GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY-PART II

LECTURE # 12,13,14 & 15

1. Adjacent Angles W Z

c
Two angles are said adjacent if
(a) They have a common vertex. b a
Y
(b) They share a common arm/ side.
X O
(c) They lie next to each other or we can say they lie on opposite side of the common arm.
** In figure XOZ and YOZ are adjacent angles as they share a common vertex “O” and common arm OZ
and they lie next to each other.
Note : The sum of adjacent angles on a line is equal to 180o.
Find the missing angles in each of the following.
P P
(i) (ii) P (iii)P (iv)
S
a S
a 88o
b 85o
Q Q b
S Q
Q b
55o S

R R R
R

If a = 30o and b = 60o If a = 80o , PQR = ______ If PQR = 105o

then PQR PQR = 120o then b =______________ then b = _______
= ________+ _____ = ________– _______
= _________ =________________
= _________

2. Angles on a straight line Sum of angles on a straight line is always 180o.

The figures are not drawn to scale. PQ is a straight line. Find m.

(a) (b) (c)

m 98o m
137o Q 35o
m P
P Q P Q

3. The figures are not drawn to scale. AB is a straight line. Find x.

x
(a) (b)
x 40 o 36o
80 o
55o A B
A B

38o x 63o
A B x
A B
 (c) (d)

Angles at a point Sum of angles at a point is always 360o

The figures are not drawn to scale. Find unknown angles.

(a) (b) (c)

80o 75o 60o
60 o 35o
p q
75o s
135o

(e) (f) (g) q

278o o
60 105o
p 50o
100o
r 95o

s
0
100
740
(h) (i)
r 1300
1500

4. Vertically opposite Angles

Vertical angles are the angles which are opposite of each other at
the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles:
 share a common vertex.
 always have equal measures.
JKL and MKN, JKM and LKN are vertical angles and JKM and
NKM are supplementary angles.
1. The figures are not drawn to scale. AB and CD are straight lines. Find the unknown angles.
C
(a) D (b) A
z
135o B
z
30o
x
x y
A
y

C B
D
 C
C B
(c) (d)
130o y
x x
A B z
z 70o
y

D A
D

N
M

132o
(f) 84o (g)
x P Q
P Q
x
120o 40o

N M

D
A D

40o z 65o
A B
(h) x (j) y
y x
z
35o
C
C B
 A B
Parallel Lines l1 l2
Parallel lines are lines which extend in the same direction and C D
remain at the same distance apart from each other.
By distance between two lines, we mean the perpendicular distance between two lines.
The symbol ‘ ’ is used to represent “is parallel to”. e.g. l1 l2 , .

X
Transversal A B
A line that cuts the two or more lines at different points is called a transversal.
C D
e.g. in figure: Here is a transversal since its cuts the pair of two lines and .
Y
Corresponding Angles
Corresponding angles are the pairs of angles X X
on the same side of the transversal and on
a b a b
corresponding sides of the two other lines. When A A
d c B d c B
two lines are parallel and they are intersected by
e C e C
transversal then corresponding angles are f f
CB h g D CB h g D
congruent. An easy way of identifying
corresponding angles is by drawing the letter "F" C D C D
Y Y
(forwards and backwards. On the parallel lines as D D
shown in the figure. The examples of corresponding
D D
angles in figure are b & f, d & h, e & a.
Complementary Angles
Complementary angles are angles whose sum is 90°. That is, if we attach both angles and fit
them side by side (by putting the vertices and one side on top of each other), they will form a right
angle. We can also say that one of the angles is the complement of the other.
Supplementary Angles
Supplementary angles are angles whose sum is 180°. In other words, if we put the angles side
by side, the result would be a straight line.
Vertical Angles
Vertical angles are the angles which are opposite of each other at
the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles:
 share a common vertex.
 always have equal measures.
JKL and MKN, JKM and LKN are vertical angles and JKM and
X
NKM are supplementary angles.
a b
A B
d c
Interior and Exterior Angles
e f C
CB h g D

C Y
D
 D

In this figure d and e, c and f are interior angles and a and h,

b and g are called exterior angles, since they are on the other sides
of the two parallel lines and .

Alternate Interior Angles

Alternate interior angles are formed when there exists a transversal. They are the angles on
opposite sides of the transversal, but inside the two lines. Alternate interior angles are congruent to
each other if (and only if) the two parallel lines intersected by the transversal. An easy way of
identifying alternate interior angles is by drawing the letter "Z" (forwards and backwards) on the
X
lines as shown in figure. X
a b
In the figure on the left, d and f, c and e are A B
alternate interior angles. d c a b
A B
e f C d c
BC h g D e f C
C D
Y B g
Alternate Exterior Angles C D
h
Y
Similar to alternate interior angles, alternate D C D
exterior angles are also congruent to each other D
if (and only if) the two parallel lines intersected D
by the transversal. These angles are on opposite D
sides of the transversal, but outside the two lines
the transversal intersects.
In the figure on the left, ADB and GHF are alternate exterior angles. So are CDB and EHF.

The figure on the left does not have alternate enterior angles congruent because and are not

parallel lines, but the figure on the right does because and are parallel lines.
Remember!
Exercises:
1. Find the unknown where . X
a b
A B
________________________ d c
C
________________________
BC D
________________________ 30o
Y
C D
________________________
D
2.___________________
Find the unknown in each of the following figure where figures are not drawn
according to the scale. D

X
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A B
a
35o
C D

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________
 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________
_______________ _______________ _______________ ________________
________________
___

(e) (f) (g) (h)