Course Name

Module Quantum Computing

Session No. I

Version 1.0
 Quantum Computing

Material from the published or unpublished work of others which is referred to in the Class
Notes is credited to the author in question in the text. The Class Notes prepared is of 5,989
words in length. Research ethics issues have been considered and handled appropriately
within the Globsyn Business School guidelines and procedures.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5

2. Classical Computing, Quantum Computing and Utility of Matrices ..................... 5

3. Working Proceedings of the Classical Computers ................................................ 7

3.1. Problem Found in Classical Computer .................................................................. 7

3.1.1. Time Consuming Process ......................................................................................... 7

3.1.2. No Application of Qubit System ................................................................................. 8

3.2. Quantum Computing ............................................................................................. 9

3.2.1. Usefulness of Quantum Computing Process ............................................................10

3.2.2. Implementation of Quantum Computing Process .....................................................10

3. Overview of Matrices .............................................................................................. 11

3.1. Row Switching .................................................................................................... 12

3.2. Row Multiplication ............................................................................................... 13

3.3. Row-Addition....................................................................................................... 14

3.4. Row Division ....................................................................................................... 16

3.5. Work out of Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation ......................................... 17

3.6. Variance-Covariance Matrix ................................................................................ 19

3.7. Use of Standard Deviation in Quantum Mechanics ............................................. 20

4. Quantum Mechanics ............................................................................................... 20

4.1. Quantum Computing – Superposition and the Concept of Entanglement ........... 22

4.2. Quantum Computing is a part of Quantum Physics and its relation with Matrices
................................................................................................................................... 23

4.2. Advantage of Quantum Computing ..................................................................... 25

4.2.1. Scale of High Performance and use of Quantum Computing in Mutual Fund ...........25

4.2.2. Usefulness of Quantum Computing in Different Sectors ...........................................26

References ................................................................................................................... 28

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List of Tables
Table 1: BITS and QBITS Classification ..................................................................................... 6
Table 3: Classic Computer and Quantum Computer .................................................................. 8
Table 4: Classical Bit and Quantum Bit ...................................................................................... 8
Table 5: Picture of Two Qubit ..................................................................................................... 9
Table 6: Difference found in Bit and qubit computing ................................................................10
Table 7: Post Disaster Picture (a)..............................................................................................11
Table 8: Post Disaster Picture (b)..............................................................................................11
Table 9: Picture of Dogs and Shoulder Heights .........................................................................17
Table 10: Picture of Mean Line .................................................................................................18
Table 11: Difference between Mean and Shoulder Height ........................................................18
Table 12: Variance-Covariance Matrix ......................................................................................19
Table 13: Gama Rays under Quantum Computing ....................................................................21
Table 14: Superposition ............................................................................................................23
Table 15: Qubit and Matrices Relationship ................................................................................24
Table 16: Risk Reduction in Portfolio ........................................................................................26
Table 17: Robotic Technology for Surgical Purpose ..................................................................27

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1. Introduction
Have you ever dealt with Amazon online shopping? After you make any online purchasing
through Amazon you may have noticed that whenever you enter this website a bunch of
products appear on the screen, which are similar to your purchasing product. Have you ever
thought why such a thing happens whenever you start accessing this site? This happen
because Amazon uses certain technology which can memorize the deal done by the customers.
Since you are one such valid customer of Amazon so whenever you enter this site the system
shows you some products similar to the product you have purchased from Amazon. Now, just
imagine – suppose one fine evening you enter into Amazon to search new product e.g.
television and you get surprised that without searching any of such items from this website you
get the list of television from this site. This is really a surprising instance that cannot match your
imagination. Now think what is the difference between the earlier incidence and the present
event? In the earlier case, you have seen the bunch of products appeared on the site similar to
the product you have purchased. In the latter case you notice that your desired product
automatically displayed on the system without using the search engine. Now you think about
how it could be possible? Is it magic? It is not a magic. It is an outstanding innovation that
serves mankind with the application of quantum computing, part of quantum physics, which is
considered as the latest technology used by big business houses to cater to better customer
dealing and enhance the growth of the business (The Verge, 2019).

2. Classical Computing, Quantum Computing and Utility of Matrices

The prime functions of a computer are to store information and its manipulation. In the
manipulation process traditional computer depends on bits and it stores the information in a
binary formation which is either 0 or 1 state. (Follow the picture given in Table – 1.) Quantum
computers rely on quantum bits, or qubits (Whatls.com, 2019). Therefore, it is a study which
focusses on the principles of quantum theory. This theory emphasizes on explaining the nature
and behavior of energy and the matter on atomic or sub-atomic level. The atomic and subatomic
are the two levels of quantum level. Quantum computing bears a significant importance
because computing capability can be increased in a large degree in comparison to the capability
of the traditional computers nowadays (University of Waterloo, 2019). The quantum computers
follow the principles of quantum physics. The subject that deals with behavior of matter and light
on the scale of atomic even subatomic level is known as Quantum physics. Following the
subject like quantum physics may lead to bring leverage in the performance level as quantum

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computer has the capability to meet the new challenges in our daily life that cannot be solved by
the classical computer. The classical computer is capable to reach certain extent in terms of
certain size and complexity. However, beyond certain level it fails to address any problem
competently. Here comes the utility of the quantum computer which is capable to handle the
task that today’s system never be able to solve. The quantum computing process bears the
capability to perform the task to be in multiple states. Moreover, it manages to drive the possible
permutations simultaneously. To understand the concept of quantum it is required to introduce a
suitable measure that is capable to define what can and cannot physically occur. If any easiest
means is required to apply, the technique like matrices should be employed which is considered
as the easiest way to grasp the subject like quantum computing. When linear system involves a
number of basis the matrices are required to be helpful. In the quantum accounting process, the
system under consideration possesses finite number of energy levels. Further, two energy
levels are observed under qubits. It means there is a certainty in the matter of using the number
of energy levels under qubits. So Quantum computing uses matrix representation (Math pages,
2019).

Table 1: BITS and QBITS Classification

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

Bit consists of two numbers- 0 and 1. These numbers function separately. In case of qubit both
0 and 1 work simultaneously. The superposition state is created under Quantum computing.

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3. Working Proceedings of the Classical Computers

Before analyzing the ways quantum computers work, let us start with the operational process of
Classical Computing. Another name of Classical Computing is Binary Computing. It is so
because the information is stored in bits and these bits are framed logically by either a 0 or a 1.
The term 0 refers to ‘off’ and 1 refers to ‘on’. Suppose there is an unordered data base with N
items. Unordered data refers to non-specified data. Under the classical computing method, N/2
comparisons have to be computed. It means the classical computer will take the average of N
numbers of unordered data and create N/2 comparisons. These N/2 comparisons are made by
applying Grover’s algorithm technique (Science Direct, 2019). See Table-2

Table 2: Bit Technology in Classical Computing

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

The classical computer uses N/2 comparisons. 0 and 1 never works simultaneously.

3.1. Problem Found in Classical Computer

Continuing with the example given in the last paragraph let us suppose that the database is
specific, say one million. Under the classical computing searching will be made for 500,000
operations. It means the classical computer can search the operational data base. However,
into this processing certain passive factors are required to highlight.

3.1.1. Time Consuming Process

Applying the classical computer although the desired result can be achieved however, it will
take plenty of time in reaching the target. This prolong time period brings several complexities
into the operational process of any business and at the same time, these complexities
somehow, tough to bear in the future period. The number of bits increases through the passage

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of time and as a result more and more operations are required to be executed. Not only that this
prolonged time span increases the volume of processing of these computations to a greater
degree which is tough to comply with. In comparison to Quantum computer the classical
computer performs slowly. It is expressed through a chart. Table-3

Table 3: Classic Computer and Quantum Computer

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

In a Quantum Computer the quantum computation can transform the memory into quantum
superposition of possible classical states. It is a 1-time calculation process. In the classical
computer no quantum superposition occurs. It is not a 1-time calculation process. It takes more
time in comparison to quantum computer (Whatls.com, 2019).

3.1.2. No Application of Qubit System

The classical computing system follows a certain pattern in its operational process. It provides
the result based on the calculation that is established on basic two bits of game planning. There
is no connection of qubit in a superposition state related to the classical computing system. As a
result, no smart and rapid work is done under this method.

Table 4: Classical Bit and Quantum Bit

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

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In the classical computing system, classical bit is used. Qubit is not used hence any state of
superposition occurs in the classical computing system and the time required to resolve a
problem is too long (Science Direct, 2019). Follow Table-4.

3.2. Quantum Computing

On the other hand, a non-classical computing system known as quantum computing represents
data in quantum bits. Such quantum bits are known as qubits. The difference between these
two bits is – in case of classical bits the two modes i.e. on and off cannot be held at the same
time. The Classical computing system never supports these two states to be constituted at the
same time. However, in the case of a non-classical computing system such two different states
can be held at the same time. At least, a quantum computing system demands this strange
state (Science alert, 2019). This state is known as superposition. Qubits are states that are
recognized as undefined. The Spin of an electron or the polarization of photon is the undefined
properties until and unless these states are detected. When the spin is happening in the air we
cannot define the clear position of the spin. These undetectable quantum states refer to mixed
superposition. This superposition is also correlated with other objects which are undefined
(Alex, 2019). However, mathematical calculation is continuously happening into the state of
superposition which is claimed under quantum computing theory but such process of calculation
remains undefined. In a nutshell, we can say that those works Quantum computers can do the
classical computers can also do these works but the problem is that the classical computers
cannot do it employing a simulating quantum-mechanical process which Quantum computers
can do. Therefore, Quantum computer is arguably much more efficient than the classical
computer and it is regarded as a more natural computing model. A picture of Qubit is shown
below in Table – 5.
Table 5: Picture of Two Qubit

(Phys.org, 2019)

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3.2.1. Usefulness of Quantum Computing Process

In the classical computing section, we have found that computer searching will be made for
500,000 operations over time out of one million specific data. However, when the technology
like qubit is applied into such specific data the number of operations will be surprisingly reduced
to 1000. Moreover, it can be observed that the speed will be rising 500 times in comparison to
the speed found in the classical computing process. By leveraging this type of exponential
increase the quantum computers are really helpful in solving typical complex problem that were
previously unsolvable on classical computers (Science daily, 2019). The exponential effect of
qubit is laid down in the following picture. The term entanglement is also highlighted. See Table-
6.

Table 6: Difference found in Bit and qubit computing

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

3.2.2. Implementation of Quantum Computing Process

In the United States it is found that almost $6 trillion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is
directly or indirectly affected by weather. The adverse effect of weather impacts on food
production, transportation, retail trade and other important activities. The scientists started
thinking to predict the weather in a better way and reduce the post disaster condition. One
Quantum researcher called Seth Lloyd has been researching for a long period of time on
weather and put a conclusion regarding this issue. He says that unlike classical computer the
quantum computing system possesses the ability to perceive the hidden wave nature of weather

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and such may be amenable through the equations based on Quantum Computing (Science
daily, 2019). Look at Table-7&8.

Table 7: Post Disaster Picture (a)

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

Table 8: Post Disaster Picture (b)

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

Two pictures show the after effect of disaster. Without the application of quantum computing the
disaster can put a massive impact on the society. When such latest and effective technology is
applied to weather successfully the post-disaster state cannot make any significant impact on
the society.

3. Overview of Matrices
There are four basic operations found in the procedure of Matrix Row Operations. These are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In matrices, the Row Operations can be

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organized by following three procedures namely Switching, Multiplication, and Addition. These
three procedures can be applied with the rows of the matrices (Lumen, 2019).

3.1. Row Switching

The first procedure in the Row Operations is called Row-Switching. In this process, rows can be
interchanged in order to produce a nicer row arrangement. While doing this arrangement arrows
are used to show the direction of the modified matrices. The change in the row arrangement can
be represented with a suitable example.

Suppose there is a certain matrices comprised of three rows having different numbers, as show
below:

After making the switch a new matrix is formed. This new matrix, along with the direction path, is
shown below:

Another example of switching is given:

After making the switch a new matrix is formed. It can be shown below:

The direction path is shown below:

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3.2. Row Multiplication

The second procedure in the Row operations is called Row-multiplication. In the row
multiplication process any specific row can be multiplied with certain number to have a positive
leading value of that specific row. If the number of the first row of any matrices is multiplied with
certain number a new matrix can be formed.

Suppose the matrix is as follows:

Now if we multiply the first Row of the matrix by -1, the new matrix would be:

The shipment of the first row is shown below when (-1) is multiplied with this row:

If the first row is represented by R1, -1R1 shows the actual operation. Here “-1” refers to
negative one which is applied for multiplication with the numbers designated in the first row.
Whereas “R1” represents the first row of the matrix. In this connection, the notable factor is that
other two rows in the matrix remain unchanged. Changed through multiplication is observed
only to first row. The numbers of the other two rows are just merely brought down.

Another example of Row-multiplication is given below:

1 1
If we multiply the second row with − 2, the actual operation will be “− 2 R2” The new matrix will
be:

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The change in the second row can be shown through the following direction:

1
Now if the third row is multiplied with − 3, the changed matrix is shown below:

Therefore, for these changes the direction of actual operation can be shown in the following
manner:

1 1
The two actual operations are − 2 R2 and − 3 R3 respectively.

3.3. Row-Addition
In the matter of calculating Row addition, the method for solving linear equation can be of great
help. At first, we have to see how linear equation works. Suppose two equations are:

x + 3y = 1 and –x +y = 3

Therefore:

x + 3y = 1

-x + y =3
4y = 4
y=1

Likewise, the same thing can be held with matrices.

Suppose a certain matrix is given below:

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The second row of the matrix can be reduced when it is adjusted with first row by following path
of linear equation. In doing this process we may proceed by doing rough work between these
two rows.
1 0 3
−1 1 5

0 1 8
The outcome of the rough work can be inserted to the appropriate position:

The way this change is occurred due to Row addition can be exhibited through the following
direction:

The name of the arrow which represents the reduced sequence of second row is R 1 + R2. It is
noticed that the first and third rows remain unchanged. Therefore, the two rows are just carried
along with the second row.

Further, in the linear equation sometimes it is observed that if there exist two linear equations
the first or the second one is multiplied with certain number and the other remains same. As for
example, suppose the linear equations are x + 2y = 5 and -3x + y = 20. In such a situation we
can easily determine the value of y. In the same manner the sequence of a row can be reduced
in a matrix in the following manner:
x + 2y = 5……..i

-3x + y = 20 …….ii

Multiplying i equation by 3 and ii equations by 1 we shall get the following result:

3x + 6y = 15
-3x + y = 20
7y = 35
y=5

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If the same process is applied to a matrix the following result can be obtained:
1 2 1
−2 3 5

If we multiply the first row (R1) by 2 and (R2) by 1 the following thing will take place:
2 4 2
−2 3 5
0 7 7

Therefore, we can replace R2 by reduced R2 i.e. -235 is replaced by 077.

The new Row operation is:

1 2 1
0 7 7

The way this change is occurred due to Row addition can be exhibited through the following
direction:
1 2 1 1 2 1
−2 3 5 0 7 7

This direction line represents (2R1 + R2). This expression iterates that row 1 is multiplied by 2
then added the result to Row 2.

3.4. Row Division

The next procedure in the Row Operations is called Row Division. In the row division process
any specific row can be divided with certain number to have a positive leading value of that
specific row. Suppose if the number of the first row of any matrices is divided by certain number
a new matrix can be formed. A suitable example is laid down below:

Suppose the matrix is as follows:

Now if we divide the first Row of the matrix by -2, the new matrix would be:

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The shipment of the first row is shown below when this row is divided by (-2)

If the first row is represented by R1, R1/-2 shows the actual operation. Here “-2” refers to
negative two which is applied for making division with the numbers designated in the first row.
Whereas “R1” represents the first row of the matrix. In this connection, the notable factor is that
other two rows in the matrix remain unchanged. Changed through division is observed only to
first row. The numbers of the other two rows are just merely brought down.

3.5. Work out of Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation

Mean is a component of statistics. When addition is made related to certain numbers and the
result is then divided by the count the result we get is called mean. In the following Table mean
is shown:

Table 9: Picture of Dogs and Shoulder Heights

(The heights of the dogs are measured in millimeters)

(Anon., 2019)

Up to shoulder the heights are 600 mm, 470 mm, 170 mm, 430 mm, and 300 mm. See Table-9

The summation of these numbers is 1970. The count is 5. When such number is divided by the
count we get mean i.e. 1970 / 5 = 394

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If we draw a line along the height of 340 starting from “Y” axis and parallel to “X” axis we can
see that the height of the shoulders of the five dogs are dissimilar. The height of one dog might
be more that 340 or less than 340. With the Mean Line shown in green, this is shown below:

Table 10: Picture of Mean Line

(Anon., 2019)

Table 11: Difference between Mean and Shoulder Height

(Anon., 2019)

In respect of variance the calculation can be made with the help of mean figure. In this
calculation process, we have to square the result of the difference between mean and height of
each shoulder. Afterward addition is required to be made of all such differences followed by
average calculation. From the above chart we shall get all the differences:

206 +76 +(−224) +36 +(−94)²

2 2 2 2

σ2 =
5

42436+5776+50176+1296+8836
= 5

108520
=
5

= 21704

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Standard deviation is the square root of variance and it is denoted by σ

Therefore, σ = √21704
2

= 147

In case of a portfolio consisting of securities the expected return of such portfolio is equivalent

with mean return. However, when risk is to be determined σ2 or variance is required to find out.
Afterward standard deviation of the portfolio is computed (Statistics how to, 2019).

3.6. Variance-Covariance Matrix

In the stock market the investors like to put their attention towards portfolio. A portfolio consists
of n number of securities known as shares. Return on shares is a risk-oriented factor. Therefore,
it is required to measure risk and for the purpose of risk calculation standard deviation is used
which reveals the total risk of the portfolio. There is one formal formula of portfolio variance
(σ2p). However, there exists a convenient way for the calculation portfolio variance. This form is
known as variance-covariance matrix. Let us consider a portfolio with three securities A, B and
C. The proportions of investment in each of these securities are 0.20, 0.30 and 0.50
respectively. The variance of each security and the covariance of each possible pair of
securities may be set up as a matrix as follows: See Table-12

Table 12: Variance-Covariance Matrix

(Stat Trek, 2019)

The entries along the diagonal of the matrix represent the variances of securities A, B and C.
The other entries in the matrix represent the covariance of the respective pairs of securities i.e.
A and B, A and C, B and C.

When variance-covariance set up is formed it is easier the portfolio variance by mode of simple
operation. Each cell in the matrix represents a pair of two securities. The first cell in the first row
of the matrix represents A and A; the second cell in the first row represents A and B and so on.

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The variance or covariance in each cell has to be multiplied by the weights of the respective
securities represented by that cell. These weights are available in the matrix at the left side of
the row and the top of the column containing the cell (Taylor & Francis online, 2019). This
process may be started from the first cell from the first row and continued for all the cells till the
last cell of the last row is reached. The products are to be summed up to get the result of
portfolio variance. The square root of such variance gives the result of risk. The calculation of
risk variance is shown below:

σ2p = (0.2 x 0.2 x 52) + (0.2 x 0.3 x 63) + (0.2 x 0.5 x 36) + (0.3 x 0.2 x 63) + (0.3 x 0.3 x 38) +
(0.3 x 0.5 x 74) + (0.5 x 0.2 x 36) + (0.5 x 0.3 x 74) + (0.5 x 0.5 x 45) = 53.71

3.7. Use of Standard Deviation in Quantum Mechanics

To measure the expectation value on a large number of initially identical systems the average
value is required to be calculated. The standard deviation refers to the deviation from such
expectation value with the individual measurements on average. In the quantum mechanics the
value of standard deviation acts as the quantitative measure of uncertainty. In other words, the
uncertainty relations associated to the probabilistic theory of quantum mechanics can be
delivered in the mathematical form of standard deviations. The probability theory is a theory
which is used in mathematics with the analysis of random phenomena. The phenomena refer to
the situation whose cause or explanation is in question (Quantum mechanics for engineers,
2019).

4. Quantum Mechanics
The subject that deals with behavior of matter and light on the scale of atomic even subatomic
level is known as Quantum mechanics. The properties of molecules and atoms are explained
with satisfactory observations and the related constituents like protons, electrons and neutrons
are also accounted for. The esoteric particles belong to subatomic category which includes
quarks and gluons. The interactions of the particles are the subject matter of quantum
mechanics. It is observed that particles are always interacting with themselves along with
electromagnetic radiation. Due to such interaction certain invaluable rays are evolved. These
are light, X-rays and gamma rays. See Table-13

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Table 13: Gama Rays under Quantum Computing

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

Atomic scale deals with behavior of matter and radiation. However, it is observed that behavior
of the atom does not follow any particular pursuit. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the
quantum theory as the consequence arisen through the application of such theory cannot be
gauged on prior basis. The outcome related to application of quantum theory often conflicts with
common sense notions. These notions are the outcome of day to day activities that are
observed by the researchers for making comparison with the traditional mathematical
explanations and the theory itself. Since the quantum mechanics is a part of physics and the
subject like physics has the responsibility to describe and account for the way the world in terms
of large and small scale so it is also a responsibility of Quantum physics to maintain the
principle of physics. Therefore, each and every aspect related to world should be covered by
this subject for better living and progression (PBS, 2019).

The essential elements of quantum theory are laid down below:

 Energy, like matter, consists of discrete units, rather than solely as a continuous wave
 Basically there exist two elementary particles. These are energy and matter. Such
energy or matter may act either in the form of waves or particles under certain condition.
 The movement of elementary particles is inherently random, and thus unpredictable.

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 The measurement is done on the basis of position and momentum of the two
complementary values. Therefore, when more precisely one value is measured, the
more flawed found into the measurement of the other value.

The basic tenet of the quantum theory is that until and unless the particle is measured it can be
said that that particle does not bear specific properties nor it has any verified existence. The
verified existence is known as objective reality. Until a particle is measured the particle has no
objective existence. Such complex illustration of the state of particle brings the concept of
superposition. In brief this concept reveals that if any state of an object remains unrealizable it
can be understood that it is actually in all possible states simultaneously until and unless we
check the state of such object which seems like unrealizable. Superposition refers to such state
which shows the capability of the quantum system to be in multiple states at the same time. In
this connection, an example can be produced. Suppose a living cat is kept in a thick lead box.
Afterwards vial of cyanide is pushed in it. The person who has done such act does not know
exactly whether the cat has broken the capsule and used the cyanide. As per quantum theory
the cat is in the state of live and death until and unless we check the actual condition of the cat.
When the box is open the state of superposition can be said removed. It means superposition
becomes lost after the check (New Scientist, 2019).

4.1. Quantum Computing – Superposition and the Concept of Entanglement

Quantum computing is a process which is exploited and harnessed to draw information from
quantum mechanics. In terms of bits there is some distinction between traditional computer and
quantum computer. In case of traditional computer, it uses long stings of bits. Whereas quantum
computer uses quantum bits or qubits. The function of traditional computer is to encode the bits
either in zero or one. However, in the quantum process two separate quantum states are
formed relating to zero and one. It means this process encode zero and one into two different
quantum state. Bits or qubits are used in quantum process. Qubits behave like a quantum which
provides an advantage to plug the phenomena of “superposition” and “entanglement.” The term
superposition refers to the way of looking at the tiniest part of any material which we do not
experience in our daily life. We cannot feel the existence of tiniest elements in a material
through which such material is made up (The Physics of the Universe, 2019). Quantum
computing always consider such tiniest particles. Superposition refers to such state which
shows the capability of the quantum system to be in multiple states at the same time. The small
particles exist in the material under strong correlation. This strong bonding between the particles
is termed as entanglement. The state of coexistence of the particles can be comprehended

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even if they are placed in a separate position. It is observed that when two inextricably linked
particles are kept separately they behave in the same manner as if they are intrinsically
connected. Such instance represents a strong existence of bonding between these particles
which is termed as perfect unison. In a nutshell, quantum computing is considered as a tool
developed under quantum mechanics to solve any critical problem. The example of
superposition is given below in Table-14:
Table 14: Superposition

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

4.2. Quantum Computing is a part of Quantum Physics and its relation with
Matrices
In Classical Mechanics, we have noticed that everything happening in the world can be defined
through this subject. For example, if we want to move a heavy thing on the plain surface or on a
sandy beach we feel the difference of labor force. The friction emitted from the plain surface is
lower than the friction exerted from the beach is the main consideration of such difference.
Quantum Computing is something purely different from the function of classical physics. There
are many services in the world that are not explored yet. These types of services can be
invented when Quantum Physics will be in use in full swing. This concept describes the
subatomic realm – the behavior of electrons, protons, and photons. This concept is quite
unnatural which produces unexpected and counterintuitive results. The state of light bulb can be

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observed in two states: on or off. However, under Quantum Physics, the state of light stays on
and off at the same time. It means both on and off is a simultaneous result found in quantum
physics. This simultaneous state in Quantum Physics is known as superposition. Such
superposition is regarded as the pillar of the concept of Quantum Computing. In the classical
computing system, we have observed that this computing system is made up of a two-bit
function. This bit can hold a value of either 0 or 1. In the earlier sentence, the remarkable word
is ‘either’. In the Quantum Computing process, the word ‘either’ has had no use. Alike with
Quantum Physics, Quantum Computing also produces unexpected and counteractive results.
Quantum Computing can also be observed in two states. The state of qubit under Quantum
Computing works on 0 and 1 simultaneously. This simultaneous function of the qubit is a part of
quantum mechanics or Quantum Physics which is dissimilar with the function of the classical
computer. As earlier stated that under classical mode 0 and 1 does not function simultaneously.
Here bit consists of 0 and 1 works separately. It does not bring any unexpected or strange result
which can be observed in the Quantum Computing process. In terms of finite number, there
exists a relationship between matrices and Quantum Mechanics. When linear system involves a
finite number of bases it represents the usefulness of matrices. The finite number of energy
levels is observed under Quantum Mechanics. This finiteness shows the relationship between
Quantum Physics and Matrices. On the other hand, Quantum Computing is a part of Quantum
Physics where the two quantum bits work simultaneously. The finiteness is expressed here
through qubits. In this aspect, it can be said that Quantum Computing uses matrix
representation (Science alert, 2019). Follow Table-15

Table 15: Qubit and Matrices Relationship

(The Physics of the Universe, 2019)

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 Quantum Computing

The classical computers are built up on the basis of bits. However, in Quantum Computing the
quantum bits or qubits are used in its functional process. Qubit is not just number; it is a vector
in a two dimensional vector space. Such vector space is also known as state space.

4.2. Advantage of Quantum Computing

There are certain advantages found in the application of quantum computing. These are as
follows:

4.2.1. Scale of High Performance and use of Quantum Computing in Mutual Fund
It is observed that in most events quantum computing outperforms a classical computing. When
quantum algorithms are used on quantum computing process this state of condition may lead to
exploit the phenomenon of quantum parallelism. Quantum algorithms are something additional
over traditional classical algorithms. The additional effect considers as a cutting edge in
computing a critical task within a few minutes which is not possible if the computing process is
done based on classical algorithms. As for example, quantum factorization algorithm is used to
factorize the large size of numbers into its prime factors within a few minutes by exploiting the
phenomenon of quantum parallelism. However, if such conversion is done through classical
computing process it will take a decade even a longer period to factorize the large numbers into
its prime factors. Quantum factorization algorithm is considered as a new breakthrough
algorithm style that enables the user to determine the desired results within a very short period
of time. Qubits are more flexible as it works with 0 and 1 simultaneously and detect the fraud in
a most efficient manner (University of Waterloo, 2019). This type of function is useful for the
public utility service like banking, mutual fund. Suppose you want to buy a certain mutual fund
from the market. A mutual fund is nothing but a portfolio consisting of a certain number of
securities. It means you are buying a portfolio from the market. Securities are kept in a portfolio.
Different combinations of securities form different types of portfolios. It is very difficult to
construct valid portfolios as there are numerous securities in the market. Most of the securities
are risky. Risk reduction and choosing the right types of securities is a hard task. To bring
completeness in making the right portfolio from such numerous securities if we take the help of
the quantum computing process it will be easier for us to construct a right portfolio. The
numerical simulation method such as Monte Carlo technology is a certain tool that can deliver
the right signal for constructing an effective portfolio from the countless number of securities.
Construction of a portfolio and the reducing effect of risk can be shown through the following
chart. See Table-16

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Table 16: Risk Reduction in Portfolio

(McCaw, 2018)

Construction of a portfolio is risky process. However, using the tool like quantum computing
enables the promoters or the fund management managers to construct an effective portfolio
where risk is eliminated to a large degree.

4.2.2. Usefulness of Quantum Computing in Different Sectors

Almost each and every industry receives the utility of this computing system. So far most of the
industries have been using the classical computing system. However, in comparison to
Quantum Computing system it is observed that the quantum computing serves the purpose of
the industry within a short period of time. This prompt service not only saves the essential
requirements for a particular project but also providing financial advantage to the concern for
which it works. As for example, in the finance sector it is found that such sector often faces
various growing problems. Therefore, this sector requires faster and secured processing system
to address such problems and remove it from its system. The financial sector undertakes many
transactions driven through algorithms. When classical algorithms are used for calculation the
outcomes will obtain after a certain period of time which may arise difficulty in the matter of
prompt decision making purpose. However, for the application of Quantum Algorithms such
computing would exponentially increase the speed of these transactions. This sort of
promptness is responsible to bring down the cost to a higher degree. Therefore, this technology
acts as a leverage for the finance sector as it produces the outcome within a very short period
and rescues the firm from irrelevant costs which affect the area of profit adversely. In a private
hospital in Kolkata, a certain patient was admitted to operating a certain region of the pancreas.
A consulting team comprised of several doctors in the same field decided that the operation
would be made through the Artificial Intelligence process. In the Artificial Intelligence process,
the technique called robotics is used for the operation purpose. The hospital used the latest
development related to robotics surgery. As a result, when the operation was half done the

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robot delivered some signals which indicated that the stomach portion also required some
medicinal help otherwise, the patient would meet some health problem that might be critical. It
means the robotics system not only did the operation but at the same time, it could make up
decisions related to health issues. The application of Artificial Intelligence is possible due to the
application of quantum computing as this technique may bring some unconventional results
which are really extraordinary (Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals, 2019).

Table 17: Robotic Technology for Surgical Purpose

(Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals, 2019)

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Industry4.0/M7SI/v1.0/121219 Quantum Computing | Session No.: I