Indian boss
decided to terminate her services right then and there. Luisa filed a case for illegal dismissal with
the Labor Arbiter claiming arbitrariness and denial of due process.
If you were the Labor Arbiter, how would you decide the case? (4%)
Answer:
I will dismiss the case. ADB enjoys immunity from suit (DFA vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 113191,
September 18, 1996).

XI.
Lionel, an American citizen whose parents migrated to the U.S. from the Philippines, was hired
by JP Morgan in New York as a call center specialist. Hearing about the phenomenal growth of
the call center industry in his parents’ native land, Lionel sought and was granted a transfer as a
call center manager for JP Morgan’s operations in Taguig City. Lionel’semployment contract did
not specify a period for his stay in the Philippines. After three years of working in the
Philippines, Lionel was advised that he was being recalled to New York and being promoted to
the position of director of international call center operations. However, because of certain
"family reasons," Lionel advised the company of his preference to stay in the Philippines. He
was dismissed by the company. Lionel now seeks your legal advice on: (6%)
(A) whether he has a cause of action
(B) whether he can file a case in the Philippines
(C) what are his chances of winning?
Answers:

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 (A) Lionel has a cause of action; he was illegally dismissed. Dismissal due to an employee’s
refusal of a promotion is not within the sphere of management prerogative. There is no
law that compels an employee to accept promotion (Dosch vs. NLRC, G.R. No. L-51182,
July 5, 1983).
(B) Yes. Since this is a case of illegal dismissal, the Labor Arbiters have jurisdiction over the
same (Art. 217 (a) (2), Labor Code). Under the 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, all cases
which Labor Arbiters have authority to hear and decide, may be filed in the Regional
Arbitration Branch having jurisdiction over the workplace of the complainant or
petitioner (Rule IV, Sec. 1).
(C) He has a big chance of winning. An employee cannot be promoted without his consent,
even if the same is merely a result of a transfer, and an employee’s refusal to accept
promotion cannot be considered as insubordination or willful disobedience of a lawful
order of the employer. In this case, JP Morgan cannot dismiss Lionel due to the latter’s
refusal to accept the promotion (Norkis Trading Co., Inc. vs. Gnilo, G.R. No. 159730,
February 11, 2008, 544 SCRA 279).

XII.
Which of the following groups does not enjoy the right to self-organization? (1%)
(A) those who work in a non-profit charitable institution
(B) those who are paid on a piece-rate basis
(C) those who work in a corporation with less than 10 employees
(D) those who work as legal secretaries

XVI.
Samahang East Gate Enterprises (SEGE) is a labor organization composed of the rank-and-file
employees of East Gate Enterprises (EGE), the leading manufacturer of all types of gloves and
aprons.
EGE was later requested by SEGE to bargain collectively for better terms and conditions of
employment of all the rank -and-file employees of EGE. Consequently, EGE filed a petition for
certification election before the Bureau of Labor Relations (BLR).
During the proceedings, EGE insisted that it should participate in the certification process. EGE
reasoned that since it was the one who filed the petition and considering that the employees
concerned were its own rankand-file employees, it should be allowed to take an active part in the
certification process.
Is the contention of EGE proper? Explain. (5%)

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Answer:
No. Under Art. 258 (a) of the Labor Code, an employer is a mere bystander in certification
elections, whether the petition for certification election is filed by said employer or a legitimate
labor organization. The employer shall not be considered a party thereto with a concomitant right
to oppose a petition for certification election.

XVII.
Philhealth is a government-owned and controlled corporation employing thousands of Filipinos.
Because of the desire of the employees of Philhealth to obtain better terms and conditions of
employment from the government, they formed the Philhealth Employees Association (PEA) and
demanded Philhealth to enter into negotiations with PEA regarding terms and conditions of
employment which are not fixed by law. (4%)
(A) Are the employees of Philhealth allowed to self-organize and form PEA and thereafter
demand Philhealth to enter into negotiations with PEA for better terms and conditions of
employment?
(B) In case of unresolved grievances, can PEA resort to strikes, walkouts, and other
temporary work stoppages to pressure the government to accede to their demands?
Answers:
(A) Yes. Employees of Philhealth are allowed to self-organize under Sec. 8, Art. III and Sec.
3, Art. XIII of the Constitution which recognize the rights of all workers to self-
organization. They cannot demand, however, for better terms and conditions of
employment for the same are fixed by law (Art. 244, Labor Code), besides, their salaries
are standardized by Congress (Art. 276, Labor Code).
(B) No. Since the terms and conditions of government employment are fixed by law,
government workers cannot use the same weapons employed by workers in the private
sector to secure concessions from their employers (Blaquera vs. Alcala, G.R. Nos.
109406. 110642, 111494, 112056, 119597, September 11, 1998).

XVIII.
The procedural requirements of a valid strike include: (1%)
(A) a claim of either unfair labor practice or deadlock in collective bargaining

15
 (B) notice of strike filed at least 15 days before a ULP-grounded strike or at least 30 days
prior to the deadlock in a bargaining grounded strike (see Art. 263 (c) of the Labor Code)
(C) majority of the union membership must have voted to stage the strike with notice thereon
furnished to the National Conciliation and Mediation Board (NCMB) at least 24 hours
before the strike vote is taken
(D) strike vote results must be furnished to the NCMB at least seven (7) days before the
intended strike

XXI.
An accidental fire gutted the JKL factory in Caloocan. JKL decided to suspend operations and
requested its employees to stop reporting for work. After six (6) months, JKL resumed
operations but hired a new set of employees. The old set of employees filed a case for illegal
dismissal. If you were the Labor Arbiter, how would you decide the case? (4%)
Answer:
I will rule in favor of the employees. JKL factory merely suspended its operations as a result of
the fire that gutted its factory. Art. 286 of the Labor Code states that an employer may bona fide
suspend the operation of its business for a period not exceeding six (6) months. In such a case,
there would be no termination of the employment of the employees, but only a temporary
displacement. Since the suspension of work lasted more than six months, there is now
constructive dismissal (Sebuguero vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 115394, September 27, 1995, 245 SCRA
532).

XXII.
Despite a reinstatement order, an employer may choose not to reinstate an employee if: (1%)
(A) there is a strained employer-employee relationship
(B) the position of the employee no longer exists
(C) the employer’s business has been closed
(D) the employee does not wish to be reinstated

XXIII.
Luningning Foods engaged the services of Lamitan Manpower, Inc., a bona fide independent
contractor, to provide "tasters" that will check on food quality. Subsequently, these "tasters"
joined the union of rank -and-file employees of Luningning and demanded that they be made

16
regular employees of the latter as they are performing functions necessary and desirable to
operate the company’s business. Luningning rejected the demand for regularization. On behalf of
the "tasters", the union then filed a notice of strike with the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE). In response, Luningning sought a restraining order from the Regional
Trial Court (RTC) arguing that the DOLE does not have jurisdiction over the case since it does
not have an employer-employee relationship with the employees of an independent contractor. If
you were the RTC judge, would you issue a restraining order against the union? (4%)
Answer:
No. Art. 254 of the Labor Code is clear that no temporary or permanent injunction or restraining
order in any case involving or growing out of labor disputes shall be issued by any court or other
entity, except as provided in Article 218 and 264 of the same Code.
XXIV.
Lanz was a strict and unpopular Vice-President for Sales of Lobinsons Land. One day, Lanz
shouted invectives against Lee, a poor performing sales associate, calling him, among others, a
"brown monkey." Hurt, Lee decided to file a criminal complaint for grave defamation against
Lanz. The prosecutor found probable cause and filed an information in court. Lobinsons decided
to terminate Lanz for committing a potential crime and other illegal acts prejudicial to business.
Can Lanz be legally terminated by the company on these grounds? (4%)
Answer:
No. The grounds relied upon by Lobinsons are not just causes for dismissal under the Labor
Code. Defamation is not a crime against person which is a ground to dismiss under Art. 282, now
Art. 295 (d) of the Labor Code.

XXVII.
The jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Commission does not include: (1%)
(A) exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by the Labor Arbiter
(B) exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by Regional Directors or hearing
officers involving the recovery of wages and other monetary claims and benefits arising
from employer-employee relations where the aggregate money claim of each does not
exceed five thousand pesos (Php5,000)
(C) original jurisdiction to act as a compulsory arbitration body over labor disputes certified
to it by the Regional Directors (see Art. 129 of the Labor Code)
(D) power to issue a labor injunction

17
2015
VII.
Don Don is hired as a contractual employee of CALLHELP, a call center. His contract is
expressly for a term of 4 months. Don Don is hired for 3 straight contracts of 4 months each but
at 2-week intervals between contracts. After the third contract ended, Don Don is told that he
will no longer be given another contract because of "poor performance." Don Don files a suit for
"regularization" and for illegal dismissal, claiming that he is a regular employee of CALLHELP
and that he was dismissed without cause. You are the Labor Arbiter. How would you decide the
case? (4%)
Answer:
Art. 286 provides that an employee who has rendered at least 1 year of service whether such
service is continuous or broken, shall be considered as regular employee with respect to the
activity in which he is employed and his employment shall continue while such activity exists.

IX.
Din Din is a single mother with one child. She is employed as a sales executive at a prominent
supermarket. She and her child live in Quezon City and her residence and workplace are a 15-
minute drive apart. One day, Din Din is informed by her boss that she is being promoted to a
managerial position but she is now being transferred to the Visayas. Din Din does not want to
uproot her family and refuses the offer. Her boss is so humiliated by Din Din's refusal of the
offer that she gives Din Din successive unsatisfactory evaluations that result in Din Din being
removed from the supermarket.
Din Din approaches you, as counsel, for legal advice. What would you advise her? (4%)
Answer:
This is an invalid exercise of management prerogative tainted with abuse exercise of power,
unreasonableness and discrimination which also constitute illegal dismissal.

18
XI.
Rico has a temper and, in his work as Division Manager of Matatag Insurance, frequently loses
his temper with his staff. One day, he physically assaults his staff member by slapping him. The
staff member sues him for physical injuries. Matatag Insurance decides to terminate Rico, after
notice and hearing, on the ground of loss of trust and confidence. Rico claims that he is entitled
to the presumption of innocence because he has not yet been convicted. Comment on Matatag's
action in relation to Rico's argument. (4%)

Answer:
Physical Injury is a criminal offense. However, it is the responsibility of the company to look
after the mental situation of all its employees. The dismissed employee can go to the court and
claim that he is suffering from behavioral disorder and can sue Matatag of unjust dismissal and
discrimination in the work place.

XII.
Blank Garments, Inc. (BLANK), a clothing manufacturer, employs more than 200 employees in
its manufacturing business. Because of its high overhead, BLANK decided to sell its
manufacturing business to Bleach Garments, Inc. (BLEACH) lock, stock and barrel which
included goodwill, equipment, and personnel. After taking on BLANK's business, BLEACH
reduces the workforce by not hiring half the workers specifically the ones with seniority.
BLANK and BLEACH are still discerned to be sister companies with identical incorporators.
The laid-off employees sue both BLANK and BLEACH for unlawful termination.
(A) How would you decide this case? (4%)
(B) What is the "successor employer" doctrine? (2%)
Answers:
(A) The law cannot force a company to absorb the affected employees. The government
should protect the business sector as well, if it cannot financially accommodate more
employees, then it can retrench provided that the laid employees be justly paid.
(B) This doctrine involves a transfer of ownership of the business to a new employer. Where
the change of ownership is in bad faith or is used to defeat the rights of labor, the
successor-employer is deemed to have absorbed the employees and is held liable for the
transgressions of his or her predecessor.

19
XVI.
The Alliance of Independent Labor Unions (AILU) is a legitimate labor federation which
represents a majority of the appropriate bargaining unit at the Lumens Brewery (LB). While
negotiations were ongoing for a renewal of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA), LB
handed down a decision in a disciplinary case that was pending which resulted in the termination
of the AILU's treasurer and two other members for cause. AILU protested the decision, claiming
that LB acted in bad faith and asked that LB reconsider. LB refused to reconsider. AILU then
walked out of the negotiation and declared a strike without a notice of strike or a strike vote.
AILU members locked in the LB management panel by barricading the doors and possible exits
(including windows and fire escapes). LB requested the DOLE to assume jurisdiction over the
dispute and to certify it for compulsory arbitration.
The Secretary of Labor declined to assume jurisdiction, finding that the dispute was not one that
involved national interest. LB then proceeds to terminate all of the members of the bargaining
agent on the ground that it was unlawful to: (1) barricade the management panel in the building,
and (2) participate in an illegal strike.
(A) Was AILU justified in declaring a strike without a strike vote and a notice of strike? Why
or why not? (3%)
(B) Was the Secretary of Labor correct in declining to assume jurisdiction over the dispute?
(2%)
(C) Was LB justified in terminating all those who were members of AILU on the two
grounds cited? (3%)
Answers:
(A) No. This is a non-strikeable issue.
(B) Yes. The production of beer is not indispensable to national interests. When, in his
opinion, there exists a labor dispute causing or likely to cause a strike or lockout in an
industry indispensable to the national interest, the Secretary of Labor and Employment
may assume jurisdiction over the dispute and decide it or certify the same to the
Commission for compulsory arbitration. (Article 263 [g] of the Labor Code).
(C) No. LB must first determine who among the AILU members participated in the illegal
strike. Only those proven to have actually and directly participated in the illegal strike
can be terminated. The Secretary of Labor not having assumed the jurisdiction and had
issued no return-to-work order, LB cannot assume that all union members are deemed to
have lost their employment status due to their participation in an illegal strike. Due
process must be observed, otherwise, the terminations will be declared illegal.

XVII.

20
The Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between Libra Films and its union, Libra Films
Employees' Union (LFEU), contains the following standard clauses:
1. Maintenance of membership;
2. Check off for union dues and agency fees; and
3. No strike, no lock-out.
While Libra Films and LFEU are in re-negotiations for an extension of the CBA, LFEU
discovers that some of its members have resigned from the union, citing their constitutional right
to organize (which includes the right NOT to organize). LFEU demands that Libra Films
institute administrative proceedings to terminate those union members who resigned in violation
of the CBA' s maintenance of membership clause. Libra Films refuses, citing its obligation to
remain a neutral party. As a result, LFEU declares a strike and after filing a notice of strike and
taking a strike vote, goes on strike. The union claims that Libra Films grossly violated the terms
of the CBA and engaged in unfair labor practice.
(A) Are LFEU's claims correct? Explain. (4%)
(B) Distinguish between a "closed shop" clause and a "maintenance of membership" clause.
(2%)
(C) Distinguish between "union dues" and "agency fees." (2%)
Answers:
(A) Yes. Non-fulfillment of CBA agreement on maintenance of membership (definition and
explanation of Libra's part in the CBA as employer).
(B) A Closed-Shop Agreement is when the employer undertakes not to employ any
individual who is not a member of the contracting union and the said individual once
employed must, for the duration of the agreement, remain a member of the union in good
standing as a condition for continued employment. It does not have any retroactivity and
applies only to new hires. Maintenance of Membership Shop Agreement, on the other
hand, is an agreement which does not require non-members to join the contracting union
but provides that those who are members thereof at the time of the execution of the CBA
and those who may thereafter, on their own volition, become members must for the
duration of the agreement maintain their membership in good standing as a condition for
continued employment in the company for the duration of the CBA.

XVIII.
George is an American who is working as a consultant for a local IT company. The company has
a union and George wants to support the union. How far can George go in terms of his support
for the union? (3%)

21
Answer:
Alien employees with valid working permits issued by DOLE may exercise their right to self-
organization and join or assist labor unions for purposes of collective bargaining if they are
nationals of a country which grants the same or similar rights to Filipino workers, as certified by
the Department of Foreign Affairs.

XIX.
What is the rule on the "equity of the incumbent"? (2%)

Answer:
Art. 246 of the Labor Code provides that existing legitimate labor organization shall continue to
maintain their existing affiliates regardless of the nature of the industry and location of affiliates.
Labor union federations, as long as operating legally, can accept affiliates from different
industries.

XX
(A) XYZ Company and Mr. AB, a terminated employee who also happens to be the President
of XYZ Employees Union, agree in writing to submit Mr. AB's illegal dismissal case to
voluntary arbitration. Is this agreement a valid one? (3%)
(B) XYZ Company and XYZ Employees Union (XYZEU) reach a deadlock in their
negotiation for a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA). XYZEU files a notice of
strike; XYZ Company proposes to XYZEU that the deadlock be submitted instead to
voluntary arbitration. If you are counsel for XYZEU, what advice would you give the
union as to the: (1) propriety of the request of XYZ Company, and (2) the relative
advantages/disadvantages between voluntary arbitration and compulsory arbitration?
(4%)
Answers:
(A) No. Voluntary arbitration is required only if the matter involves a dispute or controversy
between the union and the company. The agreement being between AB and XYZ
Company only, such agreement is invalid.

XXI.
Philippine News Network (PNN) engages the services of Anya, a prominent news anchor from a
rival station, National News Network (NNN). NNN objects to the transfer of Anya claiming that

22
she is barred from working in a competing company for a period of three years from the
expiration of her contract. Anya proceeds to sign with PNN which then asks her to anchor their
nightly newscast. NNN sues Anya and PNN before the National Labor Relations Commission
(NLRC), asking for a labor injunction. Anya and PNN object claiming that it is a matter
cognizable by a regular court and not the NLRC.
(A) Is NNN's remedy correct? Why or why not? (3%)
(B) What are the grounds for a labor injunction to issue? (2%)
(C) Distinguish the jurisdiction of a Labor Arbiter from that of the NLRC. (3%)
Answers:
(A) The complaint is breach of confidentiality clause, not cognizable by the NLRC but by the
RTC.
(B) Art. 218 of the Labor Code provides that the Commission shall have the power and
authority to enjoin or restrain any actual or threatened commission of any or all
prohibited or unlawful acts or to require the performance of a particular act in any labor
dispute which, if not restrained or performed forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable
damage to any party or render ineffectual any decision in favor of such party.

XXII.
Mario comes from a family of coffee bean growers. Deciding to incorporate his fledgling coffee
venture, he invites his best friend, Carlo, to join him. Carlo is hesitant because he does not have
money to invest but Mario suggests a scheme where Carlo can be the Chief Marketing Agent of
the company, earning a salary and commissions. Carlo agrees and the venture is formed. After
one year, the business is so successful that they were able to declare dividends. Mario is so
happy with Carlo's work that he assigns 100 shares of stock to Carlo as part of the latter's bonus.
Much later on, it is discovered that Carlo had engaged in unethical conduct which caused
embarrassment to the company. Mario is forced to terminate Carlo but he does so without giving
Carlo the opportunity to explain.
Carlo filed a case against Mario and the company for illegal dismissal. Mario objected on the
ground that the Labor Arbiter had no jurisdiction over the case as it would properly be
considered as an intra-corporate controversy cognizable by the RTC. Further, Mario claimed that
because Carlo's dismissal was a corporate act, he cannot be held personally liable.
(A) As the Labor Arbiter assigned to this case, how would you resolve the jurisdiction
question. (3%)
(B) What is the rule on personal liability of corporate officers for a corporate act declared to
be unlawful? (2%)

23
Answers:
(A) I will first determine the presence of EE-ER relationship, specifically the power of
control and the right to hire and fire. The elements were present in the instant case and
hence, I would have jurisdiction over the matter.
(B) Before a director or officer of a corporation can be held personally liable for corporate
obligations, however, the following requisites must concur: (1) the complainant must
allege in the complaint that the director or officer assented to patently unlawful acts of
the corporation, or that the officer was guilty of gross negligence or bad faith; and (2) the
complainant must clearly and convincingly prove such unlawful acts, negligence or bad
faith.

2016
III.
Inggo is a drama talent hired on a per drama "participation basis" by DJN Radio Company. He
worked from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., six days a week, on a gross rate of P80.00 per script,
earning an average of P20,000.00 per month. Inggo filed a complaint before the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) against DJN Radio for illegal deduction, non-payment of
service incentive leave, and 13th month pay, among others. On the basis of the complaint, the
DOLE conducted a plant level inspection.
The DOLE Regional Director issued an order ruling that Inggo is an employee of DJN Radio,
and that Inggo is entitled to his monetary claims in the total amount of P30,000.00. DJN Radio
elevated the case to the Secretary of Labor who affirmed the order. The case was brought to the
Court of Appeals. The radio station contended that there is no employer-employee relationship
because it was the drama directors and producers who paid, supervised, and disciplined him.
Moreover, it argued that the case falls under the jurisdiction of the NLRC and not the DOLE
because Inggo's claim exceeded P5,000.00.
(A) If the DOLE finds that there is an employee-employer relationship, does the case fall
under the jurisdiction of the Labor Arbiter considering that the claim of inggo is more
than P5,000.00. Explain. (2.5%)
Answer:
(A) No, the case will not fall under the jurisdiction of the LaborArbiter even if the claim of
Inggo is more then P5,000.00. In Balladares vs. Peak Ventures Corporation, the Supreme
Court, in explaining the visitorial and enforcement powers of the DOLE Regional
Director to order and enforce compliance with labor standard laws even where the
individual claim exceeds P5,000.00, said: It should be noted that petitioners’ complaint

24
 involved underpayment of wages and other benefits. In order to verify the allegations in
the complaint, DOLE conducted an inspection, which yielded proof of violations of labor
standards. By the nature of the complaint and from the result of the inspection, the
authority of the DOLE, under Article 128, came into play regardless of the monetary
value of the claims involved. The extent of this authority and the powers flowing
therefrom are defined and set forth in Article 128 of the Labor Code, as amended by R.A.
No. 7730.

IV.
Hagibis Motors Corporation (Hagibis) has 500 regular employees in its car assembly plant. Due
to the Asian financial crisis, Hagibis experienced very low car sales resulting to huge financial
losses. It implemented several cost-cutting measures such as cost reduction on use of office
supplies, employment hiring freeze, prohibition on representation and travel expenses, separation
of casuals and reduced work week. As counsel of Hagibis, what are the measures the company.
should undertake to implement a valid retrenchment? Explain. (5%)
Answer:
Essentially, the prerogative of an employer to retrench its employees must be exercised only as a
last resort, considering that it will lead to the loss of the employees’ livelihood. It is justified only
when all other less drastic means have been tried and found insufficient or inadequate. Corollary
thereto, the employer must prove the requirements for a valid retrenchment by clear and
convincing evidence; otherwise, said ground for termination would be susceptible to abuse by
scheming employers who might be merely feigning losses or reverses in their business ventures
in order to ease out employees.
These requirements are: (1) That retrenchment is reasonably necessary and likely to prevent
business losses which, if already incurred, are not merely de minimis, but substantial, serious,
actual and real, or if only expected, are reasonably imminent as perceived objectively and in
good faith by the employer; (2) That the employer served written notice both to the employees
and to the Department of Labor and Employment at least one month prior to the intended date of
retrenchment; (3) That the employer pays the retrenched employees separation pay equivalent to
one (1) month pay or at least one-half (½) month pay for every year of service, whichever is
higher; (4) That the employer exercises its prerogative to retrench employees in good faith for
the advancement of its interest and not to defeat or circumvent the employees’ right to security of
tenure; and (5) That the employer used fair and reasonable criteria in ascertaining who would be
dismissed and who would be retained among the employees, such as status, efficiency, seniority,
physical fitness, age, and financial hardship for certain workers.

V.

25
Asia Union (Union) is the certified bargaining agent of the rank-and-file employees of Asia
Pacific Hotel (Hotel).
The Union submitted its Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) negotiation proposals to the
Hotel. Due to the bargaining deadlock, the Union, on December 20, 2014, filed a Notice of
Strike with the National Conciliation and Mediation Board (NCMB). Consequently, the Union
conducted a Strike Vote on January 14, 2015, when it was approved.
The next day, waiters who are members of the Union came out of the Union office sporting
closely cropped hair or cleanly shaven heads. The next day, all the male Union members came to
work sporting the same hair style. The Hotel prevented these workers from entering the
premises, claiming that they violated the company rule on Grooming Standards.
On January 16, 2015, the Union subsequently staged a picket outside the Hotel premises and
prevented other workers from entering the Hotel. The Union members blocked the ingress and
egress of customers and employees to the Hotel premises, which caused the Hotel severe lack of
manpower and forced the Hotel to temporarily cease operations resulting to substantial losses.
On January 20, 2015, the Hotel issued notices to Union members, preventively suspending them
and charging them with the following offenses: (1) illegal picket; (2) violation of the company
rule on Grooming Standards; (3) illegal strike; and (4) commission of illegal acts during the
illegal strike. The Hotel later terminated the Union officials and members who participated in the
strike. The Union denied it engaged in an illegal strike and countered that the Hotel committed
an unfair labor practice (ULP) and a breach of the freedom of speech.
(A) Was the picketing legal? Was the mass action of the Union officials and members an
illegal strike? Explain. (2.5%)
(B) Rule on the allegations of ULP and violation of freedom of speech. Explain. (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) The picketing is not legal. The Supreme Court in Phimco Industries, Inc. vs. Phimco
Industries Labor Association (PILA), discussed the protected picketing as follows:
While the right of employees to publicize their dispute falls within the protection of
freedom of expression and the right to peaceably assemble to air grievances, these rights
are by no means absolute. Protected picketing does not extend to blocking ingress to
and egress from the company premises. That the picket was moving, was peaceful and
was not attended by actual violence may not free it from taints of illegality if the picket
effectively blocked entry to and exit from the company premises.
VI.
Pedro, a bus driver of Biyahe sa Langit Transport, was involved in a collision with a car,
damaging the bus. The manager accused him of being responsible for the damage and was told to
submit his written explanation within 48 hours. Pedro submitted his explanation within the
period. The day.after, Pedro received a notice of termination stating that he is dismissed for

26
reckless driving resulting to damage to company property, effective immediately. Pedro asks
you, as his counsel, if the company complied with the procedural due process with respect to
dismissal of employees.
(A) Explain the twin notice and hearing rule. (2.5%)
(B) Did the Biyahe sa Langit Transport comply with the prior procedural requirements for
dismissal? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) The first written notice to be served on the employees should contain the specific causes
or grounds for termination against them, and a directive that the employees are given the
opportunity to submit their written explanation within a reasonable period. After serving
the first notice, the employers should schedule and conduct a hearing or conference
wherein the employees will be given the opportunity to: (1) explain and clarify their
defenses to the charge against them; (2) present evidence in support of their defenses; and
(3) rebut the evidence presented against them by the management. During the hearing or
conference, the employees are given the chance to defend themselves personally, with the
assistance of a representative or counsel of their choice.
(B) Biyahe sa Langit Transport did not comply with the procedural requirements for
dismissal. In King of Kings Transport, Inc. vs. Mamac, the Supreme Court explained that
the opportunity to submit the written explanation should be within a reasonable period
and “reasonable opportunity” under the Omnibus Rules means every kind of assistance
that management must accord to the employees to enable them to prepare adequately for
their defense. This should be construed as a period of at least five (5) calendar days from
receipt of the notice to give the employees an opportunity to study the accusation against
them, consult a union official or lawyer, gather data and evidence, and decide on the
defenses they will raise against the complaint.
Applying the above doctrinal rule, Pedro was not given the reasonable opportunity to
explain as he was only given 48 hours to submit his explanation.

VII.
Forbes Country Club (Club) owns a golf course and has 250 rank-and-file employees who are
members of the Forbes Country Club Union (Union). The Club has a CBA with the Union and
one of the stipulations is a Union Security Clause, which reads: "All regular rank-and-file
employees who are members of the union shall keep their membership in good standing as a
condition for their continued employment during the lifetime of this agreement."
Peter, Paul and Mary were the Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer, and Budget Officer of the Union,
respectively. They were expelled by the Board of Directors of the Union for malversation. The
Union then demanded that the Club dismiss said officials pursuant to the Union Security Clause

27
that required maintenance of union membership. The Club required the three officials to show
cause in writing why they should not be dismissed. Later, the Club called the three Union
officials for a conference regarding the charges against them. After considering the evidence
submitted by the parties and their written explanations, the Club dismissed the erring officials.
The dismissed officials sued the Club and the Union for illegal dismissal because there was
really no malversation based on the documents presented and their dismissal from the Union was
due to the fact that they were organizing another union.
(A) Is the dismissal of Peter, Paul and Mary by the Club valid? (2.5%)
(B) If the expulsion by the Union was found by the Labor Arbiter to be baseless, is the Club
liable to Peter, Paul and Mary? Explain. (2.5%)

Answers:
(A) The twin requirements of notice and hearing constitute the essential elements of
procedural due process. The law requires the employer to furnish the employee sought to
be dismissed with two written notices before termination of employment can be legally
effected: (1) a written notice apprising the employee of the particular acts or omissions
for which his dismissal is sought in order to afford him an opportunity to be heard and to
defend himself with the assistance of counsel, if he desires, and (2) a subsequent notice
informing the employee of the employer’s decision to dismiss him. This procedure is
mandatory and its absence taints the dismissal with illegality.
In the given facts, the Club cannot dispense with the requirements of termination before
dismissing Peter, Paul and Mary even when said dismissal is pursuant to the union
security clause provision in the CBA. The rights of an employee to be informed of the
charges against him and to reasonable opportunity to present their side in a controversy
with either the company or his own union are not wiped away by a union security clause
or a union shop clause in a collective bargaining agreement.
(B) In that case, the Club is liable to Peter, Paul and Mary. This is because the Union and
Club violated the right to security of tenure of the said union officers under the
Consitution and the Labor Code.

X.
Lazaro, an engineer, organized a union in Garantisado Construction Corporation (Garantisado)
which has 200 employees. He immediately filed a Petition for Certification Election, attaching
thereto the signatures of 70 employees. Garantisado vehemently opposed the petition, alleging
that 25 signatories are probationary employees, while 5 are supervisors. It submitted the

28
contracts of the 25 probationary employees and the job description of the supervisors. It argued
that if 30 is deducted from 70, it gives a balance of 40 valid signatures which is way below the
minimum number of 50 signatories needed to meet the alleged 25% requirement. If you are the
Director of Labor Relations, will you approve the holding of a Certification Election. Explain
your answer. (5%)
Answer:
I will approve the holding of a Certification Election. This is because under the Labor Code, the
conduct of a Certification Election is automatic whether the establishment is an unorganized or
organized. If it is unorganized there is no need for the petition to be supported by the written
consent of at least 25% of all employees in the bargaining unit.
However, in organized establishments, by established jurisprudence, the written consent of at
least 25% of all employees in the bargaining unit may not be strictly enforced. Thus, the conduct
of the Certification Election can still be approved.
XI.
Dion is an Accounting Supervisor in a trading company. He has rendered exemplary service to
the company for 20 years. His co-employee and kumpadre, Mac, called him over the phone and
requested him to punch his (Mac's) daily time card as he (Mac) was caught in a monstrous traffic
jam. Dion acceded to Mac's request but was later caught by the Personnel Manager while
punching. Mac's time card. The company terminated the employment of Dion on the ground of
misconduct. Is the dismissal valid and just? Explain. (5%)
Answer:
The dismissal is not valid and just. The elements of misconduct are not present. The act of Dion
in acceding to Mac’s request may be considered, from a lay man’s perspective, as a serious
misconduct. However, in order to consider it a serious misconduct that would justify dismissal
under the law, it must have been done in relation to the performance of his duties as would show
him to be unfit to continue working for his employer. The act complained of, under the
circumstances they were done, did not in any way pertain to his duties as an Accounting
Supervisor.

XII.
Amaya was employed as a staff nurse by St. Francis Hospital (SFH) on July 8, 2014 on a
probationary status for six (6) months. Her probationary contract required, among others, strict
compliance with SFH's Code of Discipline.
On October 16, 2014, Dr. Ligaya, filed a Complaint with the SFH Board of Trustees against
Amaya for uttering slanderous remarks against the former. Attached to the complaint was a letter
of Minda, mother of a patient, who confirmed the following remarks against Dr. Ligaya:

29
 "Bakit si Dr. Ligaya pa ang napili mong 'pedia' eh ang tandatanda na n'un? E
makakalimutin na yun xx x Alam mo ba, kahit wala namang diperensya yung baby,
ipinapa-iso/ate nya?"
The SFH President asks you, being the hospital's counsel, which of these two (2) options is the
legal and proper way of terminating Amaya: a) terminate her for a just cause under Article 288
of the Labor Code (Termination by Employer); or b) terminate her for violating her probationary
contract. Explain. (5%)
Answer:
In Univac Development, Inc. vs. Soriano, the limitations on the power of the employer to
terminate a probationary employee was discussed as follows: Indeed, the power of the employer
to terminate a probationary employee is subject to three limitations, namely: (1) it must be
exercised in accordance with the specific requirements of the contract; (2) the dissatisfaction on
the part of the employer must be real and in good faith, not feigned so as to circumvent the
contract or the law; and (3) there must be no unlawful discrimination in the dismissal.
Applying the above doctrinal rule, I will recommend the two options.

XIV.
Tess, a seamstress at Marikit Clothing Factory, became pregnant. Because of morning sickness,
she frequently absented herself from work and often came to the factory only four (4) days a
week. After two (2) months, the personnel manager told her that her habitual absences rendered
her practically useless to the company and, thus, asked her to resign. She begged to be retained,
citing her pregnancy as reason for her absences. Tess asked for leave of absence but her request
was denied. She went on leave nevertheless. As a result, she was thus dismissed for going on
leave without permission of management.
Tess filed a complaint for illegal dismissal. The company's defense: she was legally dismissed
because of her numerous absences without leave and not because of her pregnancy. On the other
hand, Tess argues that her dismissal was an act of discrimination, based as it was on her
pregnancy which the company treated as a disease. Whose position is meritorious-the company's
or Tess'? Explain. (5%)
Answer:
Tess‘ position is meritorious.
Obviously, Tess was terminated on account of her pregnancy. In Del Monte Philippines, Inc. vs.
Velasco, the essential question is whether the employment of respondent had been validly
terminated on the ground of excessive absences without permission. Corollary to this is the
question of whether the petitioner discharged the respondent on account of pregnancy, a

30
prohibited act. The Supreme Court ruled that the Labor Code prohibits an employer to discharge
an employee on account of the latter’s pregnancy (Art. 137 of the Labor Code).

XV.
Jim is the holder of a certificate of public convenience for a jeepney. He entered into a contract
of lease with Nick, whereby they agreed that the lease period is for one (1) year unless sooner
terminated by Jim for any of the causes laid down in the contract. The rental is thirty thousand
pesos (P30,000.00) monthly. All the expenses for the repair of the jeepney, together with
expenses for diesel, oil and service, shall be for the account of Nick. Nick is required to make a
deposit of three (3) months to answer for the restoration of the vehicle to its good operating
condition when the contract ends. It is stipulated that Nick is not an employee of Jim and he
holds the latter free and harmless from all suits or claims which may arise from the
implementation of the contract. Nick has the right to use the jeepney at any hour of the day
provided it is operated on the approved line of operation.
After five (5) months of the lease and payment of the rentals, Nick became delinquent in the
payment of the rentals for two (2) months. Jim, as authorized by the contract, sent a letter of
demand rescinding the contract and asked for the arrearages. Nick responded by filing a
complaint with the NLRC for illegal dismissal, claiming that the contract is illegal and he was
just forced by Jim to sign it so he can drive. He claims he is really a driver of Jim on a boundary
system and the reason he was removed is because he failed to pay the complete daily boundary,
of one thousand (P1,000.00) for 2 months due to the increase in the number of tricycles.
(B) Jim files a motion to dismiss the NLRC case on the ground that the regular court has
jurisdiction since the agreement is a lease contract. Rule on the motion and explain.
(2.5%)
(C) Assuming that Nick is an employee of Jim, was Nick validly dismissed?
Answers:
(A) I will grant the motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the subject
matter. In Sorreda vs. Cambridge Electronics Corporation, it was ruled that there should
be employer-employee relation for the Labor Arbiter to exercise jurisdiction. The Court
reiterated that where no employer-employee relationship exists between the parties, and
the Labor Code or any labor statute or collective bargaining agreement is not needed to
resolve any issue raised by them, it is the Regional Trial Court which has jurisdiction.
(B) Yes, Nick can be validly dismissed on the ground of his failure to pay the complete daily
boundary of one thousand (P1,000.00) for two (2) months. The said acts and omissions
can be classified as analogous causes because it is susceptible of comparison with the just
causes for termination in general or specific detail or has a close relationship with the
said grounds. Nick can be considered to be grossly inefficient as a driver.

31
XIX.
Filmore Corporation was ordered to pay P49 million to its employees by the Labor Arbiter. It
interposed an appeal by filing a Notice of Appeal and paid the corresponding appeal fee.
However, instead of filing the required appeal bond equivalent to the total amount of the
monetary award, Filmore filed a Motion to Reduce the Appeal Bond to P4,000,000.00 but
submitted a surety bond in the amount of P4.9 million. Filmore cited financial difficulties as
justification for its inability to post the appeal bond in full owing to the shutdown of its
operations. It submitted its audited financial statements showing a loss of P40 million in the
previous year. To show its good faith, Filmore also filed its Memorandum of Appeal.
The NLRC dismissed the appeal for non-perfection on the ground that · posting of an appeal
bond equivalent to the monetary award is indispensable for the perfection of the appeal and the
reduction of the appeal bond, absent any showing of meritorious ground to justify the same, is
not warranted. Is the dismissal of the appeal correct? Explain. (5%)
Answer:
The dismissal of the appeal is not correct. In Halite vs. SS Ventures International, Inc., the
Supreme Court explained when is a bond sufficient to perfect an appeal in case a motion to
reduce was filed. Thus, the High Court said that the posting of a cash or surety bond in an
amount equivalent to 10% of the monetary award pending resolution of the motion to reduce
appeal bond shall be deemed sufficient to perfect an appeal.

XX.
Mario Brothers, plumbing works contractor, entered into an agreement with Axis Business
Corporation (Axis) for the plumbing works of its building under construction. Mario Brothers
engaged the services of Tristan, Arthur, and Jojo as plumber, pipe fitter, and threader,
respectively. These workers have worked for Mario Brothers in numerous construction projects
in the past but because of their long relationship, they were never asked to sign contracts for each
project. No reports to government agencies were made regarding their work in the company.
During the implementation of the works contract, Axis suffered financial difficulties and was not
able to pay Mario Brothers its past billings. As a result, the three (3) employees were not paid
their salaries for two (2) months and their 13th month pay. Because Axis cannot pay, Mario
Brothers cancelled the contract and laid off Tristan, Arthur, and Jojo. The 3 employees sued
Mario Brothers and Axis for illegal dismissal, unpaid wages, and benefits.
(A) Mario Brothers claims the 3 workers are project employees. It explains that the
agreement is, if the works contract is cancelled due to the fault of the client, the period of
employment is automatically terminated. Is the contractor correct? Explain. (2.5%)

32
Answer:
(A) The contractor is not correct. In Gadia vs. Sykes Asia, the Supreme Court explained
when an employee is deemed project-based or regular in this manner: the principal test
for determining whether particular employees are properly characterized as “project-
based employees” as distinguished from “regular employees,” is whether or not the
employees were assigned to carry out a “specific project or undertaking,” the duration
(and scope) of which were specified at the time they were engaged for that project. The
project could either be (1) a particular job or undertaking that is within the regular or
usual business of the employer company, but which is distinct and separate, and
identifiable as such, from the other undertakings of the company; or (2) a particular job or
undertaking that is not within the regular business of the corporation.
In order to safeguard the rights of workers against the arbitrary use of the word “project”
to prevent employees from attaining a regular status, employers claiming that their
workers are project-based employees should not only prove that the duration and scope of
the employment was specified at the time they were engaged, but also, that there was
indeed a project.

2017
VIII.
Marciano was hired as Chief Engineer on board the vessel MN Australia. His contract of
employment was for nine months. After nine months, he was re-hired. He was hired a third time
after another nine months. He now claims entitlement to the benefits of a regular employee based
on his having performed tasks usually necessary and desirable to the employer's business for a
continuous period of more than one year. Is Marciano's claim tenable? Explain your answer.
(3%)
Answer:
(A) It is clear that seafarers are considered contractual employees. They cannot be considered
as regular employees under Article 280 of the Labor Code. Their employment is
governed by the contracts they sign every time they are rehired and their employment is
terminated when the contract expires. Their employment is contractually fixed for a
certain period of time. They fall under the exception of Article 280 whose employment
has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking the completion or termination of
which, has been determined at the time of engagement of the employee or where the
work or services to be performed is seasonal in nature and the employment is for the
duration of the season. We need not depart from the rulings of the Court in the two
aforementioned cases which indeed constitute stare decisis with respect to the
employment status of seafarers.

33
IX.
Section 255 (245) of the Labor Code recognizes three categories of employees, namely:
managerial, supervisory, and rank-and-file.
(A) Give the characteristics of each category of employees, and state whether the employees
in each category may organize and form unions. Explain your answer. (5%)
(B) May confidential employees who assist managerial employees, and who act in a
confidential capacity or have access to confidential matters being handled by persons
exercising managerial functions in the field of labor relations form, or assist, or join labor
unions? Explain your answer. (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Under Article 255 [245] of the Labor Code, the following are provided:
Managerial employees are not eligible to join, assist or form any labor organization.
Supervisory employees shall not be eligible for membership in the collective bargaining
unit of the rank-and-file employees but may join, assist or form separate collective
bargaining units and/or legitimate labor organizations of their own.
The rank-and-file union and the supervisors’ union operating within the same
establishment may join the same federation or national union.
(B) Confidential employees are defined as those who: (1) assist or act in a confidential
capacity, (2) to persons who formulate, determine, and effectuate management policies in
the field of labor relations.
The two (2) criteria are cumulative, and both must be met if an employee is to be
considered a confidential employee. That is, the confidential relationship must exist
between the employee and his supervisor, and the supervisor must handle the prescribed
responsibilities relating to labor relations. The exclusion from bargaining units of
employees who, in the normal course of their duties, become aware of management
policies relating to labor relations is a principal objective sought to be accomplished by
the confidential employee rule.

X.
(B) What are the grounds for validly terminating the services of an employee based on a just
cause? (5%)
(C) Give the procedure to be observed for validly terminating the services of an employee
based on a just cause? (4%)

34
Answers:
(B) An employer may terminate an employment for any of the following causes: (a) serious
misconduct or willful disobedience by the employee of the lawful orders of his employer
or representative in connection with his work; (b) gross and habitual neglect by the
employee of his duties; (c) fraud or willful breach by the employee of the trust reposed in
him by his employer or duly authorized representative; (d) commission of a crime or
offense by the employee against the person of his employer or any immediate member of
his family or his duly authorized representatives; and (e) other causes analogous to the
foregoing. (Art. 297 [282] of the Labor Code)
(C) As defined in Article 297 of the Labor Code, as amended, the requirement of two written
notices served on the employee shall observe the following:
(i) The first written notice should contain: 1. the specific causes or grounds for
termination as provided for under Article 297 of the Labor Code and company
policies, if any; 2. detailed narration of the facts and circumstances that will
serve as basis for the charge against the employee; and 3. a directive that the
employee is given opportunity to submit a written explanation within a
reasonable period.
(ii) After serving the first notice, the employer should afford the employee ample
opportunity to be heard and to defend himself/herself with the assistance of
his/her representative if he/she so desires, as provided in Article 299 (b) of the
Labor Code, as amended.
The foregoing notices shall be served personally to the employee or to the employee’s
last known address. (Section 5, 5.1, Rule I-A, D.O. No. 147-15, Series of 2015

XI.
(A) The modes of determining the exclusive bargaining agent of the employees in a business
are: (a) voluntary recognition; (b) certification election; and (c) consent election. Explain
how they differ from one another. (4%)
(C) State the jurisdiction of the Voluntary Arbitrator, or Panel of Voluntary Arbitrators in
labor disputes? (4%)
Answers:
(A) Voluntary Recognition refers to the process by which a legitimate labor union is
recognized by the employer as the exclusive bargaining representative or agent in a
bargaining unit, reported with the Regional Office in accordance with Rule VII, Section 2
of these Rules. Certification Election or Consent Election refers to the process of
determining through secret ballot the sole and exclusive representative of the employees

35
 in an appropriate bargaining unit for purposes of collective bargaining or negotiation. A
certification election is ordered by the Department, while a consent election is voluntarily
agreed upon by the parties, with or without the intervention by the Department. (Rule I,
Section 1, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code)
(C) The voluntary arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators shall have exclusive and original
jurisdiction to hear and decide all unresolved grievances arising from:
1. The implementation or interpretation of the collective bargaining agreements;
2. The interpretation or enforcement of company personnel policies which remain
unresolved after exhaustion of the grievance procedure;
3. Wage distortion issues arising from the application of any wage orders in
organized establishments;
4. The interpretation and implementation of the productivity incentive programs
under RA 6971;
5. Upon agreement of the parties, shall also hear and decide all other labor disputes
including unfair labor practices and bargaining deadlocks; and
6. Violations of a Collective Bargaining Agreement, except those which are gross in
character, shall no longer be treated as unfair labor practice and shall be resolved
as grievances under the Collective Bargaining Agreement.

XIII.
(A) Given that the liability for an illegal strike is individual, not collective, state when the
participating union officers and members may be terminated from employment because
of the illegal strike. Explain your answer. (4%)
(B) A sympathetic strike is stoppage of work to make common cause with other strikers in
another establishment or business. Is the sympathetic strike valid? Explain your answer.
(1%)
(C) Due to business recession, Ballistic Company retrenched a part of its workforce.
Opposing the retrenchment, some of the affected employees staged a strike. Eventually,
the retrenchment was found to be justified, and the strike was declared illegal; hence, the
leaders of the strike, including the retrenched employees, were declared to have lost their
employment status.
Are the striking retrenched employees still entitled to separation pay under Sec. 298 (283)
of the Labor Code despite the illegality of their strike? Explain your answer. (2%)
Answers:

36
 (A) The following are the effects of participation in an illegal strike and commission of illegal
acts during strike:
1. Any union officer who knowingly participates in an illegal strike; and
2. Any worker or union officer who knowingly participates in the commission of illegal
acts during a strike may be declared to have lost his employment status; (3rd
paragraph, Article 279 (a) [264 (a)] of the Labor Code)
(B) The illegal stoppage of work by way of sympathetic strike has been settled in the case of
Biflex Phils.Labor Union (NAFLU) vs. Filflex Industrial and Manufacturing Corporation,
where it was ruled that stoppage of work due to welga ng bayan is in the nature of a
general strike, an extended sympathy strike.
It affects numerous employers including those who do not have a dispute with their
employees regarding their terms and conditions of employment. Employees who have no
labor dispute with their employer but who, on a day they are scheduled to work, refuse to
work and instead join a welga ng bayan, commit an illegal work stoppage.
Even if petitioners joining the welga ng bayan were considered merely as an exercise of
their freedom of expression, freedom of assembly or freedom to petition the government
for redress of grievances, the exercise of such rights is not absolute. For the protection of
other significant state interests such as the right of enterprises to reasonable returns on
investments, and to expansion and growth enshrined in the 1987 Constitution must also
be considered, otherwise, oppression or self-destruction of capital in order to promote the
interests of labor would be sanctioned. There being no showing that petitioners notified
respondents of their intention, or that they were allowed by respondents, to join the welga
ng bayan, their work stoppage is beyond legal protection.
(C) The strikers including the union officers should be paid their separation pay by virtue of
retrenchment notwithstanding the illegal strike was declared illegal. The issue on
entitlement to separation pay due to authorized cause and the ground for termination due
to knowingly participating in illegal strike are distinct and different.

XIV.
Pursuant to his power under Sec. 278(g) (263(g)) of the Labor Code, the Secretary of Labor
assumed jurisdiction over the 3-day old strike in Armor Steel Plates, Inc., one of the country's
bigger manufacturers of steel plates, and ordered all the striking employees to return to work.
The striking employees ignored the order to return to work.
(A) What conditions may justify the Secretary of Labor to assume jurisdiction? (2.5%)
(B) What are the consequences of the assumption of jurisdiction by the Secretary of Labor,
and of the disobedience to the return to work? Explain your answer. (2.5%)

37
Answers:
(A) Pursuant to Article 263 (g) [now 278 (g)], when a labor dispute causes or is likely to
cause a strike or lockout in an industry indispensable to the national interest, the
Secretary of Labor and Employment may assume jurisdiction over the dispute and decide
it or certify the same to the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) for
compulsory arbitration. (Section 1, Operational Guidelines of Department Order No. 40-
G-03, Series of 2010, dated February 24, 2011)
(B) The consequences of assumption of jurisdiction are as follows:
a. if a strike or lockout has not taken place, the parties are enjoined to conduct any
untoward action that may lead to a strike or lockout
b. if a strike or lockout has already taken place, all striking and locked out workers
shall, within twenty-four (24) hours from receipt of an Assumption or
Certification Order, immediately return to work and the employer shall
immediately resume operations and re-admit all workers under the same terms
and conditions prevailing before the strike.
c. at any point in time, the parties are not prevented from submitting the dispute to
voluntary arbitration with the Secretary of Labor and Employment or his/her duly
authorized representative as Voluntary Arbitrator or Panel of Voluntary
Arbitrators. (Section 3, Operational Guidelines of Department Order No.40-G-03,
Series of 2010, dated February 24, 2011).

2018
II.
Nayon Federation issued a charter certificate creating a rank-and-file Neuman Employees Union.
On the same day, New Neuman Employees Union filed a petition for certification election with
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) Regional Office, attaching the appropriate
charter certificate.
(A) The employer, Neuman Corporation, filed a motion to dismiss the petition for lack of
legal personality on the part of the petitioner union. Should the motion be granted?
(2.5%)
(B) The employer likewise filed a petition for cancellation of union registration against New
Neuman Employees Union, alleging that Nayon Federation already had a chartered local
rank-and-file union, Neuman Employees Union, pertaining to the same bargaining unit
within the establishment. Should the petition for cancellation prosper? (2.5%)
Answers:

38
 (A) The motion should be denied. For purposes of filing a petition for certification election,
New Neuman Employees has legal personality from the time it was issued with a charter
certificate. This clear under the Labor Code, which provides, The chapter shall acquire
legal personality only for purposes of filing a petition for certification election from the
date it was issued a charter certificate. (Article 241 [234-A], as inserted by Section 2,
Republic Act No. 9481 which lapsed into law on May 25, 2007 and became effective on
June 14, 2007)
(B) Under Article 247 of the Labor Code, the following are the relevant grounds for
cancellation of union registration:
(a) Misrepresentation, false statement or fraud in connection with the adoption or
ratification of the constitution and by-laws or amendments thereto, the minutes
of ratification, and the list of members who took part in the ratification;
(b) Misrepresentation, false statements or fraud in connection with the election of
officers, minutes of the election of officers, and the list of voters;
(c) Voluntary dissolution by the members.
Unless the employer can prove that any of the foregoing grounds are present the petition
for cancellation will not prosper.

III.
Due to his employer's dire financial situation, Nicanor was prevailed upon by his employer to
voluntarily resign. In exchange, he demanded payment of salary differentials, 13th month pay,
and financial assistance, as promised by his employer. Management promised to pay him as soon
as it is able to pay off all the retrenched rank-and-file employees. Five years later, and before
management was able to pay Nicanor the amount promised to him, Nicanor died of a heart
attack. His widow, Norie, filed a money claim against the company before the National Labor
Relations Commission (NLRC), including interest on the amount of the unpaid claim. She also
claimed additional damages arguing that the supposed resignation letter was obtained from her
spouse under undue pressure and influence. The employer field a motion to dismiss on the
ground that: a) the NLRC did not have jurisdiction over money claims; and b) the action has
prescribed.
(A) Does the NLRC have jurisdiction to award money claims including interest on the
amount unpaid? (2.5%)
(B) Assuming that the NLRC has jurisdiction, has the action prescribed? (2.5%)
(C) May Nicanor's spouse successfully claim additional damages as a result of the alleged
undue pressure and influence? (2.5%)
Answers:

39
(A) Jurisdiction will depend on the amount being claimed by Nicanor’s surviving spouse. If
the amount exceeds Five Thousand Pesos (Php5,000.00) as provided in Article 224 (a
[6]) of the Labor Code then jurisdiction belongs to the Arbitration Branch of the NLRC.
However, if the amount did not exceed Five Thousand Pesos (Php5,000.00) and then
jurisdiction belongs to the Regional Director under Article 129 of the Labor Code
involving recovery of wages, simple money claims and other benefits. Either of the said
quasi-judicial body can award interest in the concept of actual and compensatory
damages in accordance. The award of interest in money claim was explained in
Limlingan vs. Asian Institute Management, Inc., that the rate of interest in the concept of
actual and compensatory damages as well as its accrual are as follows:
1. When the obligation is breached, and it consists in the payment of a sum of
money, i.e., a loan or forbearance of money, the interest due should be that which
may have been stipulated in writing. Furthermore, the interest due shall itself earn
legal interest from the time it is judicially demanded. In the absence of stipulation,
the rate of interest shall be 6% per annum to be computed from default, i.e., from
judicial or extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of Article
1169 of the Civil Code.
2. When an obligation, not constituting a loan or forbearance of money, is breached,
an interest on the amount of damages awarded may be imposed at the discretion
of the court at the rate of 6% per annum. No interest, however, shall be adjudged
on unliquidated claims or damages, except when or until the demand can be
established with reasonable certainty. Accordingly, where the demand is
established with reasonable certainty, the interest shall begin to run from the time
the claim is made judicially or extrajudicially (Art. 1169, Civil Code), but when
such certainty cannot be so reasonably established at the time the demand is
made, the interest shall begin to run only from the date the judgment of the court
is made (at which time the quantification of damages may be deemed to have
been reasonably ascertained). The actual base for the computation of legal interest
shall, in any case, be on the amount finally adjudged.
3. When the judgment of the court awarding a sum of money becomes final and
executory, the rate of legal interest, whether the case falls under paragraph 1 or
paragraph 2, above, shall be 6% per annum from such finality until its
satisfaction, this interim period being deemed to be by then an equivalent to a
forbearance of credit.
(B) The action has not prescribed. This is because Nicanor’s surviving spouse’s cause of
action will accrue upon the categorical denial of the claim. In this case, there was demand
for its payment, however, the management had promsied to pay as soon as it is able to
pay off all retrenched rank-and-file employees. However, it is was only after five (5)

40
 years that the management was able to pay. Moreover, there was no denial of the claim.
Therefore, prescription did not set in.
(C) Yes, Nicanor’s spouse can successfully claim additional damages as a result of the
alleged undue pressure and influence. This is provided under Article 224 (a [4] of the
Labor Code which provides for claims for actual, moral, exemplary and other forms of
damages arising from employer-employee relationship within the jurisdictional authority
of the Arbitration Branch of the NLRC.
In the alternative, it can be argued that Nicanor’s spouse cannot successfully claim
additional damages because it is the jurisdictional authority of the Arbitration Branch of
the NLRC. The employer-employee relationship is only incidental and the cause of action
arises from other sources like torts and damages. Therefore, jurisdiction belongs to the
regular courts.

IV.
Natasha Shoe Company adopted an organizational streamlining program that resulted in the
retrenchment of 550 employees in its main plant. After having been paid their separation
benefits, the retrenched workers demanded payment of retirement benefits under a CBA between
their union and management. Natasha Shoe Company denied the workers' demand.
What is the most procedurally peaceful means to resolve this dispute? (2.5%)
Answer:
Since this is a money claim involving the interpretation and implementation of the CBA, the
retrenched workers can refer the matter to the grievance machinery and if it remained unresolved
within seven (7) days from the date of its submission the same shall be automatically referred to
the voluntary arbitration prescribed in the CBA.
In the alternative it can be argued, that since this is a dispute between the retrenched workers and
the employer the same cannot be a subject matter of grievance and voluntary arbitration. This is
because only disputes between the union and the company as ruled in Tabique vs. International
Copra Export Corporation, shall be referred to grievance machinery or voluntary arbitrators.
Thus, the dispute should be resolved by way of mandatory conciliation-mediation in accordance
with Article 234 of the Labor Code.

VI.
A certification election was conducted in Nation Manufacturing Corporation, whereby 55% of
eligible voters in the bargaining unit cast their votes. The results were as follows:
Union Nana : 45 votes

41
 Union Nada: 40 votes
Union Nara : 30 votes
No Union : 80 votes
Union Nana moved to be declared as the winner of the certification election.
(A) Can Union Nana be declared as the winner? (2.5%)
(B) Assume that the eligibility of 30 voters was challenged during the pre-election
conference. The ballots of the 30 challenged voters were placed inside an envelope sealed
by the DOLE Election Officer. Considering the said envelope remains sealed, what
should be the next course of action with respect to the said challenged votes? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Union Nana cannot be declared as the winner. This is because the said union did not
obtain the majority of the valid votes casts as provided under Article 268 of the Labor
Code.
(B) The procedure in the Challenge of Votes provides as follows:
The ballot of the voter who has been property challenged during the Pre-Election
conferences, shall be placed in an envelope which shall be sealed by the Election Officer
in the presence of the voter and the representatives of the contending unions. The election
Officer shall indicate on the envelope the voter’s name, the union challenging the voter,
and the ground for the challenged. The sealed envelope shall then be signed by the
Election Officer and the representatives of the contending unions. The Election Officer
shall note all challenges in the minutes of the election proceedings and shall have custody
of all envelopes containing the challenged votes. The envelopes shall be opened and the
question of eligibility shall be passed upon by the Mediator-Arbiter only if the number of
segregated votes will materially alter the results of the election. (Section 11, Rule IX,
Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-
F-03, Series of 2008 and renumbered by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015)
Applying the said procedure, if the number of segregated votes will materially alter the
results of the election the next course of action with respect to the said challenged votes is
to open the said envelopes and the question of eligibility shall be passed upon by the
Mediator-Arbiter.

VIII.
Nathaniel has been a salesman assigned by Newmark Enterprises (Newmark) for nearly two
years at the Manila office of Nutrition City, Inc. (Nutrition City). He was deployed pursuant to a
service agreement between Newmark and Nutrition City, the salient provisions of which were as
follows:

42
 a. the Contractor (Newmark) agrees to perform and provide the Client (Nutrition
City), on a non-exclusive basis, such tasks or activities that are considered
contractible under existing laws, as may be needed by the Client from time to
time;
b. the Contractor shall employ the necessary personnel like helpers, salesmen, and
drivers who are determined by the Contractor to be efficiently trained;
c. the Client may request replacement of the Contractor's personnel if quality of the
desired result is not achieved;
d. the Contractor's personnel will comply with the Client's policies, rules, and
regulations; and
e. the Contractor's two service vehicles and necessary equipment will be utilized in
carrying out the provisions of this Agreement.
When Newmark fired Nathaniel, he filed an illegal dismissal case against the wealthier company,
Nutrition City, Inc., alleging that he was a regular employee of the same. Is Nathaniel correct?
(2.5%)
Answer:
Nathaniel is correct in so far as the existence of employer-employee relationship between him
and the principal.
The rules require that the Service Agreement between the principal and the contractor shall
include the following:
i. The specific description of the job or work being subcontracted, including its term or
duration.
ii. The place of work and terms and conditions governing the contracting arrangement,
to include the agreed amount of the contracted job or work as well as the standard
administrative fee of not less than ten percent (10%) of the total contract cost; and
iii. A provision on the issuance of the bond/s defined under Section 3(a) renewable
every year. (Section 11, D.O. No. 174, Series of 2017)
On the other hand, a finding of violation of 11 shall render the principal the direct employer of
the employees of the contractor or subcontractor, pursuant to Article 109 of the Labor Code, as
amended. (Section 12, D.O. No. 174, Series of 2017)
Applying the above rules, since Newmark and Nutrition City violated the required terms to be
stated in the Service Agreement then Nutrition City is the direct employer of Nathaniel.

X.

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Nonato had been continuously employed and deployed as a seaman who performed services that
were necessary and desirable to the business of N-Train Shipping, through its local agent, Narita
Maritime Services (Agency), in accordance with the 2010 Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration Standard Employment Contract (2010 POEA-SEC). Nonato's last contract (for
five months) expired on November 15, 2016. Nonato was then repatriated due to a "finished
contract." He immediately reported to the Agency and complained that he had been experiencing
dizziness, weakness, and difficulty in breathing. The Agency referred him to Dr. Neri, who
examined, treated, and prescribed him with medications. After a few months of treatment and
consultations, Nonato was declared fit to resume work as a seaman. Nonato went back to the
Agency to ask for re-deployment but the Agency rejected his application. Nonato filed an illegal
dismissal case against the Agency and its principal, with a claim for total disability benefits
based on the ailments that he developed on board N-Train Shipping vessels. The claim was based
on the certification of his own physician, Dr. Nunez, that he was unfit for sea duties because of
his hypertension and diabetes.
(A) Was Nonato a regular employee of N-Train Shipping? (2.5%)
Answer:
(A) Nonato is not a regular employee of N-Train Shipping. The fact that seafarers are not
regular employees is already a settled rule.
The Supreme Court squarely passed upon the issue in Millares vs. NLRC, where one of
the issues raised was whether seafarers are regular or contractual employees whose
employment are terminated every time their contracts of employment expire. The
Supreme Court explained:
It is clear that seafarers are considered contractual employees. They cannot be considered
as regular employees under Article 280 of the Labor Code. Their employment is
governed by the contracts they sign every time they are rehired and their employment is
terminated when the contract expires. Their employment is contractually fixed for a
certain period of time. They fall under the exception of Article 280 whose employment
has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking the completion or termination of
which has been determined at the time of engagement of the employee or where the work
or services to be performed is seasonal in nature and the employment is for the duration
of the season. We need not depart from the rulings of the Court in the two
aforementioned cases which indeed constitute stare decisis with respect to the
employment status of seafarers.

XII.
Nena worked as an Executive Assistant for Nesting, CEO of Nordic Corporation. One day,
Nesting called Nena into his office and showed her lewd pictures of women in seductive poses

44
which Nena found offensive. Nena complained before the General Manager who, in turn,
investigated the matter and recommended the dismissal of Nesting to the Board of Directors.
Before the Board of Directors, Nesting argued, that since the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law
requires the existence of "sexual favors," he should not be dismissed from the service since he
did not ask for any sexual favor from Nena. Is Nesting correct? (2.5%)
Answer:
Nesting is not correct.
The law penalizing sexual harassment in our jurisdiction is RA 7877. Section 3 thereof defines
work-related sexual harassment in this wise:
Sec. 3. Work, Education or Training-related Sexual Harassment Defined.—Work,
education or training-related sexual harassment is committed by an employer, manager,
supervisor, agent of the employer, teacher, instructor, professor, coach, trainor, or any
other person who, having authority, influence or moral ascendancy over another in a
work or training or education environment, demands, requests or otherwise requires any
sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request or requirement for
submission is accepted by the object of said Act.
(a) In a work-related or employment environment, sexual harassment is committed
when: xxx
(3) The above acts would result in an intimidating, hostile, or offensive
environment for the employee.
Contrary to Nesting’s claim, it is enough that his acts result in creating an intimidating, hostile or
offensive environment for the employee.

XIII.
Nicodemus was employed as a computer programmer by Network Corporation, a
telecommunications firm. He has been coming to work in shorts and sneakers, in violation of the
"prescribed uniform policy" based on company rules and regulations. The company human
resources manager wrote him a letter, giving him 10 days to comply with the company uniform
policy. Nicodemus asserted that wearing shorts and sneakers made him more productive, and
cited his above-average output. When he came to work still in violation of the uniform policy,
the company sent him a letter of termination of employment. Nicodemus filed an illegal
dismissal case. The Labor Arbiter ruled in favor of Nicodemus and ordered his reinstatement
with backwages. Network Corporation, however, refused to reinstate him. The NLRC 1st
Division sustained the Labor Arbiter's judgment. Network Corporation still refused to reinstate
Nicodemus. Eventually, the Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the NLRC and ruled that
the dismissal was valid. Despite the reversal, Nicodemus still filed. a motion for execution with
respect to his accrued backwages.

45
 (A) Were there valid legal grounds to dismiss Nicodemus from his employment? (2.5%)
(B) Should Nicodemus' motion for execution be granted? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Yes, Nicodemus can be dismissed on based on willful disobedience to the lawful order
under Article 297 (a) of the Labor Code and the “prescribed uniform policy” of the
company.
The basis is the case of St. Luke’s vs. Sanchez, where it was ruled: At the same time, the
employee has the corollary duty to obey all reasonable rules, orders, and instructions of
the employer; and willful or intentional disobedience thereto, as a general rule, justifies
termination of the contract of service and the dismissal of the employee. (Malabago v.
NLRC, 533 Phil. 292, 300 [2006]) x x x x. Note that for an employee to be validly
dismissed on this ground, the employer’s orders, regulations, or instructions must be: (1)
reasonable and lawful, (2) sufficiently known to the employee, and (3) in connection with
the duties which the employee has been engaged to discharge.”
(B) Yes, Nicodemus’ motion for execution should be granted. He is entitled to his accrued
salary.
The accrued wages/salaries (reinstatement wages/salaries) is the consequence of the
reinstatement aspect of the decision of the Labor Arbiter referred in paragraph 3, Article
229 [223] of the Labor Code. This means that a dismissed employee whose case was
favorably decided by the Labor Arbiter is entitled to receive wages pending appeal upon
reinstatement, which is immediately executory. In other words, it refers to the wages or
salaries which automatically accrued to a dismissed employee from the notice of the
Labor Arbiter’s order of reinstatement until its ultimate reversal by the higher court,
which could be the NLRC, the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court.

XIV.
Nelson complained before the DOLE Regional Office about Needy Corporation's failure to pay
his wage increase amounting to PhPS,000.00 as mandated in a Wage Order issued by the
Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board. Consequently, Nelson asked the DOLE to
immediately issue an Order sustaining his money claim. To his surprise, he received a notice
from the DOLE to appear before the Regional Director for purposes of conciliating the dispute
between him and Needy Corporation. When conciliation before the Regional Director failed, the
latter proceeded to direct both parties to submit their respective position papers in relation to the
dispute. Needy Corporation argued, that since Nelson was willing to settle for 75% of his money
claim during conciliation proceedings, only a maximum of 75% of the said money claim may be
awarded to him.

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 (A) Was DOLE's action to conduct mandatory conciliation in light of Nelson's complaint
valid? (2.5%)
(B) Should the Regional Director sustain Needy Corporation's argument? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Yes, the DOLE’s action to conduct mandatory conciliation is valid. This is mandated by
Article 234 of the Labor Code, except as provided in Title VII-A, Book V of this Code,
as amended, or as may be excepted by the Secretary of Labor and Employment, all issues
arising from labor and employment shall be subject to mandatory conciliation-mediation.
(B) The Regional Director should not sustain Needy Corporation’s argument. This is because
under Article 239 of the Labor Cod, information and statements made at conciliation
proceedings shall be treated as privileged communication and shall not be used as
evidence in the Commission. Conciliators and similar officials shall not testify in any
court or body regarding any matters taken up at conciliation proceedings conducted by
them. Thus, Needy Corporation cannot raise the argument that Nelson was willing to
settle for 75% of his money claim during conciliation proceedings.

XV.
Nexturn Corporation employed Nini and Nono, whose tasks involved directing and supervising
rank-and-file employees engaged in company operations. Nini and Nono are required to ensure
that such employees obey company rules and regulations, and recommend to the company's
Human Resources Department any required disciplinary action against erring employees. In
Nextum Corporation, there are two independent unions, representing rank-and-file and
supervisory employees, respectively.
(A) May Nini and Nono join a union? (2.5%)
(B) May the two unions be affiliated with the same Union Federation? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Yes, Nini and Nono can join a union. This is clearly allowed under Article 255 of the
Labor Code which provides in substance that supervisory employees may join, assist or
form separate collective bargaining units and/or legitimate labor organizations of their
own.
(B) Yes, the two unions can be affiliated with the same Union Federation. This is clearly
allowed under Article 255 of the Labor Code which provides in substance that the rank-
and-file union and the supervisors’ union operating within the same establishment may
join the same federation or national union.

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XVI.
Nagrab Union and Nagrab Corporation have an existing CSA which contains the following
provision: "New employees within the coverage of the bargaining unit who may be regularly
employed shall become members of Nagrab Union. Membership in good standing with the
Nagrab Union is a requirement for continued employment with Nagrab Corporation." Nagrab
Corporation subsequently acquired all the assets and rights of Nuber Corporation and absorbed
all of the latter's employees. Nagrab Union immediately demanded enforcement of the above-
stated CSA provision with respect to the absorbed employees. Nagrab Corporation refused on the
ground that this should not apply to the absorbed employees who were former employees of
another corporation whose assets and rights it had acquired.
(A) Was Nagrab Corporation correct in refusing to enforce the CSA provision with respect to
the absorbed employees? (2.5%)
(B) May a newly-regularized employee of Nagrab Corporation (who is not part of the
absorbed employees) refuse to join Nagrab Union? How would you advise the human
resources manager of Nagrab Corporation to proceed? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) Nagrab Corporation was not correct in refusing to enforce the CBA provision with
respect to the absorbed employees. This is because it cannot invoke its merger with
another corporation as a valid ground to exempt its absorbed employees from the
coverage of a union shop clause contained in its existing Collective Bargaining
Agreement (CBA) with its own certified labor union.
(B) The newly-regularized employee of Nagrab Corporation (who is not-part of the absorbed
employees) cannot refuse to join Nagrab Union in view of the union security clause
provision of the CBA. While the right to join includes the right not to join, however, the
exception is the UNION SECURITY CLAUSE where it imposes upon employees the
obligation to acquire or retain union membership as a condition affecting employment.
Thus, I will advise the human resources manager of Nagrab Corporation to comply with
the provision of the CAB stating that: New employees within the coverage of the
bargaining unit who may be regularly employed shall become members of Nagrab Union.

XVII.
Upon compliance with the legal requirements on the conduct of a strike, Navarra Union staged a
strike against Newfound Corporation on account of a collective bargaining deadlock. During the
strike, some members of Navarra Union broke the windows and punctured the tires of the
company-owned buses. The Secretary of Labor and Employment assumed jurisdiction over the
dispute.

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 (A) Should all striking employees be admitted back to work upon the assumption of
jurisdiction by the Secretary of Labor and Employment? Will these include striking
employees who damaged company properties? (2.5%)
(B) May the company readmit strikers only by restoring them to the payroll? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) All striking employees be admitted back to work and including striking employees who
damaged company properties. The effect of assumption of jurisdiction of the Secretary of
Labor is clear under Article 278 (g) which provides in substance that such assumption
shall have the effect of automatically enjoining the intended or impending strike or
lockout as specified in the assumption or certification order. If one has already taken
place at the time of assumption or certification, all striking or locked out employees shall
immediately return-to-work and the employer shall immediately resume operations and
readmit all workers under the same terms and conditions prevailing before the strike or
lockout.
(B) The company may not readmit strikers by restoring them to the payroll. The phrase
“under the same terms and conditions” found in Article 278 (g) [263 (g)] of the Labor
Code was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the case of the University of Immaculate
Concepcion, Inc. vs. Secretary of Labor, as follows:
With respect to the Secretary’s Order allowing payroll reinstatement instead of actual
reinstatement for the individual respondents herein, an amendment to the previous Orders
issued by her office, the same is usually not allowed. Article 263(g) of the Labor Code
aforementioned states that all workers must immediately return to work and all employers
must readmit all of them under the same terms and conditions prevailing before the strike
or lockout. The phrase “under the same terms and conditions” makes it clear that the
norm is actual reinstatement. This is consistent with the idea that any work stoppage or
slowdown in that particular industry can be detrimental to the national interest.
Clearly, reinstatement should be actual and not payroll reinstatement.

XIX.
Northeast Airlines sent notices of transfer, without diminution in salary or rank, to 50 ground
crew personnel who were front-liners at Northeast Airlines counters at the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA). The 50 employees were informed that they would be distributed to
various airports in Mindanao to anticipate robust passenger volume growth in the area. North
Union, representing rank-and-file employees, filed unfair labor practice and illegal dismissal
cases before the NLRC, citing, among others, the inconvenience of the 50 concerned employees
and union discrimination, as 8 of the 50 concerned ground crew personnel were union officers.

49
Also, the Union argued that Northeast Airlines could easily hire additional employees from
Mindanao to boost its ground operations in the Mindanao airports.
(A) Will the transfer of the 50 ground crew personnel amount to illegal dismissal? (2.5%)
(B) Will the unfair labor practice case prosper? (2.5%)
Answers:
(A) The transfer of the 50 ground crew personnel does not amount to Illegal dismissal. This is
because their transfer is a valid exercise of management prerogatives.
(B) The unfair labor practice case will not prosper. This is because the act did not constitute
an act of interfering, restraining or coercing the said employees in the exercise of their
right to self-organization under Article 259 [a] of the Labor Code.

XX.
In Northern Lights Corporation, union members Nad, Ned, and Nod sought permission from the
company to distribute flyers with respect to a weekend union activity. The company HR manager
granted the request through a text message sent to another union member, Norlyn.
While Nad, Ned, and Nod were distributing the flyers at the company assembly plant, a company
supervisor barged in and demanded that they cease from distributing the flyers, stating that the
assembly line employees were trying to beat a production deadline and were thoroughly
distracted. Norlyn tried to show the HR manager's text message authorizing flyer distribution
during work hours, but the supervisor brushed it aside.
As a result, Nad, Ned, and Nod were suspended for violating company rules on trespass and
highly-limited union activities during work hours. The Union filed an unfair labor practice (ULP)
case before the NLRC for union discrimination.
(A) Will the ULP case filed by the Union prosper? (2.5%)
(B) Assume the NLRC ruled in favor of the Union. The Labor Arbiter's judgment included,
among others, an award for moral and exemplary damages at PhP50,000.00 each for Nad,
Ned, and Nod. should Northern be Lights given to Corporation the Union, and argued not
that individually any award to its of members. Is Northern Lights Corporation correct?
(2.5%)
Answers:
(A) The ULP case filed by the Union will not prosper. This is because the act did not
constitute an act of interfering, restraining or coercing the said employees in the exercise
of their right to self-organization under Article 259 [a] of the Labor Code.
In the given facts, it does not show that the act of the company supervisor in barging in
and demanding for Nad, Ned, and Nod to cease from distributing the flyers relates to the

50
 commission of acts that transgress their right to organize or it was made to interfere,
restrain or coerce them with the exercise of their right to self-organization.
(B) Northern Lights Corporation is not correct. The rights that were violated belongs to the
union members, Nad, Ned, and Nod, and not the union itself. Further, the said union
members were the real party in interest in the said case for ULP filed by the union against
the corporation and not the union itself. The union is a juridical person and as a rule it
cannot not suffer moral damages.

2019
A.1
Define, explain or distinguish the following terms:
(B) Seasonal and project employees (2%)
(C) Strikes and lockouts (2%)
(E) Grievance machinery (2%)

A.8.
Ms. T was caught in the act of stealing the company property of her employer. When Ms. T
admitted to the commission of the said act to her manager, the latter advised her to just tender
her resignation; otherwise, she would face an investigation which would likely lead to the
termination of her employment and the filing of criminal charges in court.
Acting on her manager’s advice, Ms. T submitted a letter of resignation. Later on, Ms. T filed a
case for constructive dismissal against her employer. While Ms. T conceded that her manager
spoke to her in a calm and unforceful manner, she claimed that her resignation was not
completely voluntary because she was told that should she not resign, she could be terminated
from work for just cause and worse criminal charges could be file against her.
(A) What is the difference between resignation and constructive dismissal? (2%)
(B) Will Ms. T’s claim for constructive dismissal prosper? Explain. (3%)

A.9.
After due proceedings, the Labor Arbiter (LA) declared Mr. K to have been illegally dismissed
by his former employer, AB, Inc. As a consequence, the LA directed ABC, Inc. to pay Mr. K
separation pay in lieu of reinstatement as well as his full backwages.
While ABC, Inc. accepted the finding of illegal dismissal, it nevertheless filed a motion for
reconsideration, claiming that the LA erred in awarding both separation pay and full backwages,

51
and instead, should have ordered Mr. K’s reinstatement to his former position without loss of
seniority rights and other privileges, but without payment of backwages. In this regard, ABC,
Inc. pointed out that the LA’s ruling did not contain any finding of strained relations or that
reinstatement was no longer feasible. In any case, it appears that no evidence was presented on
this score.
(A) Is ABC, Inc.’s contention to delete the separation pay, and instead, order reinstatement
without backwages correct? Explain. (3%)
(B) Assuming than on appeal, the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) upholds the
decision of the LA, where, how, and within what timeframe should ABC, Inc. assail the
NLRC ruling? (2%)

A.10.
For purposes of prescription, within what periods from the time the cause of action accrued
should the following cases be filed:
(A) Money claims arising from employer-employee relations (1%)
(B) Illegal dismissal (1%)
(C) Offenses under the Labor Code (1%)
(D) Illegal recruitment (1%)
B.11.
Briefly discuss the powers and responsibilities of the following in the scheme of the Labor Code:
(A) Secretary of Labor (2%)
(B) Bureau of Labor Relations (2%)
(C) Voluntary Arbitrators (2%)

B.12.
Due to serious business reverses, ABC Co. decided to terminate the services of several officers
receiving "fat" compensation packages. One of these officers was Mr. X, its Vice-President for
External Affairs and a member of the Board of Directors. Aggrieved, Mr. X filed a complaint for
illegal dismissal before the National labor Relations Commission (NLRC) – Regional Arbitration
Branch.
ABC Co. moved for the dismissal of the case on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, asserting that
since Mr. X occupied the position of Vice-President for External Affairs which is listed in the
by-laws of the corporation, the case should have been tiled before the Regional Trial Court.

52
The Labor Arbiter (LA) denied ABC Co.’s motion and proceeded to rule that Mr. X was illegally
dismissed. Hence, he was reinstated in ABC Co.’s payroll pending its appeal to the NLRC.
(A) Did the LA err in denying ABC Co.’s motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of
jurisdiction? Explain. (2.5%)
(B) Assuming the LA’s ruling of illegal dismissal with finality, may ABC Co. claim
reimbursement for the amounts it paid to Mr. X during the time that he was on payroll
reinstatement pending appeal? Explain. (2.5%)

B.15.
On December 1, 2018, GHI Co., an organized establishment, and Union J, the exclusive
bargaining agent therein executed a five (5)-year collective bargaining agreement (CBA) which,
after ratification, was registered with the Bureau of Labor Relations.
(A) When can the union ask, at the earliest, for the renegotiation of all terms of the CBA,
except its representation aspect? Explain. (2.5%)
(B) When is the earliest time that another union can file for a petition for certification
election? Explain. (2.5%)

B.17.
Ms. A is a volleyball coach with five (5) years of experience in her field. Before the start of the
volleyball season of 2015, she was hired for the sole purpose of overseeing the training and
coaching of the University’s volleyball team. During her hiring, the Vice-President for Sports
expressed to Ms. A, the University’s expectation that she would bring the University a
championship at the end of the year.
In her first volleyball season, the University placed ninth (9th) out of 10 participating teams.
Soon after the end of the season, the Vice-president for Sports informed Ms. A that she was a
mere probationary employee and hence, she need not come back for the next season because of
the poor performance of the team.
In any case, the Vice-President for Sports claimed that Ms. A was a fixed-term employee whose
contract had ended at the close of the year.
(A) Is Ms. A a probationary, fixed-term, or regular employee? Explain your reasons as to
why she is or she is not such kind of an employee for each of the types of employment
given, (5%)

53
 (B) Assuming that Ms. A was dismissed by the University for serious misconduct but was
never given a notice to explain, what is the consequence of a procedurally infirm
dismissal from service under our labor law and jurisprudence? Explain. (2%)

B.18.
When resolving a case of unfair labor practice (ULP) filed by a union, what should be the critical
point of analysis to determine if an act constitutes ULP? (2.5%)

B.19.
Because of dwindling sales and the consequent limitation of productions, rumors were rife that
XYZ, Inc. would reduce its employee force. The next day, the employees of XYZ, Inc. received
a notice that the company will have a winding down period of 10 days, after which there will be
a six (6)-month suspension of operations to allow the company to address its precarious financial
position.
On the fourth (4th) month of suspension of its operations XYZ, Inc. posted announcement that it
will resume its operations in 60 days but at the same time announced that instead of closing
down due to financial losses, it will retrench 50% of the work force.
(A) Is the announcement that there would be retrenchment affecting 50% of the work force
sufficient compliance with the legal requirements for retrenchment? Explain. (2.5%)
(B) Assuming that XYZ, Inc., instead of retrenchment, extended the suspension of its
operations from six (6) months to eight (8) months, would the same be legally
permissible? If not, what are the consequences? (2.5%)

B.20.
Discuss the differences between compulsory and voluntary/optional retirement as well as the
minimum benefits provided under the Labor Code for retiring employees of private
establishments. (2.5%)

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