Steel Design: Stress and Strain can be computed f= P A Є= ∆ L L

STEEL DESIGN REVIEW MATERIAL
STEEL DESIGN
Consider a member subjected to Load P
Stress and Strain can be computed
P ∆L
f= Є=
A L
where: f = axial/tensile stress, MPA (N/mm2)

P = axial load, N
A = cross-sectional area, mm2
Є= axial strain mm/mm
L = original length, mm
∆L = change in length, mm
Young Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

f
E= , E= 200 GPa
Є
STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED TENSION MEMBER
P
F=
A
where: P = magnitude of load

A = cross sectional area normal to load
ALLOWABLE STRESS
F t=0.6 F y (Gross Area)
F t=0.5 F u (Effective Net Area)
(if pin-connected members use F t=0.45 F y on the net area of pin hole)
where: F y = Minimum yield stress of the steel
F u = Specified Minimum tensile strength
2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF TENSION (use smaller value)
a. Gross Area.
T = 0.6 Fy Ag.
T = (Ft)(Ag)
b. Effective Net Area.

T = 0.5 Fu Ae.
T = (Ft)(Ae)
where:
Ae = uAn.
An = Wn (t)
where:
T = tension
Ag = gross area
Wn = net width
U = reduction factor
Fy = yield stress
Ft = allowable tensile stress
Fu = minimum specified tensile stress
Ae = effective net area
t = thickness of member
An = net of area
VALUE OF REDUCTION COEFFICIENT FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED

CONNECTIONS
1. When tensile load is transmitted by bolts through all the cross section elements of a
member ....... u = 1.0
2. W.M or S-Shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth and structural tees cut
from these shapes provided the connection is to the flanged. Bolted or riveted
connections shall have no fewer than 3 per line in the direction of the stress ... u = 0.90
3. W.M or S-Shapes not meeting the condition of paragraph (2) structural tees cut from
these shapes and all other shapes including built up sections. Bolted or riveted
connections shall have no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction of the stress .....
u = 0.85
4. All members with bolted or riveted connections having only 2 fasteners per line in the
direction of stress .... u = 0.75

EFFECTS OF STAGGERED HOLES IN COMPUTATION OF NET AREAS
Wn = Wg - nd
BOLTS (diameter) STANDARD (diameter)

12 14
16 17
20 21
22 24
25 27
≥28 (θ + 1.6)
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER USING COCHRANE'S FORMULA
Wg g
t s
Ʃ s2
Wn = Wg - nd + where: Wn = net width
4g
Wg = gross width
n = no. of hole
d = θ of hole
t = thickness
s = pitch
g = gage

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER
1. Determine the gross area required (use larger value)

a) Ag = T/0.6 Fy
b) Ae = T/0.5 Fu where: n = no. of rivet
An = Ae/u t = assumed thickness
Ag = An + ndt
2. Try section from table
3. Determine radius of gyration
4. Check slenderness ratio
KL
≤ 300
r
5. Compute its actual effective net area
Ae ≥ T/0.5 Fu
6. Determine its tensile capacity (use smaller value)
a) Gross Area
T = 0.6 Fy Ag
b) Effective Net Area.
T = 0.5 Fu Ae
NOTE:
Computed T > T given
BLOCK SHEAR IN TENSION MEMBER
SHEAR RUPTURE (Block Shear)

T = (Fv)(Av) + (Ft)(At)
where:
Fv= 0.3 Fu
Ft = 0.5 Fu
Av = Affected area with respect to pitch (parallel to tension load)
At = Affected area with respect to gage (perpendicular to tension load)
SHEAR ON RIVETS:
T = (Fv)(Av)

where:
Fv = Allowable Shearstress
Av = Total Sheared Area = (n)(Arivet)
STEINSMAN'S FORMULA
Net area:
An = Wn(t)
Net width:
Wn = Wg - nd
n = 1 + xa + xb + ... xn
Effective Area:
Ae = u (An)
NOTE:
Condition must satisfy (NSCP and AISC)
1. Net Width.
Wn ≤ Wg.
2. Effective Net Area

Ae = (u)(An) ≤ 0.85 Ag

AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

-Columns, Top Chord of Truss, Bracing Members, Compression Flange of rolled beam & built
up section, struts
EULER'S FORMULA
1. If P/A exceeds the proportional limit (fs) the Euler's formula is not applicable
2. If L/r <100 Euler's Formula is not valid and the proportion limit is the critical stress. Therefore
P/A = Proportional Limit
EULER'S
CRITICAL
LOAD
π 2 EI
Pe = 2
L
Theoretical Value
Recommended Value
EULER'S
CRITICAL STRESS
π 2 EI
F e=
KL 2
( )
r
 if Fa > fs (Fe is not applicable)

use Fa
 if Fe < fs
use Fe

 if L/r <100
use Fa or Fs (proportional limit)
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER
C
A g=
Fa
where:
Ag = gross area
C = compression
Fa = allowable compression
SLENDERNESS RATIO
KL KL
: ≤ 200
r r
where :
K = effective length factor
L = unsupported length
RADIUS OF GYRATION
I
r=
√ A
NOTE : use smallest radius of gyration
On gross section of axially loaded compression members when KL/r the largest effective
slenderness ratio at any unbraced segment is less than Cc
2
KL
F a=
[ ]
1−
KL
( )
r
2 C c2
KL 3
5
+
3 ( ) ( )
r
−
r
3 8 Cc 8 C c3
2π2E
C c=
Fy √ where : Cc =column slenderness ratio
Gross Section Of Axially Loaded Compression Members When KL/R > Cc
12 π 2 E
F a=
KL 2 Long column, KL/r >Cc
23 ( )
r

Gross Area Of Plate Girder Stiffeners
Fa = 0.60 Fv
Web Or Rolled Shapes At The Toe Of The Crippling

Fa = 0.75 Fv
AXIALLY LOADED BRACING AND SECONDARY MEMBERS, L/R>120

F [ by formula (1.5−1∨1.5−2) ]
F as = a
1
1.6− (
200 r )
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS
1. Assume Fa
2. Determine gross area and minimum radius of gyration
C KL
A g= r min =
assumed F a 200
3. Try section from table
4. Check slenderness ratio, KL/r

(KL/r <200)
5. Determine allowable axial stress Fa
6. C = AgFa > designing C
BUILT-UP MEMBER
To increase capacity of column is to increase its moment of inertia
BASE PLATE FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
a. If the entire concrete Area A2 is COVERED by the plate whose area is A1

(A2 = A1)
FP = 0.35 fc'
b. If A2 > A1:
A2
Fp= 0.35 f'c
√ A1
but < 0.7 fc'
VALUE OF Fp BASED ON NSCP
sandstone and limestone. Fp = 2.75 MPa

brick in cement mortar. Fp = 1.72 MPa
full area of concrete support. Fp = 0.35 fc'

A2
less than full area of concrete support. Fp = 0.35 fc'
√ A1
≤ 0.7 fc'
where:
fc'= specified compressive strength of concrete
A1 = area of steel concentrically bearing on concrete support
A2 = maximum area of portion supporting surface
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR BASE PLATE

1. Establish Fp
2. Det. Area of base plate
Ap=C/Fp ; (B)(C) >Ap
3. Establish B& C, use m = n for economical design

4. Determine m and n
5. Actual Pressure
C
Actual Fp = . ; Actual Fp < Fp
BC
6. Thickness of base plate (use larger value between m and n)

if m>n
3 F p n2
t=
√ Fb
if n>m
3 F p m2
t=
√ Fb
Check n':
d bf
n’ =
4√
if n'> m or n
3 F p n'2
t=
√ Fb
ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IF BASE PLATE

Fb = 0.75 Fy
Use thickness:
Fp
t = 2n
√ Fy

BENDING STRESS
STRONG AXIS
FOR COMPACT SECTION
Check for compaction
b f 170
≤
2t f √ F y
d 1680
≤
tw √ F y
Determine Value of Lc and Lu

200 bf
L1 =
√F y
137900
L2 =
Fy d
Af
Note: Lc is the smaller value and Lu is the larger value
1. When unbraced length Lb<Lc
Fb = 0.66 Fy (laterally supported)
2. When unbraced length Lu > Lb > Lc

Fb = 0.60 Fy ( partially laterally supported)
Check whether :
703270 C b L 3516330 Cb
I¿
√ Fy
≤ ≤
rt√ Fy
Use bigger value of Fb but < 0.60 Fy :

2
L
a ¿ F b=F y [ 2
−
()
rt
3 10.55 x 106 Cb ]
82740 Cb
b ¿ F b=
Ld
bf t f
OR
703270C b L 3516330 Cb
II ¿
√ Fy
< >
rt √
Fy
Use bigger value of Fb but < 0.60 Fy :
117210 Cb
a ¿ F b= 2
L
( ) rt
82740 Cb
b ¿ F b=
Ld
bf t f
To Sove For Cb
2
M1 M1
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05
M2
+0.3
M2 ( )
M1 = smaller bending moment
M2 = larger bending moment
M1/M2 = ratio of the end moments
PARTIALLY COMPACT (for members)
170 b f 250
≤ ≤
√F y 2 tf √F y
bf
{ [
Fb = Fy 0.79− 0.000762 ( )√
2tf
Fy
]}
BUILT UP SECTION
{ [
Fb = Fy 0.79− 0.000762
bf
( )√
2tf
Fy
Kc ]}
where :

4.05
0.46
Kc = h
( )
tw
h h
>70 , ot h erwise =1
tw tw
NON-COMPACT
Fb = 0.60Fy (allowable bending stress)
WEAK AXIS
FOR COMPACT SECTION
b f 170
=
2t f √ F y
d 1680
=
tw √ F y
Fb= 0.75 Fy
FOR NON COMPACT SECTION
Fb= 0.60 Fy
FOR PARTIALLY COMPACT SECTION (for I and H shaped members)
170 b f 250
≤ ≤
√F y 2 tf √F y
bf
{ [
Fb = Fy 1.075− 0.0019 ( )√
2tf
Fy
]}
COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING STRESS
P Mc
f= ± (bending in one axis only)
A I
P M xCx M y Cy
f= ± ± ( bending in both axis)
A Ix Iy
ANALYSIS

fa = P/A
If KL/r < Cc
KL 2
[ ]
F a= 1 −
r ( )
2
Fy
2C c F s
KL KL 3
5
F s= +
r
3
−
( ) ( )
r
3
3 8C c 8 Cc
Check:
fa
if >0.15
Fa
fa C m f bx
+ ≤1.0
a) F a fa (bending moment at one axis)
1−
(
F ex
F bx
)
fa f bx
b) + ≤1.0
0.60 F y F bx
Cm
c) fa (Magnification Factor)
( 1−
F ex )
12 π 2 E
where : F ex= KL 2
23
r x ( )
DESIGN
1. Assume fa:
C
A=
Fa
Try section
2. Check fa:
C
f a=
A2L
if fa1 > fa
when KL/r < Cc.

KL 2
[ ]
F a= 1 −
r( )
2
Fy
2C c F s
KL KL 3
5
F s= +
3 ( ) ( )
r
−
r
3 8C c 8 C c3
Solve for Fa
fa
3. Check >0.15
Fa
STEPS AND PROCEDURE IN DESIGNING OF CEILING JOISTS
BL
1. Min d =
30
2. Assume Compact
Fb = 0.66 Fy
3. Weight of Ceiling
W = Wcj (lm: consider 1m strip span)
4. Use Analysis of Simply Supported

w l2
M=
8
5. Solve for Sx:

M
Sx=
Fb
6. Try section > Sx and Min d

Compute Wt
Wt = m (9.81)
W t l2
Wt = Wcj + Wt ; Ma =
8
7. Check if compact

Ma
Sa = < Sxallow
Fb
Ma
Fba = ≤ Fb
Sa
Check for Shear:

Actual Fv :
V
F va=
d tw
Allowable Fv :
F vallow=0.4 F y
F va ≤ F vallow
DESIGN OF PURLINS
s < 1.52
1. DL = Roofing + Wpurlins
2. @ 3rd Middle Point
Lroof
# of Purlins = +1
s
Mind = BL/30
3. WDL = DL(s) = N/m

WLL = LL(s)
WL = WL(s)
*WT = WDL + WLL

*WT =WDL + WL
*WT = 0.75 (WDL + WLL + WL)
4. WTX = 0.75 (WDLcosθ + WLL cosθ +WL)

WTY = 0.75 (WDL cosθ + WLL cosθ + O)

5. @3rd Middle Point
W TX B L2
M x=
8
2
W TY B L
M y=
90
@Midspan
W TX B L2
M x=
8
2
W TY B L
M y=
32
Mx
Sx=
0.6 F y
My
Sy=
0.75 F y
6. Try section, check compaction

WTX = WTX + Wpurlins (s) cosθ
WTY = WTY + Wpurlins (s) sinθ
Mx
Fbx =
Sx
My
Fby =
Sy
DESIGN OF SAGROD
@ 3rd Middle Point.
11
Ry = W BL
30 TY
@Midspan
5
Ry = W TY BL
8
RR = nR = (no. of Purlins - 1)(R)
RR
Ag =
cos θ
RIDGE ROD
R
T= R
cos θ
T
Ag ¿
0.6 F y

A g (4)
d=
√ π
DESIGN OF TOP CHORD.
1. famax = 0.6 Fy
assume fa:
C
A= *A1L
fa
2. Try section (unequal <)

C
Check fa = <¿ fa
2A
2
t
√ (
r y = r y + x + gp
2
2 )
Solve:
2 π2 E
KL/r < Cc ; Cc =
√
Fy
KL 2
[ ]
F a= 1 −
( )
r
2
Fy
2C c F s
KL KL 3
5
F s= +
3
r ( ) ( )
−
r
3
3 8C c 8 Cc
fa
3. Check >0.15
Fa
fa 12 π 2 E
F e=
4. Cm = 1 - 0.6
Fa ( ) ;
23
KL 2
r( )
Mc
5. f bx =
I
6. Check Modification Factor.

Cm
fa > 1.0 if less, use 1
( 1−
F ex )
fa C mx f bx
+ ≤1.0
7. F a f
( 1− a F bx
F ex )
DESIGN OF BOTTOM CHORD
T
1. Ag ¿
0.6 F y
T
Ae ¿
0.5 F u
Ae
An ¿
u
Ag = An +ndt
* Ag1L
2. Try section (unequal < )
2
t
√
r y = r y + x + gp
2
2 ( )
KL/r < 300
An = A g−ndt
Check AISC:
An < 0.85 Ag
Ae=u An
Check T :
2T=2(0.6)(Fy)(Ag) > T
2T=2(0.5)(Fu)(Ae) > T
3. Check:
T
fa =
2A
4. W T =[ W T (CJ +J ) +W B ( BL )+W SECTION (9.81) ] cos θ
W L2
5. M =
12
MX f a f bx
f bx = + ≤ 1.0
SX F t Fbx

DESIGN OF BEAMS
LOADINGS FOR COMMERCIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL

LL 5kPa 12kPa
DL 3kPa (slab) 3kPa (slab
8kPa (Slab, Beam, Partition) 8kPa (slab, beam,Partition)
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT (MB) IN FRAMES
1 1 1 1 1
14 16 16 16 14
wL^2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 wL^2
16 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 16
1 1 1 1 1
14 16 16 16 14
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 16
1. Load Analysis (Use Larger Value)

ω = 1.6 LL + 1.2 DL
ω = 1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 E
Longer Beam
ω s 3−m2
W=
3 2 [ ]
Short Beam
ωs
W=
3
where :
m= S/L
S = shorter span
L= longer span
Mu = MB + ME(seismic)
Assume compact :
Fb = 0.66 Fy

Mu
Sx=
Fb
Try section > Sx

d, tw, bf, tf, mass, Sxc
2. Check for Compaction

b f 170
=
2t f √ F y
d 1680
=
tw √ F y
Determine L1 and L2 :
200 bf
L1 =
√F y
137900
L2 =
Fy d
Af
Determine Fb (using Lb,Lc,Lu)

Fba=_____
Mu= Mu (with mass of beam)

Mu
Sxa=
Fb
Sxa < Sxc
DESIGN OF COLUMN
LOADINGS FOR COMMERCIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL

LL 5kPa 12kPa
DL 3kPa (slab) 3kPa (slab
8kPa (Slab, Beam, Partition) 8kPa (slab, beam,Partition)
Same loadings from beams...

Using Tributary Area Method

Consider E
Area = ( 62 + 62 )( 42 + 42 ) = 24m 2
U =1.6 LL + 1.2 DL
U = 17.6 kPa
Pu = u Area
Puroof= Ʃ(Reaction of/in Maxwell) + Pmaxwell(seismic)
Pun = Puroof + Punth flr + Punth flr ... + Pmaxwell(seismic)+….

@TOP M x , M y
Lb
@ BOTTOM M x , M y
Determine the ff:

fa,Fa,Fbx,fbx,Fby,fby,Fex,Fey
P
A=
ass f a
Try Section.
KL KL
Solve ( ) ( )
r x
and
r y
∧C c
Fa=____
fa= P/A
Check compaction
Det. L1 and L2
Det. fbx and fby
Check:
fa
>0.15
Fa
fa C mx f bx C my f by
+ + ≤ 1.0
Fa fa fa
(1−
) (
F ex bx
F 1−
F ey by)
F

STEEL
DESIGN

Steel Design: Stress and Strain can be computed f= P A Є= ∆ L L

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Steel Design: Stress and Strain can be computed f= P A Є= ∆ L L

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What are the different types of loads considered in steel design?

What are the different types of loads considered in steel design?

What are the steps involved in designing a tension member?

What are the steps involved in designing a tension member?

STEEL DESIGN REVIEW MATERIAL

Consider a member subjected to Load P

Stress and Strain can be computed

where: f = axial/tensile stress, MPA (N/mm2)

Young Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED TENSION MEMBER

where: P = magnitude of load

F t=0.6 F y (Gross Area)

F t=0.5 F u (Effective Net Area)

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF TENSION (use smaller value)

b. Effective Net Area.

VALUE OF REDUCTION COEFFICIENT FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EFFECTS OF STAGGERED HOLES IN COMPUTATION OF NET AREAS

BOLTS (diameter) STANDARD (diameter)

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER USING COCHRANE'S FORMULA

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

1. Determine the gross area required (use larger value)

2. Try section from table

3. Determine radius of gyration

4. Check slenderness ratio

5. Compute its actual effective net area

6. Determine its tensile capacity (use smaller value)

BLOCK SHEAR IN TENSION MEMBER

SHEAR RUPTURE (Block Shear)

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. Effective Net Area

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

 if Fa > fs (Fe is not applicable)

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

Gross Section Of Axially Loaded Compression Members When KL/R > Cc

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Gross Area Of Plate Girder Stiffeners

Web Or Rolled Shapes At The Toe Of The Crippling

AXIALLY LOADED BRACING AND SECONDARY MEMBERS, L/R>120

2. Determine gross area and minimum radius of gyration

3. Try section from table

4. Check slenderness ratio, KL/r

5. Determine allowable axial stress Fa

6. C = AgFa > designing C

BASE PLATE FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

a. If the entire concrete Area A2 is COVERED by the plate whose area is A1

VALUE OF Fp BASED ON NSCP

sandstone and limestone. Fp = 2.75 MPa

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR BASE PLATE

3. Establish B& C, use m = n for economical design

6. Thickness of base plate (use larger value between m and n)

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IF BASE PLATE

2018 I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Check for compaction