ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §y˛õ

í˛yÉ !¢ÓÓ ï˛ ˛õRöyˆÏÏÎ˚ܲ

2
ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §y˛õ
í˛yÉ !¢ÓÓ ï˛ ˛õRöyˆÏÎ˚ܲ

3
ˆ°áܲ ÈÙÈ í˛yÉ !¢ÓÓ ï˛ ˛õRöyˆÏÎ˚ܲ
email : [email protected]

≤ÃFåÈò ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öy Ä
ˆ§Ô®Îy≈Î˚ˆÏî ÈÙÈ í˛yÉ x!û˛!çÍ ÓyÓ˚&•z

C ˛ˆ°áܲ È

ü)°ƒ ÈÙÈ ˛70 ê˛yܲy

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 xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ üyö%£Ï §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî üyÓ˚y Îyö– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛ 1500 ˆÌˆÏܲ
2000ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ •ˆÏ°Ä öyöyö ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓåÈÓ˚ 45ñ000 ˆÌˆÏܲ 50ñ000 üyö%£Ï §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸
üyÓ˚y Îyö– ò%•z !•§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~•z !Ó¢y° ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° xˆÏöܲ §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöy Ó˚&à#ˆÏܲ•z •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° öy ~ˆÏö Äé˛yñ =ö#ö
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy •Î˚–
§yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2500 ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ çyöy– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ 236 ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ •!ò§
~áö xÓ!ô çyöy ˆàˆÏåÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ 50!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ •° !Ó£ÏôÓ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ fli°û˛yˆÏà ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛û˛yˆÏÓ 26!ê˛
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆüˆÏ°–

≠ !ܲå%È =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≠È

È È §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ܲyö ˆö•zñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y !ܲå%È ÷öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ öy– xÓ¢ƒ ú%˛§ú%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚y xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç!üÓ˚ ܲ¡õö á%Ó
§%®Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
È §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò,!‹T¢!_´ á%Ó û˛yˆÏ°y öÎ˚– ~Ó˚y fliyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy!ܲå%ȈÏܲ !Ó˛õIöܲ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆ§çöƒ §y˛õ ˆòˆÏá ˆÜ˛í˛z !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° §y˛õ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚ öy–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ à¶˛ xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y á%Ó•z û˛yˆÏ°y– ˆã˛Ó˚y !çÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óyï˛y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyöy öyöyö ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ܲîy ~Ó˚y ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ìyܲy çƒyܲӧö xD öyˆÏüÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚y
öyöyöÓ˚ܲü à¶˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §¶˛yö ˛õyÎ˚ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ñ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚Ä •!ò§ ˛õyÎ˚–
È §y˛õ •° ë˛y[˛y Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#– ˆ§çöƒ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏ° ë˛y[˛y °yˆÏà– ~Ó˚y xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ë˛y[˛y Óy àÓ˚ü §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–
¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ~Ó˚y çÓ%ÌÓ% •ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ¢#ï˛ â%ü– xï˛ƒ!ôܲ àÓ˚ˆÏüÄ ~Ó˚y üyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
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È fli°Óy§# §y˛õ §yôyÓ˚îï˛É !òö xÌÓy Ó˚y!e ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆáyÑçyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆöÎ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §ühflÏ !Ó£Ïy_´ §y˛õ Ó˚y!eˆÏÓ°y ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏú˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏôy x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚Ä SÓ£Ï≈ܲyˆÏ° Óy
§¶˛ƒyÓ˚ xyˆÏàV ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲáöÄ §áöÄ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
È §y˛õ üyˆÏé˛üˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yüí˛¸yÓ˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ~ˆÏܲ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏ°y§ åÈyí˛¸y ӈϰ– ܲüÓÎ˚§# §y˛õ
ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛y•z âöâö ~û˛yˆÏÓ ˆáyˆÏ°y§ åÈyˆÏí˛¸–
Ók˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ x!ôܲyÇ¢ §y˛õ 10ÈÙÈ20 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓyшÏã˛–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ §y˛õ àyˆÏåÈ ã˛í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ•z çˆÏ° §yÑï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲå%È !ܲå%È çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ xyÓyÓ˚
àyˆÏåÈ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z xû˛ƒhflÏ Sܲy°öy!àî#ñ ˆÓï˛ xyåÈí˛¸yV–
§yü%!oܲ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ xÇ¢ üyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ Î!òÄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ú%˛°Ü˛y Óy ܲyöˆÏܲy ˆö•z– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏçÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
~Ó˚y §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚–

≠ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ áyÓyÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓyÓ˚ ≠È
§y˛õ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏöܲê˛y ã˛!Ó≈ ç!üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§çöƒ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òö áyÓyÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏ°
çüyˆÏöy ã˛!Ó≈ û˛y!äˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ!òö ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
§y˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛Ó˚y !çû˛ flõˆÏOÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç° ÷ˆÏ£Ï !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ•z ~Ó˚y
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆüê˛yÎ˚–
xˆÏöܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛É ¢yÑáyü%!ë˛ Ä ¢Cã)˛í˛¸ ≤Ãôyöï˛ xöƒyöƒ !Ó£Ïy_´ Óy !ö!Ó≈£Ï ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ܲå%È !ܲå%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õñ ˆÎüö ܲy°yã˛ Ä ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ §y˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ áyÎ˚–
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 ≠È §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãçöö ≠È
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ ÓåȈÏÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ÓyFã˛y ˆòÎ˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ §y˛õ !í˛ü ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !í˛ü ú%˛ˆÏê˛ ÓyFã˛y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– fli°Óy§#
§yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸yñ ô)°yˆÏÓyí˛¸y Ä °yí˛zí˛ày §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ÓyFã˛y ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§y˛õ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye !öˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ü°ˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ÓÇ¢Ó,!k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ä flf# §y˛õ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü á%шÏç ˆöÎ˚– §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ˛õyÎ˚% !åȈÏoÓ˚ ܲyåÈyܲy!åÈ xLjϢ ~•z
à¶˛ í˛zͲõyòܲ @ˇÃ!si ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ flf# Ä ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏû˛ˆÏò !ö!ò≈‹T àˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü xˆÏöܲò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ ˆáyÑç
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!í˛ü ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ flf# §y˛õ ˆ§•z !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È!òö ӈϧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆòÎ˚– §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆáy°§ ˛õy!áÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ¢_´
öÎ˚ñ ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y öÓ˚ü–
!í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛yܲöy !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓyFã˛y ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ öyˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏöy !í˛üÈÙÈòyшÏï˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ~Ó˚y ~•z ì˛yܲöy !åÈшÏí˛¸
ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ~•z !í˛üÈÙÈòyÑï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ö‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!Ó£Ïy_´ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §òƒçyï˛ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

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 ≠ ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ fli°û˛yˆÏàÓ˚ §y˛õ ≠È
fli°û˛yˆÏàÓ˚ §y˛õ=!°ˆÏܲ !ö!Ó≈£Ïñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ö!Ó≈£Ï ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z !ï˛öû˛yˆÏà û˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
1. !ö!Ó≈£Ï §y˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õ%шÏÎ˚ñ ˆ•ˆÏ°ñ ç°ˆÏôyí˛¸yñ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏÌy!ã˛!ï˛ñ Óy!°ˆÏÓyí˛¸yñ ô)°yˆÏÓyí˛¸yñ òyÑí˛¸y§ñ xçàÓ˚ Óy üÎ˚y°ñ ˆâˆÏ§y!ã˛!ï˛ñ í˛zòÎ˚ܲy°–
2. ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ö!Ó≈£Ï §y˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÓï˛ xyåÈí˛¸yñ °yí˛zí˛àyñ ܲy°öy!àî#ñ ˆüˆÏê˛!°ñ àyLjÏÓyí˛¸yñ ÓB˛Ó˚yçñ ܲyòy §y˛õ–
3. !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õÈÙÙÙÈ Ü˛y°yã˛ñ ¢yÑáyü%!ë˛ñ ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛ñ ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸yñ ¢Cã)˛í˛¸ñ ≤ÃÓy°§y˛õñ ˆöyöyˆÏÓyí˛¸yñ ˆàˆÏåÈyˆÏÓyí˛¸y–
§ü%o§y˛õÈÙÙÙÈ ÓˆÏDy˛õ§yàˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ 20 ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §y˛õ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó=!°•z üyÓ˚ydܲ !Ó£Ïy_´– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
û˛yàƒ û˛yˆÏ°yñ ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛É üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚ öy–

≠È §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£Ï ≠È
§yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£Ï •° §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyã˛Ü˛ Ó˚§ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ °y°y Óy Ì%Ì%Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ °y°y@ˇÃ!siÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£Ï@ˇÃ!si xyˆÏåÈ– ~•z
!Ó£Ï@ˇÃ!si ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ÄÎ˚y !Ó£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ Ì!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ çüy ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó£ÏÌ!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£ÏòyшÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎyà xyˆÏåÈ– !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õ
ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÌ!°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ xyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏòyшÏï˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü !Ó£Ï «˛ï˛fliyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚–
È !Ó£Ïy_´ §y˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ àí˛¸˛õí˛¸ï˛y ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî !Ó£Ï «˛ï˛fliyˆÏö ì˛yˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ 4ÈÙÈ5 çö üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°yÓ˚
üˆÏï˛y !Ó£Ï ÌyˆÏܲ–
È §y˛õ §Ó §üÎ˚ §üyö !Ó£Ï «˛ï˛fliyˆÏö ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xˆÏöܲ§üÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !ӣϕz ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y §y˛õ ˆï˛y xˆÏô≈ܲ
§üÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !Ó£Ï ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy–
È ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy áyòƒ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏ° Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó£Ï !ë˛Ü˛üˆÏï˛y ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° !Ó£Ïy_´ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸Ä
üyö%£Ï üyÓ˚y öyÄ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
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 ≠È §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy È≠È
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó£Ïy_´ §y˛õ=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲy°yã˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛ñ ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚yñ ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ ú%˛Ó˚§y SxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ˆö•zV §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
!ӈϣÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# xƒy!rê˛ˆÏû˛îyü ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z xƒy!rê˛ˆÏû˛îyü §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ¢Cã)˛í˛¸ñ
¢yÑáyü%!ë˛ñ ≤ÃÓy°§y˛õ Óy §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ §y˛õ=!°Ó˚ !ӈϣÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# xƒy!rê˛ˆÏû˛îyü xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ öy– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ
ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ü•z ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
È !Ó£Ïy_´ §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ~ܲüye !ã˛!ܲͧy •° Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ω˛Ó ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏû˛îyü •zöˆÏçܲ§ö ˆòÄÎ˚y– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ
í˛yÎ˚y!°!§§ ܲÓ˚yñ xƒy°y!ç≈ öy¢Ü˛ñ ç#Óyö%öy¢Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xöƒyöƒ Ä£Ï%ô ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
È üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !Ó£Ïy_´ §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ Î!ò í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî !Ó£Ï «˛ï˛fliyˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ xƒy!rê˛ˆÏû˛îyü
ˆòÄÎ˚y åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy û˛yˆÏÓ•z ÓÑyã˛yˆÏöy §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚–
È !ö!Ó≈£Ï §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸ Óy !Ó£Ïy_´ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ӣϕ#ö ܲyüˆÏí˛¸Ä ˆÓ˚yà# û˛ˆÏÎ˚ üyÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ §y•§ ˆÎyàyˆÏöy xÓ¢ƒ•z
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
È ˆÜ˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ܲü ï˛sfÈÙÈüsfñ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ÈÙÈÓyÜ˛í˛¸ñ ç!í˛¸ÈÙÈÓ%!ê˛ñ !Ó£Ï öyüyˆÏöyñ ˛õyÌÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏöyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˛õk˛!ï˛=!°Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ӈϣÏÓ˚
!Ó£Ï!e´Î˚y Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–
ˆÜ˛yüˆÏÓ˚ñ à°yÎ˚ Óy •yˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏô Ó˚yáy ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ÈÙÈÓyÜ˛í˛¸ Óy ï˛y!ÓçÈÙÈüyò%!° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y•§ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv §yˆÏ˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöy
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ öy–

9
1. ˛õ%шÏÎ˚ !ö!Ó≈£Ï §y˛õ
English Name : Worm Snake
Scientific Name :Typhlops
braminus

üy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ !˛õÖ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Óy í˛z•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚

Óy§yÎ˚ xÌÓy çˆÏü Ìyܲy àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õã˛y
í˛y°˛õy°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y xyˆÏòÔ Ü˛yüí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
öy–

squamates.blogspot.com

10
2. ˛ˆ•ˆÏ°
English Name : Striped Keelback
Scientific Name :Amphiesma
stolata
ôyö ç!üñ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyí˛¸ñ âö
ˆé˛y˛õé˛yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚y Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy í˛zÑã%˛
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~•z çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ
§y˛õˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–

bangkokherps.wordpress.com

11
3. ˛ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏÌy!ã˛!ï˛
English Name : Wolf Snake
Scientific Name :Lycodon
aulicus
˛õyÌÓ˚ Óy •zˆÏê˛Ó˚ áyшÏçñ üy!ê˛Ó˚
Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆú˛yܲˆÏÓ˚ñ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛ˆÏÓ˚
~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó£Ïy_´ ܲy°yã˛
§yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yò,¢ƒ ÌyܲyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~Ó˚y xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ üyÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
commons.wikimedia.org

12
4. ç°ˆÏôyí˛¸y
English Name : Checkered Keelback
Scientific Name : Natrix
piscator
˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ˆí˛yÓyñ öy°yñ öò# •zï˛ƒy!ò
çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ xàû˛#Ó˚ çˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xye´yhsˇ •ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y
ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §yüyöƒ
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
§ü§ƒy •Î˚ öy–
www.treknature.com

13
5. Óy!°ˆÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Red sand Boa
Scientific Name : Eryx
johni
Óy!°Î˚y!í˛¸ Ä ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
•zÑò%Ó˚ àˆÏï≈˛ Óy xöƒ ú˛yÑܲÈÙȈÏú˛yܲˆÏÓ˚
~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •yçyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty
ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚
öy– ˆ°ˆÏçÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ ˆüyê˛y •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Úò%ü%ˆÏáy §y˛õÛ ÓˆÏ° xˆÏöܲ
§üÎ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com

14
6. ô%°yˆÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Common sand Boa
Scientific Name : Eryx conicus

˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Óy!°ÈÙÈ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚

ú˛yшÏܲñ •zˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÑçyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓÓ˚_´ •ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüyê˛yˆÏ§yê˛y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD
!Ó£Ïy_´ ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ü°
xyˆÏåÈ– ~•z §y˛õ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏ° Ü%˛‹T •Î˚
ӈϰ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
xyˆÏåÈ– www.rtr-total.com

15
7. òyÑí˛¸y§ Óy ì˛ƒyüöy
English Name : Rat Snake
Scientific Name : Ptyas mucosus

•zÑò%Ó˚ àï≈˛ñ ôyö ç!üÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ Óy

ôyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆày°yÓ˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ~Ó˚y Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ üyö%£Ï °¡∫y xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
~•z §y˛õˆÏܲ ˆã˛ˆÏöñ ï˛y•z û˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
öy– ~Ó˚yÄ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆï˛üö û˛Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–

www.flickr.com

16
8. xçàÓ˚ Óy üÎ˚y°
English Name : Rock Python
Scientific Name : Python morulus

˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ =•yñ àû˛#Ó˚ çDˆÏ°Ó˚ Óí˛¸

Óí˛¸ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ü%o
ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üƒyöˆÏ@ˇÃyû˛ çDˆÏ° ~Ó˚y Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑ!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚y
!àˆÏ° áyÎ˚– «%˛ôyï≈˛ öy •ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–

commons.wikimedia.org

17
9. ˆâˆÏ§y!ã˛!ï˛
English Name : Banded Racer
Scientific Name : Argyrogena
fasciolatus
commons.wikimedia.org
âö ây§ çD°ñ ˆé˛y˛õé˛yí˛¸ñ •zÑò%Ó˚ àï≈˛
•° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fliyö– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy
˛õyÄÎ˚y §•ç öÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î üyö%£Ï §•
§ühflÏ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ç#ÓçvˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y
~!í˛¸ÈˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°–
reptile-database.reptarium.cz

18
10. í˛zòÎ˚ܲy°
English Name : Banded Kukri
Scientific Name : Oligodon arnensis

˛˛õyÌÓ˚ Óy •zшÏê˛Ó˚ áyÑçñ ˆû˛ˆÏä ˛õí˛¸y

˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy âÓ˚Óy!í˛¸ñ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛Ó˚ www.indiansnakes.org
•zï˛ƒy!ò çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó£Ïy_´ ¢yÑáyü%!벲 §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ü°
ÌyܲyÎ˚ û%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°–

picasaweb.google.com

19
1. ˛ˆÓï˛ xyåÈí˛¸y ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ö!Ó≈£Ï §y˛õ
English Name : Bronzeback Tree
Snake
Scientific Name : Dendrelaphis
tristis

~•z §y˛õ Ó,«˛Óy§#– ˆÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óöñ

çDˆÏ°Ó˚ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚
Óy§fliyö– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸ §yüyöƒ
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy •ˆÏ°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ
•Î˚ öy–
arunrbharadwaj.wordpress.com

20
2. ˛°yí˛zí˛ày
English Name : Vine Snake
Scientific Name : Ahaetulla nasutus
ˆé˛y˛õÈÙÈé˛yí˛¸ñ §Ó!ç ÓyàyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zÑã%˛
àyåÈ˛õy°y •zï˛ƒy!ò çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– á%Ó•z û˛#ï%˛ §y˛õñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏà ˆàˆÏ° ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá í˛z˛õˆÏí˛¸ áyÎ˚ ӈϰ
Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyüˆÏí˛¸ §yüyöƒ çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy •ˆÏ°Ä
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ öy– lifeez4fun.blogspot.com

21
3. ˛Ü˛y°öy!àî#
English Name : Flying Snake
Scientific Name : Chrysopelea
ornate
çDˆÏ°Ó˚ àyåÈ˛õy°yñ ˆé˛y˛õé˛yˆÏí˛¸ www.sevcikphoto.com
~ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ – üö§yüDˆÏ °
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y !Ó£Ïy_´ §y˛õ ܲy°öy!àî#
ӈϰ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üyö%£Ï û˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ !Ó£Ïy_´
üˆÏ ö ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ° Ä xyˆÏ ò Ô ~Ó˚ y ~ï˛
!Ó£Ïy_´ öÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸ §yüyöƒ
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy •ˆÏ°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ
•Î˚ öy– en.m.wikipedia.org

22
4. ˛ˆüˆÏê˛!°
English Name : Olive Keelback
Scientific Name : Atretium
Schistosum
˛õ% Ü % ˛ Ó˚ ñ öy°yñ ˆí˛yÓyÓ˚ çˆÏ ° Óy
çˆÏ°Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àˆÏï≈˛ ~Ó˚y Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xöƒyöƒ ç°ç ˆ˛õyܲyÓ˚ §ˆÏD
~Ó˚y ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyˆÏî ü¢yÓ˚ °yû≈˛yÄ
áyÎ˚ – ~ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ܲyüˆÏ í ˛¸ §yüyöƒ
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy •ˆÏ°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ
•Î˚ öy–
www.projectnoah.org

23
5. ˛àyLjÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Dog Faced Water
Snake
Scientific Name : Cerberus
rhynchops
xyòˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ Óy!§®yñ !ܲv
üƒyöˆÏ@ˇÃyû˛ xM˛È° åÈyí˛¸yÄ çˆÏ°Ó˚
ê˛yˆÏö áyÑ!í˛¸ xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ áy°ÈÙÈ!Ó° Óy
ôyö ç!üˆÏ ï ˛ ~Ó˚ y xˆÏ ö ܲ §üÎ˚
ˆ˛õÔшÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏí˛¸ §yüyöƒ
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy •ˆÏ°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ
•Î˚ öy– home.gwu.edu

24
6. ˛ÓB˛Ó˚yç
English Name : Cat Snake
Scientific Name : Boiga trigonata
§Ó˚&ñ °¡∫y xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛yá=!°
á%Ó•z Óí˛¸– ï˛y°ñ öyÓ˚ˆÏܲ° Óy ˛õyü àyåÈ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Óy§fliyö– ~åÈyí˛¸y ÓyÑ¢ é˛yí˛¸
Ä xöƒ âö çDˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ
àyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xöƒ àyˆÏåÈ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ~Ó˚y
üy!ê˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó˚ o&ï˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚–
~ˆÏ òÓ˚ ܲyüˆÏ í ˛¸ §yüyöƒ çµ y °yÈ Ù È Î sf î y
•ˆÏ°Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚ öy– www.indianaturewatch.net

25
7. ˛Ü˛yòy §y˛õ
English Name : Glossy Marsh Snake
Scientific Name : Gerarda prevostiana

§%®Ó˚ÓˆÏöÓ˚ üƒyöˆÏ@ˇÃyû˛ xM˛ÈˆÏ° ~•z §y˛õ!ê˛

ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üÎ˚ xöƒyöƒ
ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ä ~Ó˚y ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ àˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏöÓ˚
ˆÓ°yÎ˚ !Ó◊yü !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãôyöï˛É Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆÓ°yÎ˚ áyòƒ xˆÏߣ∫ ψÏî ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ¢yhsˇ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z §y˛õ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛É üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ
ܲyüí˛¸ y Î˚ öy– ~Ó˚ ܲyüˆÏ í ˛¸ §yüyöƒ
www.indianaturewatch.net
çµy°yÈÙÈÎsfîy åÈyí˛¸y !ܲå%È •Î˚ öy–
26
1. ˛Ü˛y°yã˛ !Ó£ÏôÓ˚Ï §y˛õ
English Name : Common Krait
Scientific Name : Bungarus caeruleus

•zшÏê˛Ó˚ áyÑçñ •zÑò%Ó˚ àï≈˛ñ û˛yäy Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ çOy°

hfl)Ï˛õñ üy!ê˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ú˛yê˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y
Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §üû)˛!üÓ˚
§yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Ó£Ïy_´–
áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏö ˆàyÎ˚y°âÓ˚ñ Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ¢yÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏé˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy çyüyܲy˛õí˛¸ Óy
!ÓåÈyöy˛õeÈÙÙÙÈ §Ó çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y û˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– dangerous-snake-pics1.blogspot.com

27
2. ˛¢yÑáyü%!벲
English Name : Banded Krait
Scientific Name : Bungarus fasciatus

•zшÏê˛Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õñ ò#!âÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ û˛yäy Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ •zÑê˛ñ

˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õñ ˆú˛yܲÓ˚ •° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚
Óy§fliyö– üyÓ˚ydܲ !Ó£Ïy_´ ò#â≈yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z
§y˛õˆÏܲ ˆã˛öy ÎyÎ˚ !eû)˛ç xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !˛õë˛ ~ÓÇ
àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •°%ò ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ çöƒ– ~Ó˚y üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ âê˛öy á%Ó Ü˛ü•z ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚–
gallery.pethobbyist.com

28
3. ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚y Óy á!Ó˚¢
English Name : Indian Spectacled
Cobra
Scientific Name : Naja naja

•zÑò%Ó˚ àï≈˛ñ ôyö ç!üÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆé˛y˛õñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏöy

Óy!í˛¸ •zï˛ƒy!ò çyÎ˚ày ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚– ú˛îyÄÎ˚y°y
~•z §y˛õ û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ú˛îy ˆï˛yˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚
Ÿªy§ !öˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ú˛îyÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö ã˛¢üy
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ åÈy˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–

www.reptarium.cz

29
4. ˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛
English Name : Indian Monocled
Cobra
Scientific Name : Naja Kaouthia

!çöàï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚

xˆÏöܲ !ü° xyˆÏåÈ– !ӈϣÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚îÄ ≤ÃyÎ˚
~ܲ•z– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ú˛îyÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö ˆày° òyà ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ä ~ÓÇ Óy§fliyö xö%§yˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ öyöyö Ó˚ܲü öyüܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ïÑ˛˛õñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏ° •zï˛ƒy!ò–
www.indiansnakes.org

30
5. ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Russells Viper
Scientific Name : Vipera russellii

˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ áyÑçñ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ˛õyï˛y çˆÏü Ìyܲy

ˆé˛y˛õé˛yí˛¸ñ ú˛yˆÏü≈Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !öç≈ö
ç!ü •zï˛ƒy!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày–
üyÓ˚ydܲ !Ó£Ïy_´ ~•z §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ò%!ê˛
Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ !Ó£Ï òyÑï˛ñ Îy ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚
åÈyí˛¸y xöƒ §üÎ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆàyê˛yˆÏöy
ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ~Ó˚y xˆÏöܲê˛y
!Ó£Ï ì˛y°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– www.venomousreptiles.org

31
6. ¢Cã)˛í˛¸
English Name : King Cobra
Scientific Name : Ophiophagus
hannah

ã˛yÈÙÈܲ!ú˛ ÓyàyˆÏöñ üƒyöˆÏ@ˇÃyû˛ çDˆÏ° ~ÓÇ

˛õy•yí˛¸# =•yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y
§Ç§yÓ˚# §y˛õ ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§y ÓyöyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ – üyÓ˚ y dܲ !Ó£Ï y _´ ~ÓÇ
xye´üîydܲ ~•z §y˛õ ˆ°yܲy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy ˛õåÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚–
en.citizendium.org

32
7. ≤ÃÓy° §y˛õ
English Name : Slender Coral Snake
Scientific Name : Calliophis
melanurus

çDˆÏ°Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õã˛y àyåÈ˛õy°yñ

˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ áyÑçñ •zшÏê˛Ó˚ hfl)Ï˛õ •zï˛ƒy!ò çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òܲ!ê˛
≤ÃÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y °y°ñ ï˛y•z ≤ÃÓy° §y˛õ
öyüܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ã˛°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ âê˛öyÓ˚
ܲÌy ˆ¢yöy•z ÎyÎ˚ öy– www.indianaturewatch.net

33
8. ˆöyöyˆÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Hook Nosed Sea
Snake
Scientific Name : Enhydrina
schistosa

xyòˆÏï˛ §ü%ˆÏoÓ˚ Óy!§®y– ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ öò# Óy áyˆÏ° ~Ó˚y xˆÏöܲ
§üÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– á%Ó•z ¢yhsˇ fl∫û˛yÓñ
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚ öy–

randomlists.co

34
9. ˆàˆÏåÈyˆÏÓyí˛¸y
English Name : Bamboo Pit
Viper
Scientific Name : Trimeresurus
gramineus
çˆÏ°Ó˚ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ë˛y[˛y çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ çD°
~ˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó !≤ÃÎ˚– ~åÈyí˛¸y çDˆÏ°ñ ÓyÑ¢ÓˆÏöÄ
~Ó˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_Ó˚ÓˆÏDÓ˚ çDˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚
•°ˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏäÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛!ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §y˛õ
ܲyüí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏ°Ä •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˛õ)î≈ ÓÎ˚flÒ üyö%£Ï 2ÈÙÈ3 !òö
x§%fliï˛y ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ üye– calphotos.berkeley.edu

35
 §ü%o §y˛õ
ÓˆÏDy˛õ§yàˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ 20 ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §y˛õ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó=!°•z üyÓ˚ydܲ
!Ó£Ïy_´– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yàƒ û˛yˆÏ°yñ ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛É üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲyüí˛¸yÎ˚ öy–

www.siamensis.org www.flickr.com www.cspt.in

Hydrophis obscurus Hydrophis spiralis Hydrophis faciatus

www.siamensis.org www.arkive.org explosionsoflife.tumblr.com

Praescutata viperina Astrotia stokesi Enhydrina schistosa

36
 reptiphoto.webnode.cz www.indiansnakes.org www.asergeev.com
Hydrophis cyanocinctus Hydrophis caerulescens Hydrophis lapemoides

caledonie-csm_e-monsite.com www.siamensis.org commons.wikimedia.org

Hydrophis ornatus Lapemis curtus Laticauda colubrina

www.snakesoftaiwan.com www.siamensis.org life-sea.blogspot.com

Laticauda laticauda Microcephalophis gracilis Pelamis platurus

37
 §y˛õ !öˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È §ÇflÒyÓ˚
1. ò%ô ܲ°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲy°§y˛õ ˆ˛õy£ÏyÈÙÙÙÈ
ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ~•z !Óáƒyï˛ ≤ÃÓyò!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛#Î≈ܲ xÌ≈ §!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛
öÎ˚– §y˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyñ xyÓ˚ ú˛° §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ áyòƒ öÎ˚– ï˛y•z ò%ô
ܲ°y xyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ•z áyÄÎ˚yˆÏöy Îyܲñ §y˛õˆÏܲ áyÄÎ˚yˆÏöy ÎyˆÏÓ öy–
2. §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ü!î ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ àˆÏ“ Îy•z ˆ°áy Ìyܲñ ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ü!îÈÙÈü%ˆÏ_´y ÌyˆÏܲ öy–
3. òyÑí˛¸y§ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ü°ö •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ û%˛°– ÓyhflψÏÓ ò%!ê˛ !û˛ß¨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ü°ö •Î˚ öy–
4. òyÑí˛¸y§ §y˛õ àÓ˚&Ó˚ ÓyÑê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ô ˆê˛ˆÏö áyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓyhflÏÓ ôyÓ˚îy–
38
 5. ~ܲ!ê˛ §y˛õˆÏܲ üyÓ˚ˆÏ° xöƒ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ §y˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô !öˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ÈÙÙÙÈ
~Ó˚ܲü!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §y˛õˆÏܲ üyÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚%!åȈÏoÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
Ìyܲy à¶˛ í˛zͲõyòܲ @ˇÃ!siÓ˚ Ó˚§ xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óy §y˛õ üyÓ˚yÓ˚ °y!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ°ˆÏà
ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !°ˆÏDÓ˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ §y˛õ ~•z à¶˛ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔö xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ•z xyüÓ˚y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yô
!öˆÏï˛ xy§y ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲ!Ó˚–
References :
* Deoras P.J.(1980): Snakes of India. National Book Trust, India.
* Whitaker Romulus (1997):Common Indian Snakes – A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.
* Whitaker Z and Whitaker R (1999): The snakes around us. National Book Trust, India.
* Mohapatra B, Warrell DA, Suraweera W, Bhatia P, Dhingra N, et al. (2011) Snakebite Mortality in India: A Nationally
Representative Mortality Survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(4): e1018. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001018.
* Times of India,December,2011:Snake bite kills 46K in Indiayearly.
*Browsing of different websites.

39
§yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£ÏòyÑï˛

ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸y ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚y ˆàˆÏåÈy ˆÓyí˛¸y ¢Cã)˛í˛¸

¢yÑáyü%!ë˛ §ü%o §y˛õ ã˛wˆÏÓyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y° ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y°

40
 ˆÓ!ç Ä §y˛õ
www.arkive.org / www.photoshot.com