EN BANC Same; Same; Although China National Machinery & Equipment Corp.

(Group) (CNMEG) claims to be a government-owned corporation, it failed to

G.R. No. 185572               February 7, 2012 adduce evidence that it has not consented to be sued under Chinese law.—It
is readily apparent that CNMEG cannot claim immunity from suit, even if it
CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT CORP. (GROUP), Petitioner, contends that it performs governmental functions. Its designation as the
vs. Primary Contractor does not automatically grant it immunity, just as the term
HON. CESAR D. SANTAMARIA, in his official capacity as Presiding Judge of “implementing agency” has no precise definition for purposes of ascertaining
Branch 145, Regional Trial Court of Makati City, HERMINIO HARRY L. whether GTZ was immune from suit. Although CNMEG claims to be a
ROQUE, JR., JOEL R. BUTUYAN, ROGER R. RAYEL, ROMEL R. BAGARES, government-owned corporation, it failed to adduce evidence that it has not
CHRISTOPHER FRANCISCO C. BOLASTIG, LEAGUE OF URBAN POOR FOR consented to be sued under Chinese law. Thus, following this Court’s ruling in
ACTION (LUPA), KILUSAN NG MARALITA SA MEYCAUAYAN (KMM-LUPA Deutsche Gesellschaft, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, CNMEG is to
CHAPTER), DANILO M. CALDERON, VICENTE C. ALBAN, MERLYN M. VAAL, be presumed to be a government-owned and -controlled corporation without an
LOLITA S. QUINONES, RICARDO D. LANOZO, JR., CONCHITA G. GOZO, MA. original charter. As a result, it has the capacity to sue and be sued under Section
TERESA D. ZEPEDA, JOSEFINA A. LANOZO, and SERGIO C. LEGASPI, JR., 36 of the Corporation Code.
KALIPUNAN NG DAMAYANG MAHIHIRAP (KADAMAY), EDY CLERIGO,
RAMMIL DINGAL, NELSON B. TERRADO, CARMEN DEUNIDA, and EDUARDO Same; Same; In the United States, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities
LEGSON, Respondents. SERENO, J.: Act of 1976 provides for a waiver by implication of state immunity. Although
there is no similar law in the Philippines, there is reason to apply the legal
reasoning behind the waiver in this case.—In the United States, the Foreign
Constitutional Law; Immunity from Suit; Restrictive Theory; Since the Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 provides for a waiver by implication of state
Philippines adheres to the restrictive theory, it is crucial to ascertain the immunity. In the said law, the agreement to submit disputes to arbitration in a
legal nature of the act involved—whether the entity claiming immunity foreign country is construed as an implicit waiver of immunity from suit.
performs governmental, as opposed to proprietary, functions.—In JUSMAG v. Although there is no similar law in the Philippines, there is reason to apply the
National Labor Relations Commission, 239 SCRA 224 (1994), this Court affirmed legal reasoning behind the waiver in this case.191
the Philippines’ adherence to the restrictive theory as follows: The doctrine of
state immunity from suit has undergone further metamorphosis. The view International Law; Vienna Convention; Treaties; Executive
evolved that the existence of a contract does not, per se, mean that sovereign Agreements; Words and Phrases; Article 2(1) of the Vienna Convention on
states may, at all times, be sued in local courts. The complexity of relationships the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention) defines a treaty as follows: [A]n
between sovereign states, brought about by their increasing commercial international agreement concluded between States in written form and
activities, mothered a more restrictive application of the doctrine. xxx xxx  governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or
xxx As it stands now, the application of the doctrine of immunity from suit has in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular
been restricted to sovereign or governmental activities (jure imperii). The designation; An executive agreement is similar to a treaty, except that the
mantle of state immunity cannot be extended to commercial, private and former (a) does not require legislative concurrence; (b) is usually less
proprietary acts (jure gestionis). Since the Philippines adheres to the restrictive formal; and (c) deals with a narrower range of subject matters.—Article
theory, it is crucial to ascertain the legal nature of the act involved—whether 2(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention)
the entity claiming immunity performs governmental, as opposed to defines a treaty as follows: [A]n international agreement concluded between
proprietary, functions. As held in United States of America v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in
(1985). The restrictive application of State immunity is proper only when the a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its
proceedings arise out of commercial transactions of the foreign sovereign, its particular designation. In Bayan Muna v. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011), this
commercial activities or economic affairs. Stated differently, a State may be said Court held that an executive agreement is similar to a treaty, except that the
to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have former (a) does not require legislative concurrence; (b) is usually less formal;
tacitly given its consent to be sued only when it enters into business contracts. It and (c) deals with a narrower range of subject matters. Despite these
does not apply where the contract relates to the exercise of its sovereign differences, to be considered an executive agreement, the following three
functions. requisites provided under the Vienna Convention must nevertheless concur: (a)
the agreement must be between states; (b) it must be written; and (c) it must
governed by international law. The first and the third requisites do not obtain in On 1 October 2003, the Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines, Wang Chungui
the case at bar. (Amb. Wang), wrote a letter to DOF Secretary Jose Isidro Camacho (Sec.
Camacho) informing him of CNMEG’s designation as the Prime Contractor for
Constitutional Law; Immunity from Suit; International Law; Since the the Northrail Project.6
Contract Agreement explicitly provides that Philippine law shall be
applicable, the parties have effectively conceded that their rights and On 30 December 2003, Northrail and CNMEG executed a Contract Agreement
obligations thereunder are not governed by international law.—Article 2 of for the construction of Section I, Phase I of the North Luzon Railway System
the Conditions of Contract, which under Article 1.1 of the Contract Agreement is from Caloocan to Malolos on a turnkey basis (the Contract Agreement).7 The
an integral part of the latter, states: APPLICABLE LAW AND GOVERNING contract price for the Northrail Project was pegged at USD 421,050,000. 8
LANGUAGE The contract shall in all respects be read and construed in
accordance with the laws of the Philippines. The contract shall be written in On 26 February 2004, the Philippine government and EXIM Bank entered into a
English language. All correspondence and other documents pertaining to the counterpart financial agreement – Buyer Credit Loan Agreement No. BLA 04055
Contract which are exchanged by the parties shall be written in English (the Loan Agreement).9 In the Loan Agreement, EXIM Bank agreed to extend
language. Since the Contract Agreement explicitly provides that Philippine law Preferential Buyer’s Credit in the amount of USD 400,000,000 in favor of the
shall be applicable, the parties have effectively conceded that their rights and Philippine government in order to finance the construction of Phase I of the
obligations thereunder are not governed by international law. It is therefore Northrail Project.10
clear from the foregoing reasons that the Contract Agreement does not partake
of the nature of an executive agreement. It is merely an ordinary commercial
On 13 February 2006, respondents filed a Complaint for Annulment of Contract
contract that can be questioned before the local courts.
and Injunction with Urgent Motion for Summary Hearing to Determine the
Existence of Facts and Circumstances Justifying the Issuance of Writs of
Preliminary Prohibitory and Mandatory Injunction and/or TRO against CNMEG,
the Office of the Executive Secretary, the DOF, the Department of Budget and
Management, the National Economic Development Authority and Northrail. 11
The case was docketed as Civil Case No. 06-203 before the Regional Trial Court,
This is a Petition for Review on Certiorari with Prayer for the Issuance of a National Capital Judicial Region, Makati City, Branch 145 (RTC Br. 145). In the
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) and/or Preliminary Injunction assailing Complaint, respondents alleged that the Contract Agreement and the Loan
the 30 September 2008 Decision and 5 December 2008 Resolution of the Court Agreement were void for being contrary to (a) the Constitution; (b) Republic Act
of Appeals (CA) in CA–G.R. SP No. 103351.1 No. 9184 (R.A. No. 9184), otherwise known as the Government Procurement
Reform Act; (c) Presidential Decree No. 1445, otherwise known as the
On 14 September 2002, petitioner China National Machinery & Equipment Corp. Government Auditing Code; and (d) Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known
(Group) (CNMEG), represented by its chairperson, Ren Hongbin, entered into a as the Administrative Code.12
Memorandum of Understanding with the North Luzon Railways Corporation
(Northrail), represented by its president, Jose L. Cortes, Jr. for the conduct of a RTC Br. 145 issued an Order dated 17 March 2006 setting the case for hearing
feasibility study on a possible railway line from Manila to San Fernando, La on the issuance of injunctive reliefs. 13 On 29 March 2006, CNMEG filed an Urgent
Union (the Northrail Project).2 Motion for Reconsideration of this Order. 14 Before RTC Br. 145 could rule
thereon, CNMEG filed a Motion to Dismiss dated 12 April 2006, arguing that the
On 30 August 2003, the Export Import Bank of China (EXIM Bank) and the trial court did not have jurisdiction over (a) its person, as it was an agent of the
Department of Finance of the Philippines (DOF) entered into a Memorandum of Chinese government, making it immune from suit, and (b) the subject matter, as
Understanding (Aug 30 MOU), wherein China agreed to extend Preferential the Northrail Project was a product of an executive agreement. 15
Buyer’s Credit to the Philippine government to finance the Northrail Project. 3
The Chinese government designated EXIM Bank as the lender, while the On 15 May 2007, RTC Br. 145 issued an Omnibus Order denying CNMEG’s
Philippine government named the DOF as the borrower. 4 Under the Aug 30 Motion to Dismiss and setting the case for summary hearing to determine
MOU, EXIM Bank agreed to extend an amount not exceeding USD 400,000,000 in whether the injunctive reliefs prayed for should be issued. 16 CNMEG then filed a
favor of the DOF, payable in 20 years, with a 5-year grace period, and at the rate Motion for Reconsideration, 17 which was denied by the trial court in an Order
of 3% per annum.5 dated 10 March 2008. 18 Thus, CNMEG filed before the CA a Petition for Certiorari
with Prayer for the Issuance of TRO and/or Writ of Preliminary Injunction This Court explained the doctrine of sovereign immunity in Holy See v. Rosario,24
dated 4 April 2008.19 to wit:

In the assailed Decision dated 30 September 2008, the appellate court There are two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity, each widely held and
dismissed the Petition for Certiorari. 20 Subsequently, CNMEG filed a Motion for firmly established. According to the classical or absolute theory, a sovereign
Reconsideration,21 which was denied by the CA in a Resolution dated 5 cannot, without its consent, be made a respondent in the courts of another
December 2008.22 Thus, CNMEG filed the instant Petition for Review on sovereign. According to the newer or restrictive theory, the immunity of the
Certiorari dated 21 January 2009, raising the following issues: 23 sovereign is recognized only with regard to public acts or acts jure imperii
of a state, but not with regard to private acts or acts jure gestionis.
Whether or not petitioner CNMEG is an agent of the sovereign People’s Republic (Emphasis supplied; citations omitted.)
of China.
x x x           x x x          x x x
Whether or not the Northrail contracts are products of an executive agreement
between two sovereign states. The restrictive theory came about because of the entry of sovereign states into
purely commercial activities remotely connected with the discharge of
Whether or not the certification from the Department of Foreign Affairs is governmental functions. This is particularly true with respect to the Communist
necessary under the foregoing circumstances. states which took control of nationalized business activities and international
trading.
Whether or not the act being undertaken by petitioner CNMEG is an act jure
imperii. In JUSMAG v. National Labor Relations Commission, 25 this Court affirmed the
Philippines’ adherence to the restrictive theory as follows:
Whether or not the Court of Appeals failed to avoid a procedural limbo in the
lower court. The doctrine of state immunity from suit has undergone further
metamorphosis. The view evolved that the existence of a contract does not, per
Whether or not the Northrail Project is subject to competitive public bidding. se, mean that sovereign states may, at all times, be sued in local courts. The
complexity of relationships between sovereign states, brought about by their
increasing commercial activities, mothered a more restrictive application of the
Whether or not the Court of Appeals ignored the ruling of this Honorable Court doctrine.
in the Neri case.
x x x           x x x          x x x
CNMEG prays for the dismissal of Civil Case No. 06-203 before RTC Br. 145 for
lack of jurisdiction. It likewise requests this Court for the issuance of a TRO and,
later on, a writ of preliminary injunction to restrain public respondent from As it stands now, the application of the doctrine of immunity from suit has been
proceeding with the disposition of Civil Case No. 06-203. restricted to sovereign or governmental activities (jure imperii). The mantle of
state immunity cannot be extended to commercial, private and proprietary acts
(jure gestionis).26 (Emphasis supplied.)
The crux of this case boils down to two main issues, namely:
Since the Philippines adheres to the restrictive theory, it is crucial to ascertain
1. Whether CNMEG is entitled to immunity, precluding it from being the legal nature of the act involved – whether the entity claiming immunity
sued before a local court. performs governmental, as opposed to proprietary, functions. As held in United
States of America v. Ruiz –27
2. Whether the Contract Agreement is an executive agreement, such
that it cannot be questioned by or before a local court. The restrictive application of State immunity is proper only when the
proceedings arise out of commercial transactions of the foreign sovereign, its
First issue: Whether CNMEG is entitled to immunity commercial activities or economic affairs. Stated differently, a State may be said
to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have WHEREAS, CNMEG has the financial capability, professional competence and
tacitly given its consent to be sued only when it enters into business contracts. It technical expertise to assess the state of the [Main Line North (MLN)] and
does not apply where the contract relates to the exercise of its sovereign recommend implementation plans as well as undertake its rehabilitation and/or
functions.28 modernization;

A. CNMEG is engaged in a proprietary activity. WHEREAS, CNMEG has expressed interest in the rehabilitation and/or
modernization of the MLN from Metro Manila to San Fernando, La Union
A threshold question that must be answered is whether CNMEG performs passing through the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan and La
governmental or proprietary functions. A thorough examination of the basic Union (the ‘Project’);
facts of the case would show that CNMEG is engaged in a proprietary activity.
WHEREAS, the NORTHRAIL CORP. welcomes CNMEG’s proposal to undertake a
The parties executed the Contract Agreement for the purpose of constructing Feasibility Study (the "Study") at no cost to NORTHRAIL CORP.;
the Luzon Railways, viz:29
WHEREAS, the NORTHRAIL CORP. also welcomes CNMEG’s interest in
WHEREAS the Employer (Northrail) desired to construct the railways form undertaking the Project with Supplier’s Credit and intends to employ CNMEG as
Caloocan to Malolos, section I, Phase I of Philippine North Luzon Railways the Contractor for the Project subject to compliance with Philippine and Chinese
Project (hereinafter referred to as THE PROJECT); laws, rules and regulations for the selection of a contractor;

AND WHEREAS the Contractor has offered to provide the Project on Turnkey WHEREAS, the NORTHRAIL CORP. considers CNMEG’s proposal advantageous
basis, including design, manufacturing, supply, construction, commissioning, to the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and has therefore agreed
and training of the Employer’s personnel; to assist CNMEG in the conduct of the aforesaid Study;

AND WHEREAS the Loan Agreement of the Preferential Buyer’s Credit between x x x           x x x          x x x
Export-Import Bank of China and Department of Finance of Republic of the
Philippines; II. APPROVAL PROCESS

NOW, THEREFORE, the parties agree to sign this Contract for the 2.1 As soon as possible after completion and presentation of the Study in
Implementation of the Project. accordance with Paragraphs 1.3 and 1.4 above and in compliance with
necessary governmental laws, rules, regulations and procedures required from
The above-cited portion of the Contract Agreement, however, does not on its both parties, the parties shall commence the preparation and negotiation of the
own reveal whether the construction of the Luzon railways was meant to be a terms and conditions of the Contract (the "Contract") to be entered into
proprietary endeavor. In order to fully understand the intention behind and the between them on the implementation of the Project. The parties shall use their
purpose of the entire undertaking, the Contract Agreement must not be read in best endeavors to formulate and finalize a Contract with a view to signing the
isolation. Instead, it must be construed in conjunction with three other Contract within one hundred twenty (120) days from CNMEG’s presentation of
documents executed in relation to the Northrail Project, namely: (a) the the Study.33 (Emphasis supplied)
Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 September 2002 between Northrail
and CNMEG;30 (b) the letter of Amb. Wang dated 1 October 2003 addressed to Clearly, it was CNMEG that initiated the undertaking, and not the Chinese
Sec. Camacho;31 and (c) the Loan Agreement.32 government. The Feasibility Study was conducted not because of any diplomatic
gratuity from or exercise of sovereign functions by the Chinese government, but
1. Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 September 2002 was plainly a business strategy employed by CNMEG with a view to securing
this commercial enterprise.
The Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 September 2002 shows that
CNMEG sought the construction of the Luzon Railways as a proprietary venture. 2. Letter dated 1 October 2003
The relevant parts thereof read:
That CNMEG, and not the Chinese government, initiated the Northrail Project Article 11. xxx (j) Commercial Activity The execution and delivery of this
was confirmed by Amb. Wang in his letter dated 1 October 2003, thus: Agreement by the Borrower constitute, and the Borrower’s performance of and
compliance with its obligations under this Agreement will constitute, private
1. CNMEG has the proven competence and capability to undertake the and commercial acts done and performed for commercial purposes under
Project as evidenced by the ranking of 42 given by the ENR among 225 the laws of the Republic of the Philippines and neither the Borrower nor
global construction companies. any of its assets is entitled to any immunity or privilege (sovereign or
otherwise) from suit, execution or any other legal process with respect to
2. CNMEG already signed an MOU with the North Luzon Railways its obligations under this Agreement, as the case may be, in any
Corporation last September 14, 2000 during the visit of Chairman Li jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Borrower does not waive any
Peng. Such being the case, they have already established an initial immunity with respect of its assets which are (i) used by a diplomatic or
working relationship with your North Luzon Railways Corporation. consular mission of the Borrower and (ii) assets of a military character and
This would categorize CNMEG as the state corporation within the under control of a military authority or defense agency and (iii) located in the
People’s Republic of China which initiated our Government’s Philippines and dedicated to public or governmental use (as distinguished from
involvement in the Project. patrimonial assets or assets dedicated to commercial use). (Emphasis supplied.)

3. Among the various state corporations of the People’s Republic of (k) Proceedings to Enforce Agreement In any proceeding in the Republic of the
China, only CNMEG has the advantage of being fully familiar with the Philippines to enforce this Agreement, the choice of the laws of the People’s
current requirements of the Northrail Project having already Republic of China as the governing law hereof will be recognized and such law
accomplished a Feasibility Study which was used as inputs by the North will be applied. The waiver of immunity by the Borrower, the irrevocable
Luzon Railways Corporation in the approvals (sic) process required by submissions of the Borrower to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of
the Republic of the Philippines.34 (Emphasis supplied.) the People’s Republic of China and the appointment of the Borrower’s Chinese
Process Agent is legal, valid, binding and enforceable and any judgment
obtained in the People’s Republic of China will be if introduced, evidence for
Thus, the desire of CNMEG to secure the Northrail Project was in the ordinary or enforcement in any proceedings against the Borrower and its assets in the
regular course of its business as a global construction company. The Republic of the Philippines provided that (a) the court rendering judgment had
implementation of the Northrail Project was intended to generate profit for jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action in accordance with its
CNMEG, with the Contract Agreement placing a contract price of USD jurisdictional rules, (b) the Republic had notice of the proceedings, (c) the
421,050,000 for the venture.35 The use of the term "state corporation" to refer to judgment of the court was not obtained through collusion or fraud, and (d) such
CNMEG was only descriptive of its nature as a government-owned and/or judgment was not based on a clear mistake of fact or law.36
-controlled corporation, and its assignment as the Primary Contractor did not
imply that it was acting on behalf of China in the performance of the latter’s
sovereign functions. To imply otherwise would result in an absurd situation, in Further, the Loan Agreement likewise contains this express waiver of immunity:
which all Chinese corporations owned by the state would be automatically
considered as performing governmental activities, even if they are clearly 15.5 Waiver of Immunity The Borrower irrevocably and unconditionally waives,
engaged in commercial or proprietary pursuits. any immunity to which it or its property may at any time be or become entitled,
whether characterized as sovereign immunity or otherwise, from any suit,
3. The Loan Agreement judgment, service of process upon it or any agent, execution on judgment, set-
off, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution to which it or
its assets may be entitled in any legal action or proceedings with respect to this
CNMEG claims immunity on the ground that the Aug 30 MOU on the financing of Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby or hereunder.
the Northrail Project was signed by the Philippine and Chinese governments, Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Borrower does not waive any immunity in
and its assignment as the Primary Contractor meant that it was bound to respect of its assets which are (i) used by a diplomatic or consular mission of
perform a governmental function on behalf of China. However, the Loan the Borrower, (ii) assets of a military character and under control of a military
Agreement, which originated from the same Aug 30 MOU, belies this reasoning, authority or defense agency and (iii) located in the Philippines and dedicated to
viz: a public or governmental use (as distinguished from patrimonial assets or
assets dedicated to commercial use).37
Thus, despite petitioner’s claim that the EXIM Bank extended financial performed by GTZ pertaining to the SHINE project are governmental in nature,
assistance to Northrail because the bank was mandated by the Chinese related as they are to the promotion of health insurance in the Philippines. The
government, and not because of any motivation to do business in the fact that GTZ entered into employment contracts with the private respondents
Philippines,38 it is clear from the foregoing provisions that the Northrail Project did not disqualify it from invoking immunity from suit, as held in cases such as
was a purely commercial transaction. Holy See v. Rosario, Jr., which set forth what remains valid doctrine:

Admittedly, the Loan Agreement was entered into between EXIM Bank and the Certainly, the mere entering into a contract by a foreign state with a private
Philippine government, while the Contract Agreement was between Northrail party cannot be the ultimate test. Such an act can only be the start of the inquiry.
and CNMEG. Although the Contract Agreement is silent on the classification of The logical question is whether the foreign state is engaged in the activity in the
the legal nature of the transaction, the foregoing provisions of the Loan regular course of business. If the foreign state is not engaged regularly in a
Agreement, which is an inextricable part of the entire undertaking, nonetheless business or trade, the particular act or transaction must then be tested by its
reveal the intention of the parties to the Northrail Project to classify the whole nature. If the act is in pursuit of a sovereign activity, or an incident thereof, then
venture as commercial or proprietary in character. it is an act jure imperii, especially when it is not undertaken for gain or profit.

Thus, piecing together the content and tenor of the Contract Agreement, the Beyond dispute is the tenability of the comment points (sic) raised by GTZ and
Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 September 2002, Amb. Wang’s letter the OSG that GTZ was not performing proprietary functions notwithstanding its
dated 1 October 2003, and the Loan Agreement would reveal the desire of entry into the particular employment contracts. Yet there is an equally
CNMEG to construct the Luzon Railways in pursuit of a purely commercial fundamental premise which GTZ and the OSG fail to address, namely: Is GTZ, by
activity performed in the ordinary course of its business. conception, able to enjoy the Federal Republic’s immunity from suit?

B. CNMEG failed to adduce evidence that it is immune from suit under Chinese The principle of state immunity from suit, whether a local state or a foreign
law. state, is reflected in Section 9, Article XVI of the Constitution, which states that
"the State may not be sued without its consent." Who or what consists of "the
Even assuming arguendo that CNMEG performs governmental functions, such State"? For one, the doctrine is available to foreign States insofar as they are
claim does not automatically vest it with immunity. This view finds support in sought to be sued in the courts of the local State, necessary as it is to avoid
Malong v. Philippine National Railways, in which this Court held that "unduly vexing the peace of nations."
"(i)mmunity from suit is determined by the character of the objects for which
the entity was organized."39 If the instant suit had been brought directly against the Federal Republic of
Germany, there would be no doubt that it is a suit brought against a State, and
In this regard, this Court’s ruling in Deutsche Gesellschaft Fü r Technische the only necessary inquiry is whether said State had consented to be sued.
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) v. CA40 must be examined. In Deutsche Gesellschaft, However, the present suit was brought against GTZ. It is necessary for us to
Germany and the Philippines entered into a Technical Cooperation Agreement, understand what precisely are the parameters of the legal personality of GTZ.
pursuant to which both signed an arrangement promoting the Social Health
Insurance–Networking and Empowerment (SHINE) project. The two Counsel for GTZ characterizes GTZ as "the implementing agency of the
governments named their respective implementing organizations: the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany," a depiction similarly
Department of Health (DOH) and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation adopted by the OSG. Assuming that the characterization is correct, it does not
(PHIC) for the Philippines, and GTZ for the implementation of Germany’s automatically invest GTZ with the ability to invoke State immunity from
contributions. In ruling that GTZ was not immune from suit, this Court held: suit. The distinction lies in whether the agency is incorporated or
unincorporated.
The arguments raised by GTZ and the [Office of the Solicitor General (OSG)] are
rooted in several indisputable facts. The SHINE project was implemented x x x           x x x          x x x
pursuant to the bilateral agreements between the Philippine and German
governments. GTZ was tasked, under the 1991 agreement, with the State immunity from suit may be waived by general or special law. The special
implementation of the contributions of the German government. The activities law can take the form of the original charter of the incorporated government
agency. Jurisprudence is replete with examples of incorporated government Again, we are uncertain of the corresponding legal implications under
agencies which were ruled not entitled to invoke immunity from suit, owing to German law surrounding "a private company owned by the Federal
provisions in their charters manifesting their consent to be sued. Republic of Germany." Yet taking the description on face value, the
apparent equivalent under Philippine law is that of a corporation
x x x           x x x          x x x organized under the Corporation Code but owned by the Philippine
government, or a government-owned or controlled corporation without
It is useful to note that on the part of the Philippine government, it had original charter. And it bears notice that Section 36 of the Corporate Code
designated two entities, the Department of Health and the Philippine Health states that "[e]very corporation incorporated under this Code has the
Insurance Corporation (PHIC), as the implementing agencies in behalf of the power and capacity x x x to sue and be sued in its corporate name."
Philippines. The PHIC was established under Republic Act No. 7875, Section 16
(g) of which grants the corporation the power "to sue and be sued in court." It is entirely possible that under German law, an entity such as GTZ or
Applying the previously cited jurisprudence, PHIC would not enjoy immunity particularly GTZ itself has not been vested or has been specifically deprived the
from suit even in the performance of its functions connected with SHINE, power and capacity to sue and/or be sued. Yet in the proceedings below and
however, (sic) governmental in nature as (sic) they may be. before this Court, GTZ has failed to establish that under German law, it has
not consented to be sued despite it being owned by the Federal Republic of
Is GTZ an incorporated agency of the German government? There is some Germany. We adhere to the rule that in the absence of evidence to the
mystery surrounding that question. Neither GTZ nor the OSG go beyond contrary, foreign laws on a particular subject are presumed to be the same
the claim that petitioner is "the implementing agency of the Government as those of the Philippines, and following the most intelligent assumption
of the Federal Republic of Germany." On the other hand, private respondents we can gather, GTZ is akin to a governmental owned or controlled
asserted before the Labor Arbiter that GTZ was "a private corporation engaged corporation without original charter which, by virtue of the Corporation
in the implementation of development projects." The Labor Arbiter accepted Code, has expressly consented to be sued. At the very least, like the Labor
that claim in his Order denying the Motion to Dismiss, though he was silent on Arbiter and the Court of Appeals, this Court has no basis in fact to conclude or
that point in his Decision. Nevertheless, private respondents argue in their presume that GTZ enjoys immunity from suit.41 (Emphasis supplied.)
Comment that the finding that GTZ was a private corporation "was never
controverted, and is therefore deemed admitted." In its Reply, GTZ controverts Applying the foregoing ruling to the case at bar, it is readily apparent that
that finding, saying that it is a matter of public knowledge that the status of CNMEG cannot claim immunity from suit, even if it contends that it performs
petitioner GTZ is that of the "implementing agency," and not that of a private governmental functions. Its designation as the Primary Contractor does not
corporation. automatically grant it immunity, just as the term "implementing agency" has no
precise definition for purposes of ascertaining whether GTZ was immune from
In truth, private respondents were unable to adduce any evidence to suit. Although CNMEG claims to be a government-owned corporation, it failed to
substantiate their claim that GTZ was a "private corporation," and the Labor adduce evidence that it has not consented to be sued under Chinese law. Thus,
Arbiter acted rashly in accepting such claim without explanation. But neither following this Court’s ruling in Deutsche Gesellschaft, in the absence of evidence
has GTZ supplied any evidence defining its legal nature beyond that of the to the contrary, CNMEG is to be presumed to be a government-owned and
bare descriptive "implementing agency." There is no doubt that the 1991 -controlled corporation without an original charter. As a result, it has the
Agreement designated GTZ as the "implementing agency" in behalf of the capacity to sue and be sued under Section 36 of the Corporation Code.
German government. Yet the catch is that such term has no precise
definition that is responsive to our concerns. Inherently, an agent acts in C. CNMEG failed to present a certification from the Department of Foreign
behalf of a principal, and the GTZ can be said to act in behalf of the German Affairs.
state. But that is as far as "implementing agency" could take us. The term
by itself does not supply whether GTZ is incorporated or unincorporated, In Holy See,42 this Court reiterated the oft-cited doctrine that the determination
whether it is owned by the German state or by private interests, whether it by the Executive that an entity is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity is
has juridical personality independent of the German government or none a political question conclusive upon the courts, to wit:
at all.
In Public International Law, when a state or international agency wishes to
x x x           x x x          x x x plead sovereign or diplomatic immunity in a foreign court, it requests the
Foreign Office of the state where it is sued to convey to the court that said keep the credibility of the Philippine government before the international
defendant is entitled to immunity. community. When international agreements are concluded, the parties thereto
are deemed to have likewise accepted the responsibility of seeing to it that their
x x x           x x x          x x x agreements are duly regarded. In our country, this task falls principally of (sic)
the DFA as being the highest executive department with the competence and
In the Philippines, the practice is for the foreign government or the authority to so act in this aspect of the international arena. 45 (Emphasis
international organization to first secure an executive endorsement of its claim supplied.)
of sovereign or diplomatic immunity. But how the Philippine Foreign Office
conveys its endorsement to the courts varies. In International Catholic Further, the fact that this authority is exclusive to the DFA was also emphasized
Migration Commission v. Calleja, 190 SCRA 130 (1990), the Secretary of Foreign in this Court’s ruling in Deutsche Gesellschaft:
Affairs just sent a letter directly to the Secretary of Labor and Employment,
informing the latter that the respondent-employer could not be sued because it It is to be recalled that the Labor Arbiter, in both of his rulings, noted that it was
enjoyed diplomatic immunity. In World Health Organization v. Aquino, 48 SCRA imperative for petitioners to secure from the Department of Foreign Affairs "a
242 (1972), the Secretary of Foreign Affairs sent the trial court a telegram to certification of respondents’ diplomatic status and entitlement to diplomatic
that effect. In Baer v. Tizon, 57 SCRA 1 (1974), the U.S. Embassy asked the privileges including immunity from suits." The requirement might not
Secretary of Foreign Affairs to request the Solicitor General to make, in behalf of necessarily be imperative. However, had GTZ obtained such certification from
the Commander of the United States Naval Base at Olongapo City, Zambales, a the DFA, it would have provided factual basis for its claim of immunity that
"suggestion" to respondent Judge. The Solicitor General embodied the would, at the very least, establish a disputable evidentiary presumption that the
"suggestion" in a Manifestation and Memorandum as amicus curiae. foreign party is indeed immune which the opposing party will have to overcome
with its own factual evidence. We do not see why GTZ could not have secured
In the case at bench, the Department of Foreign Affairs, through the Office of such certification or endorsement from the DFA for purposes of this case.
Legal Affairs moved with this Court to be allowed to intervene on the side of Certainly, it would have been highly prudential for GTZ to obtain the same after
petitioner. The Court allowed the said Department to file its memorandum in the Labor Arbiter had denied the motion to dismiss. Still, even at this juncture,
support of petitioner’s claim of sovereign immunity. we do not see any evidence that the DFA, the office of the executive branch in
charge of our diplomatic relations, has indeed endorsed GTZ’s claim of
In some cases, the defense of sovereign immunity was submitted directly to the immunity. It may be possible that GTZ tried, but failed to secure such
local courts by the respondents through their private counsels (Raquiza v. certification, due to the same concerns that we have discussed herein.
Bradford, 75 Phil. 50 [1945]; Miquiabas v. Philippine-Ryukyus Command, 80
Phil. 262 [1948]; United States of America v. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644 [1990] and Would the fact that the Solicitor General has endorsed GTZ’s claim of State’s
companion cases). In cases where the foreign states bypass the Foreign Office, immunity from suit before this Court sufficiently substitute for the DFA
the courts can inquire into the facts and make their own determination as to the certification? Note that the rule in public international law quoted in Holy See
nature of the acts and transactions involved. 43 (Emphasis supplied.) referred to endorsement by the Foreign Office of the State where the suit is
filed, such foreign office in the Philippines being the Department of Foreign
The question now is whether any agency of the Executive Branch can make a Affairs. Nowhere in the Comment of the OSG is it manifested that the DFA has
determination of immunity from suit, which may be considered as conclusive endorsed GTZ’s claim, or that the OSG had solicited the DFA’s views on the issue.
upon the courts. This Court, in Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) v. National The arguments raised by the OSG are virtually the same as the arguments raised
Labor Relations Commission (NLRC),44 emphasized the DFA’s competence and by GTZ without any indication of any special and distinct perspective
authority to provide such necessary determination, to wit: maintained by the Philippine government on the issue. The Comment filed by
the OSG does not inspire the same degree of confidence as a certification from
the DFA would have elicited.46 (Emphasis supplied.)
The DFA’s function includes, among its other mandates, the determination of
persons and institutions covered by diplomatic immunities, a determination
which, when challenge, (sic) entitles it to seek relief from the court so as not to In the case at bar, CNMEG offers the Certification executed by the Economic and
seriously impair the conduct of the country's foreign relations. The DFA must be Commercial Office of the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China, stating that
allowed to plead its case whenever necessary or advisable to enable it to help the Northrail Project is in pursuit of a sovereign activity. 47 Surely, this is not the
kind of certification that can establish CNMEG’s entitlement to immunity from
suit, as Holy See unequivocally refers to the determination of the "Foreign Office enforcement in the Philippines would be subject to the Special Rules on
of the state where it is sued." Alternative Dispute Resolution (Special Rules). Rule 13 thereof provides for the
Recognition and Enforcement of a Foreign Arbitral Award. Under Rules 13.2 and
Further, CNMEG also claims that its immunity from suit has the executive 13.3 of the Special Rules, the party to arbitration wishing to have an arbitral
endorsement of both the OSG and the Office of the Government Corporate award recognized and enforced in the Philippines must petition the proper
Counsel (OGCC), which must be respected by the courts. However, as expressly regional trial court (a) where the assets to be attached or levied upon is located;
enunciated in Deutsche Gesellschaft, this determination by the OSG, or by the (b) where the acts to be enjoined are being performed; (c) in the principal place
OGCC for that matter, does not inspire the same degree of confidence as a DFA of business in the Philippines of any of the parties; (d) if any of the parties is an
certification. Even with a DFA certification, however, it must be remembered individual, where any of those individuals resides; or (e) in the National Capital
that this Court is not precluded from making an inquiry into the intrinsic Judicial Region.
correctness of such certification.
From all the foregoing, it is clear that CNMEG has agreed that it will not be
D. An agreement to submit any dispute to arbitration may be construed as an afforded immunity from suit. Thus, the courts have the competence and
implicit waiver of immunity from suit. jurisdiction to ascertain the validity of the Contract Agreement.

In the United States, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 provides for Second issue: Whether the Contract Agreement is an executive agreement
a waiver by implication of state immunity. In the said law, the agreement to
submit disputes to arbitration in a foreign country is construed as an implicit Article 2(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna
waiver of immunity from suit. Although there is no similar law in the Convention) defines a treaty as follows:
Philippines, there is reason to apply the legal reasoning behind the waiver in
this case. [A]n international agreement concluded between States in written form and
governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in
The Conditions of Contract,48 which is an integral part of the Contract two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.
Agreement,49 states:
In Bayan Muna v. Romulo, this Court held that an executive agreement is similar
33. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND ARBITRATION to a treaty, except that the former (a) does not require legislative concurrence;
(b) is usually less formal; and (c) deals with a narrower range of subject
33.1. Amicable Settlement matters.50

Both parties shall attempt to amicably settle all disputes or controversies Despite these differences, to be considered an executive agreement, the
arising from this Contract before the commencement of arbitration. following three requisites provided under the Vienna Convention must
nevertheless concur: (a) the agreement must be between states; (b) it must be
33.2. Arbitration written; and (c) it must governed by international law. The first and the third
requisites do not obtain in the case at bar.
All disputes or controversies arising from this Contract which cannot be settled
between the Employer and the Contractor shall be submitted to arbitration in A. CNMEG is neither a government nor a government agency.
accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules at present in force and as may
be amended by the rest of this Clause. The appointing authority shall be Hong The Contract Agreement was not concluded between the Philippines and China,
Kong International Arbitration Center. The place of arbitration shall be in Hong but between Northrail and CNMEG.51 By the terms of the Contract Agreement,
Kong at Hong Kong International Arbitration Center (HKIAC). Northrail is a government-owned or -controlled corporation, while CNMEG is a
corporation duly organized and created under the laws of the People’s Republic
Under the above provisions, if any dispute arises between Northrail and of China.52 Thus, both Northrail and CNMEG entered into the Contract
CNMEG, both parties are bound to submit the matter to the HKIAC for Agreement as entities with personalities distinct and separate from the
arbitration. In case the HKIAC makes an arbitral award in favor of Northrail, its Philippine and Chinese governments, respectively.
Neither can it be said that CNMEG acted as agent of the Chinese government. As
previously discussed, the fact that Amb. Wang, in his letter dated 1 October
2003,53 described CNMEG as a "state corporation" and declared its designation
as the Primary Contractor in the Northrail Project did not mean it was to
perform sovereign functions on behalf of China. That label was only descriptive
of its nature as a state-owned corporation, and did not preclude it from
engaging in purely commercial or proprietary ventures.

B. The Contract Agreement is to be governed by Philippine law.

Article 2 of the Conditions of Contract,54 which under Article 1.1 of the Contract
Agreement is an integral part of the latter, states:

APPLICABLE LAW AND GOVERNING LANGUAGE

The contract shall in all respects be read and construed in accordance with the
laws of the Philippines.

The contract shall be written in English language. All correspondence and other
documents pertaining to the Contract which are exchanged by the parties shall
be written in English language.

Since the Contract Agreement explicitly provides that Philippine law shall be
applicable, the parties have effectively conceded that their rights and
obligations thereunder are not governed by international law.

It is therefore clear from the foregoing reasons that the Contract Agreement
does not partake of the nature of an executive agreement. It is merely an
ordinary commercial contract that can be questioned before the local courts.

WHEREFORE, the instant Petition is DENIED. Petitioner China National

Machinery & Equipment Corp. (Group) is not entitled to immunity from suit,
and the Contract Agreement is not an executive agreement. CNMEG’s prayer for
the issuance of a TRO and/or Writ of Preliminary Injunction is DENIED for being
moot and academic. This case is REMANDED to the Regional Trial Court of
Makati, Branch 145, for further proceedings as regards the validity of the
contracts subject of Civil Case No. 06-203.

No pronouncement on costs of suit.

SO ORDERED.