Trigonometry

11.1 I NTRODUCTION
We have seen triangles and their properties in previous classes.
There, we observed different daily life situations where we were using
triangles.
Let’s again look at some of the daily life examples.
● Electric poles are present everywhere. They are usually erected
by using a metal wire. The pole, wire and the ground form a
triangle. But, if the length of the wire decreases, what will be
the shape of the triangle and what will be the angle of the wire
with the ground ?
θ
● A person is whitewashing a wall with the help of a ladder which
is kept as shown in the adjacent figure on
left. If the person wants to paint at a higher position, what will the
person do? What will be the change in angle of the ladder with the
ground ?
● In the temple at Jainath in Adilabad district, which was built in
th
13 century, the first rays of the Sun fall at the feet of the Idol of
Suryanarayana Swami in the month of December. There is a relation
between distance of Idol from the door, height of the hole on the
door from which Sun rays are entering and angle of sun rays in that
θ month. Is there any triangle forming in this context?
● In a play ground, children like
to slide on slider and slider is
on a defined angle from earth.
What will happen to the slider if
we change the angle? Will θ
children still be able to play on
it?
 270 Class-X Mathematics

The above examples are geometrically showing the application part of triangles in our daily
life and we can measure the heights, distances and slopes by using the properties of triangles.
These types of problems are part of ‘trigonometry’ which is a branch of mathematics.

Now look at the example of a person who is white washing the wall with the help of a
ladder as shown in the previous figure. Let us observe the following conditions.

We denote the foot of the ladder by A and top of it by C and the point of joining height
C
of the wall and base of the ladder as B. Therefore, ∆ABC is a right angle triangle with
right angle at B. The angle between ladder and base is said to be θ.

1. If the person wants to white wash at a higher point on the

wall-

● What happens to the

angle made by the
ladder with the ground?

● What will be the change

in the distance AB? θ
A A B
2. If the person wants to white
wash at a lower point on the wall-

● What happens to the angle made by the ladder with the ground?

● What will be the change in the distance AB?

We have observed in the above example of a person who was white washing. When he
wants to paint at higher or lower points, he should change the position of ladder. So, when ‘θ’ is
increased, the height also increases and the base decreases. But, when θ is decreased, the height
also decreases and the base increases. Do you agree with this statement?

Here, we have seen a right angle triangle ABC and have given ordinary names to all sides
and angles. Now let’s name the sides again because trigonometric ratios of angles are based on
sides only.

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 Trigonometry 271

11.1.1 N AMING T HE S IDES IN A R IGHT T RIANGLE

Let’s take a right triangle ABC as show in the figure.
In triangle ABC, we can consider ∠ CAB as A where angle A is an acute angle. Since
AC is the longest side, it is called “hypotenuse”.
Here you observe the position
of side BC with respect to angle A. It is C
opposite to angle A and we can call it as
“opposite side of angle A”. And the
remaining side AB can be called as
“Adjacent side of angle A”
AC = Hypotenuse
θ
BC = Opposite side of angle A A B

AB = Adjacent side of angle A

D O T HIS
Identify “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” for the given angles in
the given triangles.
1. For angle R 2. (i) For angle X
P Z
(ii) For angle Y

Q R X Y

T RY T HIS
C
Write lengths of “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and
“Adjacent side” for the given angles in the given triangles.
1. For angle C
2. For angle A
B A
What do you observe? Is there any relation between the opposite side of the angle A and
adjacent side of angle C? Like this, suppose you are erecting a pole by giving support of strong
ropes. Is there any relationship between the length of the rope and the length of the pole? Here,
we have to understand the relationship between the sides and angles we will study this under the
section called trigonometric ratios.

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 272 Class-X Mathematics

11.2 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS

We have seen the example problems in the beginning of the chapter which are related to
our daily life situations. Let’s know about the trigonometric ratios and how they are defined.

A CTIVITY
S
1. Draw a horizontal line on a paper. R
Q
2. Let the initial point be A and mark other points B,
P
C, D and E at a distance of 3cm, 6cm,
9cm, 15cm respectively from A.
3. Draw the perpendiculars
BP, CQ, DR and ES of θ
A
lengths 4cm, 8cm, 12cm, B C D E
16cm from the points B, C, D and E respectively.

4. Then join AP, PQ, QR and RS.

5. Find lengths of AP, AQ, AR and AS.
Length of Length of Length of Opposite side Adjacent side
hypotenuse opposite side adjacent side Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

BP CQ DR ES
Then find the ratios of , , and .
AP AQ AR AS
4
Did you get the same ratio as ?
5
AB AC AD AE
Similarly try to find the ratios , , and ? What do you observe?
AP AQ AR AS

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 Trigonometry 273

11.2.1 D EFINING T RIGONOMETERIC R ATIOS

In the above activity, when we observe right angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES,
∠ A is common, ∠ B, ∠ C, ∠ D and ∠ E are right angles and ∠ P, ∠ Q, ∠ R and ∠ S are
also equal. Hence, we can say that triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES are similar triangles.
When we observe the ratio of opposite side of angle A and hypotenuse in a right angle triangle
and the ratio of similar sides in another triangle, it is found to be constant in all the above right
BP CQ DR ES
angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES. And the ratios , , and can be
AP AQ AR AS
named as “sine A” or simply “sin A” in those triangles. If the value of angle A is “x” when it was

measured, then the ratio would be “sin x”.

Hence, we can conclude that the ratio of opposite side of an angle (measure of the angle)
and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right angle triangles. This ratio will
be named as “sine” of that angle.
AB AC AD AE
Similarly, when we observe the ratios , , and , it is also found to be
AP AQ AR AS
constant. And these are the ratios of the adjacent sides of the angle A and hypotenuses in right
AB AC AD AE
angle triangles ABP, ACQ, ADR and AES. So, the ratios , , and will be
AP AQ AR AS
named as “cosine A” or simply “cos A” in those triangles. If the value of the angle A is “x”, then

the ratio would be “cos x”

Hence, we can also conclude that the ratio of the adjacent side of an angle (measure of the
angle) and length of the hypotenuse is constant in all similar right triangles. This ratio

will be named as “cosine” of that angle.

Similarly, the ratio of opposite side and adjacent side of an angle is constant and it can be
named as “tangent” of that angle.

L ET ’ S D EFINE R ATIOS IN A R IGHT A NGLE T RIANGLE

Consider a right angle triangle ABC having right angle at B as shown in the following figure.

Then, trigonometric ratios of the angle A in right angle triangle ABC are defined as follows :

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 274 Class-X Mathematics

Length of the side opposite to angle A BC C

sine of ∠ A = sinA = =
Length of hypotenuse AC

Length of the side adjacent to angle A AB

cosine of ∠ A = cos A = =
Length of hypotenuse AC

A B
Length of the side opposite to angle A BC
tangent of ∠ A = tan A = =
Length of the side adjacent to angle A AB

D O T HIS

1. Find (i) sin C (ii) cos C and C

(iii) tan C in the adjacent triangle.
2. In a triangle XYZ, ∠ Y is right angle,
XZ = 17 m and YZ = 15 cm, then find
B A
(i) sin X (ii) cos Z (iii) tan X
3. In a triangle PQR with right angle at Q, the value of ∠ P is x, PQ = 7 cm and QR =
24 cm, then find sin x and cos x.

T RY T HIS

In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at C. BC + CA = 23 cm and

BC − CA = 7cm, then find sin A and tan B.

T HINK - D ISCUSS
Discuss between your friends that
4
(i) sin x = does exist for some value of angle x?
3
(ii) The value of sin A and cos A is always less than 1. Why?
(iii) tan A is product of tan and A.

There are three more ratios defined in trigonometry which are considered as multiplicative
inverse of the above three ratios.

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 Trigonometry 275

Multiplicative inverse of “sine A” is “cosecant A”. Simply written as “cosec A”

1
i.e., cosec A =
sin A

Similarly, multiplicative inverses of “cos A” is secant A” (simply written as “sec A”) and

that of “tan A” is “cotangent A (simply written as cot A)

1 1
i.e., sec A = and cot A =
cos A tan A
How can you define ‘cosec’ in terms of sides?

Opposite side of the angle A

If sin A = ,
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse
then cosec A = Opposite side of the angle A

T RY T HIS
What will be the ratios of sides for sec A and cot A?

T HINK - D ISCUSS

● Is sin A equal to tan A ? ● Is cos A equal to cot A ?

cos A sin A

Let us see some examples

3
Example-1. If tan A = , then find the other trigonometric ratio of angle A.
4
3 C
Solution : Given tan A =
4
Opposite side 3
Hence tan A = =
Adjacent side 4
Therefore, opposite side : adjacent side = 3:4
A B
For angle A, opposite side = BC = 3k
Adjacent side = AB = 4k (where k is any positive number)
Now, we have in triangle ABC (by Pythagoras theorem)

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 276 Class-X Mathematics

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

= (3k)2 + (4k)2 = 25k2

AC = 25k 2

= 5k = Hypotenuse

Now, we can easily write the other ratios of trigonometry

3k 3 4k 4
sin A = = and cos A = =
5k 5 5k 5
1 5 1 5 1 4
And also cosec A = = , sec A = = , cot A = = .
sin A 3 cos A 4 tan A 3

Example-2. If ∠ A and ∠ P are acute angles such that sin A = sin P then prove that ∠ A = ∠ P

Solution : Given sin A = sin P

C Q
BC
we have sin A =
AC
QR
and sin P =
PQ

BC QR A B P R
Then =
AC PQ

BC QR
Therefore, = =k
AC PQ
By using Pythagoras theorem

AB AC2 - BC2 AC2 - k 2 BC2 AC

= = = (From (1))
PR PQ - QR
2 2
PQ - k QR
2 2 2 PQ

Hence, AC = AB = BC then ∆ABC ∼ ∆PQR

PQ PR QR

Therefore, ∠A = ∠P
Example-3. Consider a triangle PQR, right angled at P, in which PQ = 29 units, QR = 21 units
and ∠ PQR = θ, then find the values of
(i) cos2θ + sin2θ and (ii) cos2θ − sin2θ

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 Trigonometry 277

Solution : ln PQR, we have

PR = PQ2 − QR 2 = (29)2 − (21)2 Q

θ
= 400 = 20 units 29
21
PR 20
sin θ = =
PQ 29 P R
QR 21
cos θ = =
PQ 29

2 2
 20   21 441 + 400
Now (i) cos θ + sin θ =   +   =
2 2 =1
 29   29  841
2 2
2 2 æ 20 ö æ 21 ö -41
(ii) cos θ − sin θ = ç ÷ - ç ÷ =
è 29 ø è 29 ø 841

E XERCISE - 11.1

1. In right angle triangle ABC, 8 cm, 15 cm and 17 cm are the lengths of AB, BC and CA
respectively. Then, find out sin A, cos A and tan A.
2. The sides of a right angle triangle PQR are PQ = 7 cm, QR = 25cm and ∠Q = 90o
respectively. Then find, tan Q − tan R.
3. In a right angle triangle ABC with right angle at B, in which a = 24 units, b = 25 units and
∠ BAC = θ. Then, find cos θ and tan θ.
12
4. If cos A = , then find sin A and tan A.
13

5. If 3 tan A = 4, then find sin A and cos A.

6. If ∠ A and ∠ X are acute angles such that cos A = cos X then show that

∠ A = ∠ X.
7 (1 + sin q) (1- sin q) (1 + sin q)
7. Given cot θ = , then evaluate (i) (ii)
8 (1 + cos q) (1- cos q) cos q

8. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at B, if tan A = 3 then find the value of
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C − sin A sin C

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 278 Class-X Mathematics

11.3 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES

We already know about isosceles right angle triangle and right angle triangle with angles
30º, 60º and 90º.
Can we find sin 30o or tan 60o or cos 45o etc. with the help of these triangles?
Does sin 0o or cos 0o exist?

11.3.1 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF 45 O

In isosceles right angle triangle ABC right angled at B A

∠ A = ∠ C = 45o (why ?) and BC = AB (why ?)

Let’s assume the length of BC = AB = a

Then, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (by Pythagoras theorem)

= a2 + a2 = 2a2,
Therefore, AC = a 2 B
C
Using the definitions of trigonometric ratios,

Length of the oppositeside to angle 45o BC a 1

o
sin 45 = = = =
Length of hypotenuse AC a 2 2
Length of the adjacent side to angle 45o AB a 1
cos 45 =o = = =
Length of hypotenuse AC a 2 2

Length of the oppositeside to angle 45o BC a

tan 45o = = = =1
Length of the adjacent side to angle 45o AC a

Like this you can determine the values of cosec

45 , sec 45o and cot 45o.
o
A

11.3.2 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF 30 O AND 60 O

Let us now calculate the trigonometric ratios of

30 and 60o. To calculate them, we will take an equilateral
o

triangle, draw a perpendicular which can divide the triangle

into two equal right angle triangles having angles 30o, 60o
and 90o in each. B C
D

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 Trigonometry 279

Consider an equilateral triangle ABC. Since each angle is 60o in an equilateral triangle,
we have ∠ A = ∠ B = ∠ C = 60o and the sides of equilateral triangle is AB = BC = CA = 2a
units.
Draw the perpendicular line AD from vertex A to BC as shown in the adjacent figure.
Perpendicular AD acts as “angle bisector of angle A” and “bisector of the side BC” in the
equilateral triangle ABC.
Therefore, ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD = 30o .
Since point D divides the side BC into equal halves,
1 2a
BD = BC = = a units.
2 2
Consider right angle triangle ABD in the above given figure.
We have AB = 2a and BD = a
Then AD2 = AB2 − BD2 by (Pythagoras theorem)
= (2a)2 − (a)2 = 3a2.
Therefore, AD = a 3
From definitions of trigonometric ratios,
AD a 3 3
sin 60o = = =
AB 2a 2
BD a 1
cos 60o = = =
AB 2a 2
So, similarly tan 60o = 3 (why?)
Like the above, you can also determine the reciprocals, cosec 60o, sec 60o and cot 60o
by using the ratio concepts.

D O T HIS
Find cosec 60o, sec 60o and cot 60o.

T RY T HIS
Find sin 30o, cos30o, tan 30o, cosec 30o, sec30o and cot 30o by using the ratio
concepts.

11.3.3 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF 0O AND 90 O

Till now, we have discussed trigonometric ratios of 30o, 45o and 60o. Now let us
determine the trigonometric ratios of angles 0o and 90o.

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 280 Class-X Mathematics

Suppose a segment AC of length r is C

making an acute angle with ray AB. Height of C
from B is BC. When AC leans more on AB so r
that the angle made by it decreases, then what
happens to the lengths of BC and AB ?
θ
As the angle A decreases, the height of A B
C from AB ray decreases and foot B is shifted from B to B1 and B2 and gradually when the angle
becomes zero, height (i.e. opposite side of the angle) will also become zero (0) and adjacent
side would be equal to AC i.e. length equal to r.
C C

A A
B B

Step (i) Step (ii)

Let us look at the trigonometric ratios

BC AB
sin A = and cos A =
AC AC

If A = 0o then BC = 0 and AC = AB = r

0 r
then sin 0o = = 0 and cos 0o = = 1
r r
sin A
we know that tan A =
cos A
sin 0o 0
So, tan0 = o = =0
cos 0o 1

T HINK - D ISCUSS

Discuss between your friend about the following conditions:

1
1. What can you say about cosec 0o = ? Is it defined? Why ?
sin 0º

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 Trigonometry 281

1
2. What can you say about cot 0o = . Is it defined? Why ?
tan 0º
3. sec 0o = 1. Why ?

Now let us see what happens when angle

made by AC with ray AB increases. When angle A
is increased, height of point C increases and the foot
of the perpendicular shifts from B to X and then to Y
and so on. In other words, we can say that the
height BC increases gradually, the angle on C gets
continuous increment and at one stage the angle
reaches 90o. At that time, point B reaches A and AC
equal to BC.
Step (i)
o
So, when the angle becomes 90 , base (i.e.
adjacent side of the angle) would become zero (0), the height of C from AB ray increases and it
would be equal to AC and that is the length equal to r.

Step (ii) Step (iii)

Now let us see trigonometric ratios
BC AB
sin A = and cos A =
AC AC
If A = 90o then AB = 0 and AC = BC = r
r 0
then sin 90o = = 1 and cos 90o = = 0
r r

T RY T HIS
Find the ratios for tan 90o, cosec 90o, sec 90o and cot 90o.

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 282 Class-X Mathematics

Now, let us see the values of trigonometric ratios of all the above discussed angles in the
form of a table.
Table 11.1

∠A 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 1 3 not defined
3
1
cot A not defined 3 1 0
3
2
sec A 1 2 2 not defined
3
2
cosec A not defined 2 2 1
3

T HINK - D ISCUSS
What can you say about the values of sin A and cos A, as the value of angle A
increases from 0o to 90o? (observe the above table)
If A > B, then sin A > sin B. Is it true ?
If A > B, then cos A > cos B. Is it true ? Discuss.

Example-4. In ∆ABC, right angle is at B, AB = 5 cm and ∠ ACB = 30o. Determine the lengths
of the sides BC and AC.
A
Solution : Given AB=5 cm and
∠ ACB=30o. To find the length of side BC,
we will choose the trignometric ratio involving
BC and the given side AB. Since BC is the
5 cm

side adjacent to angle C and AB is the side

opposite to angle C.
Therefore, B C
AB
= tan C
BC
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 Trigonometry 283

5 1
i.e. = tan 30o =
BC 3

which gives BC = 5 3 cm

Now, by using the Pythagoras theorem

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

AC2 = 52 + 5 3 2

AC2 = 25 + 75

AC = 100 = 10 cm

Example-5. A chord of a circle of radius 6cm is making an angle 60o at the centre. Find the
length of the chord.

Solution : Given the radius of the circle OA = OB = 6cm

∠ AOB = 60o

OC is height from ‘O’ upon AB and it is a angle The first use of

the idea of ‘sine’
bisector. in the way we
use it today was
then, ∠ COB = 30o. in the book
Aryabhatiyam
Consider ∆COB by Aryabhatta,
in A.D. 500.
BC Aryabhatta used
sin 30o = O
the word ardha-
OB
jya for the half-
1 BC chord, which was shortened to jya or
= jiva in due course. When the
2 6 A Aryabhatiyam was translated into
C B
Arabic, the word jiva was retained
6
BC = = 3. as it is. The word jiva was translated
2 into sinus, which means curve, when
the Arabic version was translated into
But, length of the chord AB = 2BC Latin. Soon the word sinus, also used
as sine, became common in
= 2 × 3 = 6 cm mathematical texts throughout
Europe. An English Professor of
∴ Therefore, length of the chord = 6 cm astronomy Edmund Gunter (1581–
1626), first used the abbreviated
notation ‘sin’.

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 284 Class-X Mathematics

Example-6. In ∆PQR, right angle is at Q, PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm. Determine ∠ QPR and

∠ PRQ.
P
Solution : Given PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm

PQ
Therefore, = sin R
PR
3 1
or sin R = =
6 2 Q R
So, ∠ PRQ = 30o
and therefore, ∠ QPR = 60o (why?)

Note : If one of the sides and any other part (either an acute angle or any side) of a right angle
triangle is known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be determined.

1 1
Example-7. If sin (A − B) = , cos (A + B) = , 0o < A + B < 90o, A > B, find A and B.
2 2
1
Solution : Since sin (A − B) = , therefore, A − B = 30o (why?)
2
1
Also, since cos (A + B) = , therefore, A + B = 60o (why?)
2

Solving the above equations, we get : A = 45o and B = 15o. (How?)

E XERCISE - 11.2

1. Evaluate the following.

cos 45o
(i) sin 45o + cos 45o (ii)
sec 30o + cosec 60o
sin 30o + tan45o − cosec 60o
(iii) (iv) 2 tan245o + cos230o − sin2 60o
cot 45o + cos 60o − sec 30o
sec 2 60o − tan 2 60o
(v)
sin 2 30o + cos 2 30o
2. Choose the right option and justify your choice-
2 tan 30o
(i)
1 + tan 2 45o
(a) sin 60o (b) cos 60o (c) tan 30o (d) sin 30o

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 Trigonometry 285

1 − tan 2 45o
(ii)
1 + tan 2 45o
(a) tan 90o (b) 1 (c) sin 45o (d) 0

2 tan 30o
(iii)
1 − tan 2 30o

(a) cos 60o (b) sin 60o (c) tan 60o (d) sin 30o

3. Evaluate sin 60o cos 30o + sin 30o cos 60o. What is the value of sin(60o + 30o). What
can you conclude ?
4. Is it right to say cos(60o + 30o) = cos 60o cos30o − sin 60o sin 30o.
5. In right angle triangle ∆PQR, right angle is at Q and PQ = 6cms ∠ RPQ = 60o.
Determine the lengths of QR and PR.
6. In ∆XYZ, right angle is at Y, YZ = x, and XY = 2x then determine ∠ YXZ and
∠ YZX.
7. Is it right to say that sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B? Justify your answer.

T HINK - D ISCUSS
cos θ cos θ
For which value of acute angle (i) + = 4 is true?
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
For which value of 0o < θ < 90o, above equation is not defined?

11.4 T RIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF C OMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

We already know that two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is equal to
o
90 . Consider a right angle triangle ABC with right angle at B. Are there any complementary
angles in this triangle?
C
Since angle B is 90o, sum of other two angles must be
90o. (∵ Sum of angles in a triangle 180o)

Therefore, ∠ A + ∠ C = 90o. Hence ∠ A and ∠ C

are said to be complementary angles.

Let us assume that ∠ A = x, then for angle x, BC is

opposite side and AB is adjacent side. A B

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 286 Class-X Mathematics

BC AB BC
sin x = cos x = tan x =
AC AC AB
AC AC AB
cosec x = sec x = cot x =
BC AB BC

If ∠ A + ∠ C = 90o, then we have ∠ C = 90o − ∠ A

And we have that ∠ A = x, then ∠ C = 90o − x

Let us look at what would be “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” of the angle
o
(90 − x)in the triangle ABC.
AB BC AB
sin(90o − x) = cos(90o − x) = tan(90o − x) =
AC AC BC
AC AC BC
Cosec(90o − x) = sec(90o − x) = cot(90o − x) =
AB BC AB

Now, if we compare the ratios of angles x and (90o − x) from the above values of
different triginometric terms.

There can be three possibilities in above figure.

AB BC
sin(90o − x) = = cos x and cos(90o − x) = = sin x
AC AC
AB BC
tan(90o − x) = = cot x and cot(90o − x) = = tan x
BC AB
AC AC
cosec(90o − x) = = sec x and sec(90o − x) = = cosec x
AB BC

T HINK - D ISCUSS

Check and discuss the above relations in the case of angles between 0º and 90º,
whether they hold for these angles or not?

So, sin (90o − A) = cos A cos (90o − A) = sin A

tan (90o − A) = cot A and cot (90o − A) = tan A
sec (90o − A) = cosec A cosec (90o − A) = sec A

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 Trigonometry 287

Now, let us consider some examples

Example-8. Evaluate sec35o

cosec55o
Solution : cosec A = sec (90o − A)
cosec 55o = sec (90o − 35o)

cosec 55o = sec 35o

sec35o sec35o
Now = =1
cosec55o sec35o

Example-9. If cos 7A = sin(A − 6o), where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution : Given cos 7A = sin(A − 6o) ...(1)
sin (90 − 7A) = sin (A − 6o)
since (90 − 7A) & (A − 6o) are both acute angles,
therefore
90o − 7A = A − 6o
8A = 96o
which gives A = 12o.

Example-10. If sin A = cos B, then prove that A + B = 90º.

Solution : Given that sin A = cos B ...(1)
We know cos B = sin (90o − B), we can write (1) as
sin A = sin (90o − B)
If A, B are acute angles, then A = 90o − B
o
⇒ A + B = 90 .

Example-11. Express sin 81o + tan 81o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between
0o and 45o
Solution : We can write sin 81o = cos(90o − 81o) = cos 9o
tan 81o = tan(90o − 81o) = cot 9o
Then, sin 81o + tan 81o = cos 9o + cot 9o

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Example-12. If A, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, then show that
B+ C A
sin = cos
2 2

Solution : Given A, B and C are interior angles of right angle triangle ABC then
A + B + C = 180o.

On dividing the above equation by 2 on both sides, we get

A B+ C
+ = 90o
2 2
B+C A
= 90o −
2 2

On taking sin ratio on both sides

 B + C  A
sin   = sin  90o − 
 2   2
 B + C A
sin   = cos ; hence proved.
 2  2

E XERCISE 11.3

1. Evaluate
tan 36o
(i) (ii) cos12o − sin78o (iii) cosec 31o − sec 59o
cot 54o
(iv) sin 15o sec 75o (vi) tan 26o tan64o
2. Show that
(i) tan 48o tan 16o tan 42o tan 74o = 1
(ii) cos36o cos 54o − sin360 sin 54o = 0.
3. If tan 2A = cot(A − 18o), where 2A is an acute angle. Find the value of A.
4. If tanA = cot B where A and B are acute angles, prove that A + B = 90o.
A+B C
5. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that tan   = cot
 2  2
6. Express sin 75o + cos 65o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0o and 45o.

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 Trigonometry 289

11.5 T RIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

We know that an identity is that mathematical equation which is true for all the values of
the variables in the equation.
For example (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab is an identity.
In the same way, an identity equation having trigonometric ratios of an angle is called
trigonometric idenitity. And it is true for all the values of the angles involved in it.
Here, we will derive a trigonometric identity and remaining would be based on that.
Consider a right angle triangle ABC with right angle is at B, so
From Pythagoras theorem
We have AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ....(1) A

Dividing each term by AC2, we get

AB2 BC2 AC2

⇒ + =
AC2 AC2 AC2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
i.e.,  + =
 AC  
 AC   AC 
C B
i.e., (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1

Here, we generally write cos2A in the place of (cos A)2

i.e., (cos A)2 = cos2A (Do not write cos A2 )
∴ above equation is cos2 A + sin2A = 1
We have given an equation having a variable A(angle) and above equation is true for all
the value of A. Hence the above equation is a trigonometric identity.
Therefore, we have trigonometric idenity
A
2 2
cos A + sin A = 1
Let us look at another trigonometric idenity
From equation (1) we have

AB2 + BC2 = AC2

B C
2 2 2
AB BC AC
⇒ 2
+ 2
= (Dividing each term by AB2)
AB AB AB2

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 290 Class-X Mathematics

2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
  +  = 
 AB   AB   AB 
i.e., 1 + tan2 A = sec2A
Similarly, on dividing (1) by BC2, we get cot2A + 1 = cosec2A.
By using above identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of another
ratio. If we know the value of a ratio, we can find all other ratios by using these identities.

T HINK - D ISCUSS

Are these identities true for 00 < A < 900 ? If not, for which values of A they are true?
● sec2 A − tan2A = 1 ● cosec2A − cot2A = 1

D O T HIS
15 5
(i) If sin C = , then find cos A. (ii) If tan x = , then find sec x.
17 12
25
(iii) If cosec θ = , then find cot x.
7

T RY T HIS

Evaluate the following and justify your answer.

sin 2 15o + sin 2 75o
(i) (ii) sin 5o cos 85o + cos5o sin 85o
cos 2 36o + cos 2 54o

(iii) sec 16o cosec 74o − cot 74o tan 16o.

Example-13. Show that cot θ + tan θ = sec θ cosec θ.

Solution : LHS = cot θ + tan θ

cos θ sin θ
= + (why ?)
sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ

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 Trigonometry 291

1
= (why ?)
sin θ cos θ

1 1
= = cosecθ sec θ
sin θ cos θ

Example-14. Show that tan2θ + tan4θ = sec4θ − sec2θ

Solution : L.H.S. = tan2θ + tan4θ
= tan2θ (1 + tan2θ)
= tan2θ . sec2θ (Why ?)
= (sec2θ − 1) sec2θ (Why ?)

= sec4θ − sec2θ = R.H.S

1 + cos θ
Example-15. Prove that = cosec θ + cot θ
1 − cos θ
1 + cos θ
Solution : LHS = (multiply and divide by 1 + cos θ)
1 − cos θ
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
= .
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
(1 + cos θ)2
=
1 − cos 2 θ
(1 + cos θ)2
= (Why ?)
sin 2 θ
1 + cos θ
=
sin θ
1 cos θ
= + = cosecθ + cot θ = R.H.S.
sin θ sin θ

E XERCISE 11.4

1. Evaluate the following :

(i) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cotθ − cosec θ)
(ii) (sin θ + cos θ)2 + (sin θ − cos θ)2

(iii) (sec2θ − 1) (cosec2θ −1)

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 292 Class-X Mathematics

1 − cos θ
2. Show that (cosec θ − cot θ)2 =
1 + cos θ
1 + sin A
3. Show that = sec A + tan A
1 − sin A
1 − tan 2 A
4. Show that = tan 2 A
cot A − 1
2

1
5. Show that − cos θ = tan θ.sin θ
cos θ

6. Simplify secA (1 − sinA) (secA + tanA)

7. Prove that (sinA + cosec A)2 + (cosA + secA)2 = 7 + tan2A + cot2A
8. Simplify (1 − cos θ) (1 +cosθ) (1 + cot2θ)
9. If secθ + tan θ = p, then what is the value of secθ − tan θ ?
k2 −1
10. If cosec θ + cot θ = k then prove that cos θ =
k2 + 1

O PTIONAL E XERCISE
[This exercise is not meant for examination]

1. Prove that cot θ − cos θ = cos ecθ − 1

cot θ + cos θ cos ecθ + 1

sin θ − cos θ + 1 1
2. Prove that = using the identity sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ.
sin θ + cos θ − 1 s ecθ − tan θ

1
3. Prove that (cosec A − sin A) (sec A − cos A) =
tan A + cot A

1 + sec A sin 2 A
4. Prove that = .
sec A 1 − cos A

 1 + tan 2 A   1 + tan A  2
Show that  =  = tan A
2
 1 + cot A   1 − cot A 
5. 2

æ (sec A -1) ö÷ æ (1- cos A) ö÷

Prove that çç ÷=ç ÷
çè (sec A + 1) ø÷÷ ççè (1 + cos A) ÷÷ø
6.

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 Trigonometry 293

W HAT W E H AVE D ISCUSSED

1. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at B,

Side opposite to angle A Side adjacent to angle A

sin A = , cos A =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

1 1 sin A 1
2. cosec A = ; s ecA = ; tan A = ; tan A =
sin A cos A cos A cot A

3. If one of the trignometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trignometric
ratios of the angle can be determined.

4. The trignometric ratios for angle 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o.
5. The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is
always greater than or equal to 1.
6. sin (90o− A) = cos A, cos (90o− A) = sin A
tan (90o− A) = cot A, cot (90o− A) = tan A
sec A (90o− A) = cosec A, cosec (90o− A) = sec A
7. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A − tan2 A = 1 for 0o < A < 90o
cosec2 A − cot2 A = 1 for (0o < A < 90o)

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