Caries-Risk Assessment and Management For Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Caries-Risk Assessment and Management For Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Caries-Risk Assessment and Management For Infants, Children, and Adolescents
predictably of caries in children prior to disease initiation. unstandardized dental school instruction and then refined
Furthermore, the evolution of caries-risk assessment tools and by clinicians over years of practice.
care pathways can assist in providing evidence for and justi- It is now known that surgical intervention of dental caries
fying periodicity of services, modification of third-party alone does not stop the disease process. Additionally, many
involvement in the delivery of dental services, and quality of lesions do not progress, and tooth restorations have a finite
care with outcomes assessment to address limited resources longevity. Therefore, modern management of dental caries
and work-force issues. should be more conservative and includes early detection of
non-cavitated lesions, identification of an individual’s risk
Care pathways for caries management for caries progression, understanding of the disease process
Care pathways are documents designed to assist in clinical for that individual, and active surveillance to apply preven-
decision-making; they provide criteria regarding diagnosis and tive measures and monitor carefully for signs of arrest or
treatment and lead to recommended courses of action.8 The progression.
pathways are based on evidence from current peer-reviewed Care pathways for children further refine the decisions
literature and the considered judgment of expert panels, as concerning individualized treatment and treatment thresholds
well as clinical experience of practitioners. Care pathways for based on a specific patient’s risk levels, age, and compliance
caries management in children aged 0-2 and 3-5 years old with preventive strategies (Tables 3 and 4). Such clinical
were first introduced in 2011.18 Care pathways are updated pathways yield greater probability of success, fewer complica-
frequently as new technologies and evidence develop. tions, and more efficient use of resources than less standard-
Historically, the management of dental caries was based ized treatment.8
on the notion that it was a progressive disease that eventually Content of the present caries management protocol is
destroyed the tooth unless there was surgical/restorative inter- based on results of systematic reviews and expert panel
vention. Decisions for intervention often were learned from recommendations that provide better understanding of and
Protective factors
Child receives optimally-fluoridated drinking water or fluoride supplements Yes
Child has teeth brushed daily with fluoridated toothpaste Yes
Child receives topical fluoride from health professional Yes
Child has dental home/regular dental care Yes
Clinical findings
Child has non-cavitated (incipient/white spot) caries or enamel defects Yes
Child has visible cavities or fillings or missing teeth due to caries Yes
Child has visible plaque on teeth Yes
Circling those conditions that apply to a specific patient helps the practitioner and parent understand the factors that contribute to
or protect from caries. Risk assessment categorization of low, moderate, or high is based on preponderance of factors for the individual.
However, clinical judgment may justify the use of one factor (e.g., frequent exposure to sugar-containing snacks or beverages, more than
one decayed missing filled surfaces [dmfs]) in determining overall risk.
Overall assessment of the child’s dental caries risk: High Moderate Low
Adapted with permission from the California Dental Association, Copyright © October 2007.
Protective factors
Patient receives optimally-fluoridated drinking water Yes
Patient brushes teeth daily with fluoridated toothpaste Yes
Patient receives topical fluoride from health professional Yes
Patient has dental home/regular dental care Yes
Clinical findings
Patient has ≥1 interproximal caries lesions Yes
Patient has active non-cavitated (white spot) caries lesions or enamel defects Yes
Patient has low salivary flow Yes
Patient has defective restorations Yes
Patient wears an intraoral appliance Yes
Circling those conditions that apply to a specific patient helps the practitioner and patient/parent understand the factors that contribute to
or protect from caries. Risk assessment categorization of low, moderate, or high is based on preponderance of factors for the individual.
However, clinical judgment may justify the use of one factor (e.g., interproximal lesions, low salivary flow) in determining overall risk.
Adapted with permission from the California Dental Association, Copyright © October 2007.
Interventions
Risk Category Diagnostics Fluoride Dietary Sealants Restorative
Counseling
Low risk – Recall every six to 12 – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Surveillance
months water
– Radiographs every 12 – Twice daily brushing with
to 24 months fluoridated toothpaste
Moderate risk – Recall every six months – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Active surveillance of non-
– Radiographs every six water cavitated (white spot)
to 12 months – Twice daily brushing with caries lesions
fluoridated toothpaste – Restore of cavitated or
– Fluoride supplements enlarging caries lesions
– Professional topical treatment
every six months
High risk – Recall every three months – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Active surveillance of non-
– Radiographs every six water cavitated (white spot)
months – Twice daily brushing with caries lesions
fluoridated toothpaste – Restore of cavitated or
– Professional topical treatment enlarging caries lesions
every three months
– Silver diamine fluoride on
cavitated lesions
recommendations for diagnostic, preventive, and restorative (prevention therapies and close monitoring) of enamel lesions
treatments. Recommendations for the use of fluoridated is based on the concept that treatment of disease may only be
toothpaste are based on the three systematic reviews,9,11,12 necessary if there is disease progression,22 and that caries can
and dietary fluoride supplements are based on the Centers arrest without treatment.23
for Disease Control and Prevention’s fluoride guidelines;19 Other approaches to the assessment and treatment of
professionally-applied and prescription strength home-use dental caries will emerge with time and, with evidence of
topical fluoride are based on two systematic reviews;10,12 the effectiveness, may be included in future guidelines on caries-
use of silver diamine fluoride to arrest caries lesions also is risk assessment and care pathways.
based on two systematic reviews.13,14 Radiographic diagnos-
tic recommendations are based on the uniform guidelines Recommendations
from the three national organizations.7 Recommendations 1. Dental caries-risk assessment, based on a child’s age, social/
for pit and fissure sealants, especially regarding primary teeth, biological factors, protective factors, and clinical findings,
are based on the American Dental Association Council on should be a routine component of new and periodic
Scientific Affairs’ systematic review of the use of pit-and-fissure examinations by oral health and medical providers.
sealants.15 Dietary interventions are based on a systematic 2. While there is not enough information at present to have
review of strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages.16 quantitative caries-risk assessment analyses, estimating
Caries risk is assessed at both the individual level and tooth children at low, moderate, and high caries risk by a pre-
level. Treatment of caries with interim therapeutic restorations ponderance of risk and protective factors will enable a
is based on the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry more evidence-based approach to medical provider referrals,
policy and recommended best practices.20,21 Active surveillance as well as establish periodicity and intensity of diagnostic,
preventive, and restorative services.
Interventions
Risk Category Diagnostics Fluoride Dietary Sealants Restorative
Counseling
Low risk – Recall every six to 12 – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Surveillance
months water
– Radiographs every 12 – Twice daily brushing with
to 24 months fluoridated toothpaste
Moderate risk – Recall every six months – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Active surveillance of non-
– Radiographs every six water cavitated (white spot)
to 12 months – Twice daily brushing with caries lesions
fluoridated toothpaste – Restore of cavitated or
– Fluoride supplements enlarging caries lesions
– Professional topical treatment
every six months
High risk – Recall every three months – Drink optimally fluoridated Yes Yes – Active surveillance of non-
– Radiographs every six water cavitated (white spot)
months – Brushing with 0.5 percent caries lesions
fluoride gel/paste – Restore of cavitated or
– Professional topical treatment enlarging caries lesions
every three months
– Silver diamine fluoride on
cavitated lesions
3. Care pathways, based on a child’s age and caries risk, 12. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: SIGN 138:
provide health providers with criteria and protocols for Dental interventions to prevent caries in children, March
determining the types and frequency of diagnostic, 2014. Available at: “https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign
preventive, and restorative care for patient specific man- 138.pdf ”. Accessed February 12, 2019. (Archived by
agement of dental caries. ®
WebCite at: “http://www.webcitation.org/768Bl4pgr”)
13. Crystal YO, Marghalani AA, Ureles SD, et al. Use of
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