Scribd
Upload
512 views5 pages

Equivalence Nonrestrictive Apposition

The document discusses four types of nonrestrictive apposition: appellation, designation, identification, and reformulation. Appellation indicates unique reference between two definite noun phrases. Designation also indicates unique reference but the second noun phrase is less specific. Identification uses the indicator "namely" and the first noun phrase is indefinite. Reformulation uses the indicator "or" and the second noun phrase rewords the first.

Uploaded by

quynhe10
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
512 views5 pages

Equivalence Nonrestrictive Apposition

The document discusses four types of nonrestrictive apposition: appellation, designation, identification, and reformulation. Appellation indicates unique reference between two definite noun phrases. Designation also indicates unique reference but the second noun phrase is less specific. Identification uses the indicator "namely" and the first noun phrase is indefinite. Reformulation uses the indicator "or" and the second noun phrase rewords the first.

Uploaded by

quynhe10
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

EQUIVALENCE

NONRESTRICTIVE APPOSITION

 Appellation
 Designation
 Identification
 Reformulation

Appellation

 Common indicators: namely; who/which + be

 There is unique reference between two


appositives
 Appositive noun phrases are commonly
definite

Appellation
 The 2nd appositive

+ Is typically a proper noun


E.g.: Our capital, Hanoi, is in the
northeast of Vietnam
2nd
appositive
+ Can be replaced by corresponding
relative clause
E.g.: Our capital, which is Hanoi, is
in the northeast of Vietnam
3
Appellation
Note:
 The 2nd appositive is more specific than the
1st appositive

The 2nd appositive is often a finite clause


E.g.:
He told them the good news: (namely)
taxes are to be reduced

Designation
Common indicators: who/which + be
 There is also unique reference
 Both appositives are definite noun
phrases
 The 2nd appositive is less specific than
the first
E.g.:
Mary, (who is) my younger sister, is
addicted to watching cartoons.

Designation
Note: Compare these examples
 Designation:

Tom , the best singer in our family, is studying in a college.


1st app. 2nd app.

 Appellation:

The best singer in our family, Tom, is studying in a college.


1st app. 2nd app. 6
Identification

 Common indicator: namely

 There is no unique equivalence

 The 1st appositive is an indefinite noun


phrase

Identification
 The 2nd appositive

+ More specific than 1st appositive


E.g.: A student in our class, (namely)
Mary, excels at maths.
2nd
appositive
+ Cannot be replaced by a
corresponding relative clause

Identification
Note:
The 2nd appositive can precede the 1st but only in
informal spoken English
E.g.:
That stubborn boy, he kept crying so hard.
2nd app. 1st app.
 Appositives need not be noun phrases
E.g.:
They summoned help – called the police.
1st app. 2nd app.
9
Reformulation

 Common indicator: or

 The 2nd appositive rewords the content of


the 1st appositive

10

Reformulation

Based on linguistic knowledge

Based on knowledge about external world

11

Reformulation

Based on linguistic knowledge

+ 2nd appositive as a synonymous expression


E.g.: anthropology, (or) the study of human beings
the words of a song, (or/ in other words) lyrics

+ Appositive adjectives
E.g.:
She likes to live in a tranquil, or peaceful, neighbourhood.

+ Translations from foreign languages


E.g.: Mesa (table in English) is a two-syllable noun.
12
Reformulation

Based on knowledge about external world

+ 2nd appositive as a co-referential expression


E.g.: Fred, or Ginger as he is usually called, is busy looking
after the kids.

+ Correction of what was said


E.g.: He is American, Vietnamese-American to be more
exact.

+ Other appositives that are not noun phrases


E.g.: Thirdly and lastly, they would not accept his promise.
13

You might also like