SSRG International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (SSRG — IJECE) — Volwne 4 Issue 10 — October 2017

Battery less Phones - A Deep Assessment

on Device for Long Range Scavenging of
Wireless Power
'Sparsh Rawlani, 2Purvesh Biyani, 3Apoorv Joshi
'High School Graduate,St. Mary's Convent, Ujjain, (M.P)
’High school graduate, Delhi Public School, Indore , (M.P.)
High school student,Pioneer Convent School,lndore, (M.P.)

Abstract pad, and to the next level of astonishment, the phone

If we just date back to January 9, 2007, it’s was designed so that it could harvest energy from
the date when the world first witnessed a smart "Radio Signals". The phone developed, features a
phone, and in fact, the first 'Touch screen phone'. dial pad, a small led light, and will also include an E-
Mr. Jobs, the owner of Apple Inclusive launched the ink display.
"I- phone" aiming to turn everyone's li(e
uncomplicated. And then, it has been ten years since
the launch of the smart phone, and in these 10 years,
the world has observed a revolutionary change in the
era of smart phones. One of the most drastic changes
was witnessed in the batteries of these smart phones,
ranging from 1000mAh to 5000mAh on an average.
In the past couple of years, intense usage of smart
phones for various purposes has resulted in battery
draining at a rapid rate. Many types of research have
been done in order to find the exact reason for the
battery drain at a rapid rate and its solutions, Fig 1: -A Look at the Prototype Invented Recently
although none of them were able to accomplish
anything special, and hence, rather than to find a A. Perspective for Battery less phones
solution to battery's long life, a different solution was A lot of discrepancies about the battery's
established, and it was to construct phones, which performance were going on around the world. The
can be operated without batteries. issue about the battery's anomalous drain lead to the
This research paper focuses on the research of innovative stuff, which furthermore lead
implementations of "Battery Less Smart phones", and to the invention of these Battery Less Mobiles. Smart
on its pros and cons. It will also state some of the Phones these days are a real help for the human race,
economic and possible changes that can be made as the way they are used to reduce our burden and
per our research. anxiety by saving our time is just unexplainable, And
to the fact that everyone knows about the battery
Keywords : Invention, Advantages, Disadvantages, affair, people still purchase phones to stay connected
Incentives, Economy Factor, Astonishing to the world, and hence, these battery less phones
Technology, Computer Science, Battery drain. were created to replace the battery's draining issue
and to offer an effective method of staying connected
to the world [2].
I. INTRODUCTION
The smart phones we are using these days B. Battery less Smart Phones Vs Battery
are indeed smart, however, are they really that smart Saving Applications
as the companies claim? The answer to this question The multi task calculating apps can increase
is yes, but aren't those really dumb if discussed in your battery's life ,but to a very small extent. These
terms of battery life? Yes, they are. Even the apps maintain your phone's battery life by clearing
companies that sell smart phones at phenomenal rates other apps from the background and by suggesting
have the issue of battery's performance [1]. The you the precautions about how to use your phones
performance is better as compared to others, but it is effectively, but battery less phones are way different
still a mystery if discussed in terms of long life. The as the battery doesn't exist, and hence they will be
idea of battery less smart phones was initiated by a greatly helpful in the future, especially for upcoming
group of researchers from "The University of generations [3].
Washington", who invented the phone with a dial
So this paper will completely focus on the methods about how to implement the technology
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 SSRG International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (SSRG — IJECE) — Volwne 4 Issue 10 — October 2017

as soon as possible and what could be the II. FRAMEWORK FOR BATTERY FREE
effective changes in it. PHONES
The prototype invented a few months
back, yields energy from ambient sources, and
surprisingly those ambient sources are "Radio
Signals or Radio Waves”, and the device uses a
minute photo diode to harvest energy from the
ambient light or RF sources. It consumes only 3.5
microwatts of power from these energy sources.
The device has a limited range of just 31 feet from
the base station and the range can be expanded to
50 feet with the help of a small "Solar Cell" [6].
Fig. 2:- Consumption by Normal Smart Phones
A. Procedure for Fetching Energy from
Ambient Sources
1) Harnessing Energy
In order to harness energy from the
ambient sources, a base station is required and the
base station is placed as per the range specified(31
feet-50feet), RF energy can be transmitted in
unlicensed bands or grids ranging from 868MHz to
5.4GHz from their respective base stations [7]. It is
then, that this RF energy is transfigured into DC
power through some energy harnessing devices
such as "Power cast's Power harvester Receivers",
these receivers also contain criterion or
The researchers developed this technology conventional antennas having an average
with an aim of getting rid of the charging issues. resistance of 40-50 ohms.
The phone recently developed obtains energy from
"Thin air” or from the “Radio Frequency Waves”
(RF) [4]. The zero power frameworks can only
attend and make calls and contains a dial-pad
screen, making it obsolete according to the present
technology [5], although, keeping the fact in mind
that doesn't require any power; the phones can
really be helpful in crucial situations where it is
hard to find electricity.

• The low power model also lacks a data

connection but the technology is still under
development so everything would get Fig 4:- Diagram Stating Conversion of RF Waves to
stabilized in future. DC Power
• The model doesn't work without headphones or The main feature of these harvesters is to
earphones. maintain the effectiveness while maintaining the
disparities of RF to DC transfiguration in order to
• A special microphone is being designed to
make the output stable, Although heading with the
generate some electromagnetic waves to enhance
new technology of battery free phones, the
the device's output.
procedure was way different as compared to the
• The range of the signals is quite less, and described one. In the phone, a "photo diode" was
hence the range of the distance can be used to convert the ambient light into current or
increased by a significant amount, if a licensed DC power. These photo diodes can also produce
mobile frequency is used, making it a better energy in absence of light as they contain optical
hope for the future. filters and in-built lenses to perform better in dark
• The next advanced step would be to introduce conditions.
an E-ink display that would be powered by
radio frequencies, which would look similar to
that of Kindle, except for the battery.

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III. PROTOTYPE & WORKING OF BATTERY

LESS SMART PHONES
In the given model, the user undertakes a
button to twig in between the two transmitting and
listening notes. The team of researchers utilized
the shell components on a printed circuit board and
the team corroborated and ensured that the battery
free prototype can perform basic functions like
calling someone up and then hanging up the call
without any inadequate call drops. A custom base
station collects the data in form of digital packages
with the help of a "Backscatter" and connects our
call through "Skype" and the person at the other
Fig 5:- Flow Diagram Explaining the Working of a
Photo Diode
end answers the call and responds. The device
inherits the signals with a technology referred as
"Zero Power Amplitude Modulation" and plants
2) Conversion ofAmbient Signals to Power with
the audio onto the earphones. For making a call,
the Photo Diode
the user has to dial the number on the dial pad and
The researchers at the University easily
has to speak into the microphone. For attending the
found the fact that using a photo diode for
call at receiver's end, the user has to pick up the
converting ambient signals and light into current is
call and respond, the call is transported to a long
much efficient and economical than installing a
distance with a backscatter, which helps in the
power harvester since the amount of power
cycling of data packages [10].
required for the functioning of the prototype was
very less. A Photodiode is a semiconductor, with A. Shell Component and its Working
p-n junction diode and an intrinsic layer between The Shell, which is used with the Kernel
two junctions [8]. The photocurrent is provoked by (part of operating system), is a part of the
the electron hole pair because of the assimilation operating system of the battery free device that is
of light between depletion region. When photons utilized for recasting the Human made
of energy greater than 1.1 electron volt (eV) strike programming into the machine language. When
the diode, electron- hole pairs are originated. The the user enters the command for executing any sort
potency of photon absorption depends on the of operation, the request proceeds to the shell
energy of photons the lower the energy of photons, parts, also known as Interpreter which then
the deeper the assimilation is. If the absorption translates the code and transfers it to the Kernel
occurs in the depleted region of the p-n junction, [11], the kernel then receives and accepts the
these hole pairs are wiped from the junction - due request and exhibits it on to the display area or
to the inbuilt electric field of the depletion region. screen. The kernel also provides memory for the
Hence, the holes proceed toward the anode and the running processes on the prototype.
electrons move toward the cathode, thereby
generating photocurrent. The sum of photocurrents
and dark currents, which flow with or without
light, is the amount of current progressing through
the photodiode, And this is how a small amount of
power is generated in the battery less phone with
the assistance of a tiny photo diode [9].

Fig 7:-Simple Diagram Showing the Positions of Shell

and Kernel in Parts, of an Operating System
B. How is Power Saved?
If we head back again towards the mobiles
and devices of today’s generation, the
phenomenon behind the battery's hunger for power
Fig 6:- Structure of a Simple Photodiode is the process of converting analog signals into
digital data packages that a phone can interpret.
This process consumed the highest amount of
power in smart phones that we are operating at
present, however that's not the case with battery

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free cell phones as the

battery free prototype takes the dominance of the microphone. To acquire speech, it translates
minute vibrations that occur in the phone's encoded radio signals
microphone and speaker when the user speaks into
the microphone or listens to an incoming call. An
antenna connected to the shell and speaker
components receives the analog radio signals,
which are emitted by the cellular base station and
then these signals are transmitted back to the
cellular base station by the use of a "backscatter"
in order to maintain a cycle of transferring digital
packages that furthermore helps in retaining signal
strength so that the call doesn't hang up in an
insufficient manner [12].
1) Backscatter- Working and Performance
A backscatter is a device that reflects or
deviates any particle through an angle measure of
approximately 180 degrees. RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) backscattering is a technology
which uses the RF power transmitter in accordance
to the tag reader to vitalize the tag(objects that are
to be identified). Necessarily, they "deviate" part
of the power conveyed by the reader, although it
affects some of the properties, and in this manner,
it sends backs information to the reader. With the
help of RFID backscatter, some tags obtain their
data transmission by converting the properties of
the tags themselves, where as the rest twig
between a load resistor in and out of the antenna
circuit [13]. RFID backscatter conversion controls
outside the field region, and the radio signal
proliferates away from the RFID reader. When the
signal approaches the RFID tag, this inter
communicates with the ongoing signal and some
energy is deviated towards the RFID reader [14].
Over momentary ranges, the quantity of power
outstretching the tag from the reader is quite
enough to allow operation of low current circuits
inside the tag, and so even with these low currents,
the battery less device was able to reflect digital
data packages.

Reader

RF Tag
Fig 8:- Reversing of data Packages with Backscattering

C. Encoding of speech Patterns

The process of obtaining power from the
minute vibrations of the microphone and speaker
was indeed a great idea, but how does it happen? ,
or what are the basic steps behind it?
The answer to all these questions relates
directly to the title. This process inherently
involves encoding of Speech Patterns through the
reflected radio signals in a way that hardly uses
any power. To dispatch speech, the phone encodes
speech patterns through the deviated or reflected
signals with the help of those minute vibrations in

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into sound vibrations, which are harvested by the cellular phones.

speaker of the receiver's phone [15].
1) Why is speech patterns encoded?
Any sort of audio is constructed with the
involvement of waveforms, which furthermore
are made up of frequencies and amplitudes. The
capability of a device to remake frequencies is
known as Frequency Response and the capability
of the device to create an adequate amount of
loud or soft sound is referred as Dynamic Range.
So, when sound is being encoded, it simply
means that both of these primary principles are
capable of accumulating and transporting data
productively. An audio encoded is completely
different to the type of audio formats that we use
presently. For example, audio formats like
.mp3, are first encoded into file formats before
being encoded to mp3. Some of the basic file
formats like.WAV or FLAC, are both file
formats and form of encodings [16]. FLAC being
the only file format that needs a header for
encoding, the others help to encode Speech API
without the use of extensive headers and hence
resulting in encoding Speech output at a faster
rate. So if an audio is not encoded, it will let to
great disturbance in the Speech Output and
therefore audio formats are encoded before they
are used, and in the battery free prototype, the
minute vibrations helped in encoding the formats
at that instant, to be precise those vibrations
acted as a source for encoding speech patterns
for both the incident and reflected signals [17].
D. Zero Power Amplitude Modulation-
Working and Importance
The zero power amplitude modulation is
that the electron with the greatest intensity is
used in almost all wireless receivers and these
can be easily substituted with electronic
components that can even sustain without a
battery. With amplitude modulation, compact
range receiver can be manufactured which can
work without a battery supply then the RF signal
is obtained. Amplitude modulation might be
shifted using pulse coding to impart an
idiosyncratic device ON signal, to the Zero-
Power Receiver [18]. When engulfed into a
phone or GPS, it withdraws the requirement for
the devices ON and OFF feature, resulting in
extreme battery life. It can also increase the
range of the current RFID's in an appreciable
manner, And it can also provide an exceptionally
wide input bandwidth. In the battery, less phone
zero power amplitude modulation helped in
receiving the signals and placed the audio on to the
earphones, as describes earlier the phone cannot
be operated without earphones. The audio is
transmitted using zero power analog backscatter
[19]. Since the device uses RF signals to
manipulate few microwatts of power, it was
necessary to use earphones so that the signal
strength is not lost, as earphones worked as an
antenna as where they were used in FM radios on
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type layer is diffused over N type semiconductor

E. Skype - Usage and information with
with p type
Battery less Phones
For The biggest task that the researchers
did with Skype, was to answer the incoming calls
and to keep those calls on hold whenever required.
Skype is a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol),
which helps us to communicate with anyone
around the globe, free of cost. The best feature was
the video calling that was launched by Skype a few
years ago [20].

Coming to its working, Any VoIP

application uses SIP(Standard IP or TCP
protocols) to produce data packs and transmits it to
the same network that you use for surfing the
internet actually it works as per IP address, also
known as your network address. VoIP is one of the
best Internet Protocols, since, the transmission is
not just limited to audio, but also to text, images,
and videos as well. The working starts with the
receiver that ranges from hardware products to
software applications. User's voice is first captured
by the microphone and then encoded into a digital
package that it is transferred to a compressor
which compresses an audio format so it can work
on slow connections as well. The audio clips are
then divided into parts and are finally sent to the
required destination from your network. Then at
the receiver's end, the audio is reconstructed once
again to make it clear to the user.
In the battery less phone, the backscatter
helps in maintaining the strength of the signals by
sending them back to the cellular base station by
deviation of signals, and finally, the call is
connected to the phone number and the receiver's
audio is heard through headphones.
F. Increase in the Range with a Solar Cell
Earlier in this paper, we saw that the range
under which the battery free model worked, was
just limited to 31 feet, that is the phone stopped
working, once it was taken beyond the specified
range. Although, there was a solution implemented
that the range could be extended to few more feet,
making it
50 feet from the cellular base station. So the
importance of that minute solar cell was
unimaginable, and hence at this point, the use of
solar cell became a much important factor [21].
1) How do solar Cell Work and increases
Range by Saving Energy?
Solar cell constitutes of P-N junction
diode, which is assembled from Silicon and
Germanium. With the help of vapor deposition, P
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phone consumes only 3.5 microwatts of power,

having some electrodes. This process constructs
which is captured from ambient power sources. On
open space for light to fall on P layer and hence
an
underlying the P-N junction [22]. The bottom of
N layer comprises of current assembling
electrode. When a light photon arrives at the
junction, they exhilarate electrons from valence
band to conduction band, discarding behind an
equal number of holes in the valence band. This
electron hole generated in the depletion region
accelerates in opposite direction because of the
barrier field. Photo generated electrons
accelerate in direction of n type and electrons
directed towards p side. The hoard of these
charges carriers formulates p side, a positive
electrode, and N side, a negative electrode.
Hence photo voltage is set up across the junction.
When load resistance is connected in the circuit,
the current flows through the solar cell [23]. This
current from the solar cell is greater than that
produced by the RF signals and hence a reason
,the capacity of backscatter increases in order to
send digital packages back to the base station,
and finally the range increases [24].

Fig. 9:- A Solar Cell as Used in the BatteryLess Phone

IV. ADVANTAGES
The advantages of this battery-less
phones are exceptional, though the
implementation of these phones completely, is
still a mystery. From saving energy to utilizing
new technology, this outstanding prototype
stands rigidly in every part of the platform, when
it comes to energy saving.
A. Conserves Electricity
Since the phone doesn't consist of a
battery, it saves electricity to a great amount. As
per a survey, it approximately costs a person
around 5$ a year to charge a phone. The amount
may not seem that big, but it increases to 500 $
for 10 years and around 5000$ in a century. So
now it can be easily figured that battery less
phone can save electricity and money by large
amounts.
B. Saves time
From some of the latest facts and
figures, it was estimated that a person usually
spends approximately 2.5 hours in a day while
waiting for the phone to charge. The amount of
time increases to around 1000 hours in a year.

C. Low Power Consumption

As explained earlier, the battery free cell-
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average, it was found that charging your phone Zt. to Charging Issues
consumes lkWh of power in a year. The power is The fact is not hidden that charging a
phone, quite low as compared to the time period of one year, again and again, annoys a person, the most.
Charging Although if we imagine that if a normal mobile with a phone completely and plugging it once
more after battery consumes this much power, then how many using it for some hours, displeases the
user in years would it take for a battery less cell phone to use emergency and crucial situations. With the
battery lkWh of power? The answer goes even beyond less phone, anyone can operate the phone anytime
hundred thousand years, so it saves power by a huge and anywhere without worrying about the sudden
amount. drain of the battery.

Fig 10: Chip Set Used for Battery Free Smartphone

V. CONCLUSION earphones. To respond, the user has to press a

button It was extremely astonishing to witness that and speak into the microphone. Even after
combining
a group of researchers have finally developed a these amazing technologies, the phone has multiple
phone that uses no power, which means the phone disadvantages, Range being the biggest one. As per
has no battery and harnesses energy from ambient the rate of growing technology, these limitations will
signals and light sources. Even Mr. Jobs, who be fixed soon with all the Wifi routers having RF
designed the first ever smart phone, might have never emission sources, and we would soon witness an
thought that smart phones would be that smart that ’Advance Battery less Phone' with multiple features.
someday we would be able to use it without a
A. Limitations
rechargeable option, that is without a battery. The
It is not a hidden factor that anything in the
phone just consumes 3.5 microwatts of power and
harvests energy from ambient radio and light world which is in existence has a disadvantage or a
sources with the help of minute diodes that convert negative factor behind the convenience of that object.
light and signal strength into a current which is The same truth applies for the battery free prototype.
Even after having tremendous advantages, it has
furthermore converted into few microwatts of
some limitations too, which restricts the
power. With the phone, we can just dial a number
implementation of the device completely.
and call to another person. The phone possesses a
backscatter that sends
the digital packages back to the cellular base station. 1) Limited Range
The base station then receives the signals and This paper already illustrated that the
range connects the call through Skype. The battery less under which the device works is extremely
limited, phone obtains signals with the help of zero power which is just 31 feet from the cellular base
station, amplitude modulation and transfers audio onto our and can be extended to 51 feet with the help of
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a
solar cell when the energy is obtained from A. increase in the Range
ambient light. So as soon as the user leaves the The biggest limitation that restricts the
area covered by the RF signals, the signal strength phone is its range which is extremely less. As a
is lost and the device stops working. Even though reason, the biggest improvement yet to be made is
a solar cell increases the range, it still remains very to increase the range by multiple factors. The
less in terms of using it worldwide, and that's the reason behind the limited range was the lack of
biggest reason why the phone is not implemented cellular base stations that emitted RF signals, so
completely, as researchers are still establishing a the easiest way to increase range is to reconstruct
definite way to increase the range. the usual Wifi routers and antennas so that they
start emitting RF signals. This is the best way to
2) Connecting to Calls with Ear7Head Phones increase the range by hundreds and thousands of
Another issue faced by this device is that miles.
the user was unable to call someone without the
use of earphones, since the earphones worked as a
sort of an antenna for receiving signals using zero
power amplitude modulation, However, this
process consumed extremely low power for
calling, using earphones every time while having a
conversation was not a good deal.

3) Use ofsolar Cell

A solar cell was used in the device in
order to increase the range by few feet, the solar
cell only worked when the energy was harvested
from ambient "light".
Therefore, to obtain energy in the absence Fig 10:- The Figure Above Represents How an RF
of light was not possible as the solar cell harnessed Powered DEvice Can Gain Signal Strength from Wifi
Routers
energy from the light, hence increasing the range
B. Encryption
was not always possible.
The procedure of recasting information or
4) Lacking Multiple Operational F'eatures data packages into different codes to prevent
This new technology of operating phones unauthorized access is known as Encryption. Since
without a battery was a mind-boggling invention, the researchers are trying to make the device more
although the phone had many disadvantages and enhanced, it is obvious that the phone will include
lacked multiple features, still, it was praised a lot messages and confidential content in the future,
due to the tremendous efforts of the researchers. hence encryption of the phone and conversations
One of the important disadvantages was that the would be necessary to make the device secure.
phone just had a capacitive touch screen with a
keypad used to dial a number, so, even after being C. Video Streaming and Internet access
the latest invention, it was way back as compared The completely advanced phone would be
to the battery devices we use nowadays. It was not incomplete without the access to the internet and
possible to use the prototype for multiple uses such streaming of videos. It would be surprising to see
as for social media purposes or for entertainment that how the group of researchers implement the
purposes, as the advance version of this phone is video streaming over internet access. Since the
still under development, and the phone still advance model will receive signals from Wifi
requires some more amount of energy to perform routers, it would be great to observe the way it
special tasks. acquires Wifi signals together with the RF signals
from the router, this is possible but the process
VI. FUTURE SCOPE & POSSIBLE
would require a lot of research and efforts before it
ENHANCEMENTS
is implemented.
The team of researchers already explained
the major pros and cons of the battery free cell D. Low Power E-ink Display
phone and demonstrated the model with a hope of The world has already witnessed
making major enhancements in the future. The "Kindle"- one of Amazon's best products for avid
prototype lacked multiple features and in-fact, the readers. One of the models of Kindle has a black
phone was limited to a capacitive dial pad which and white E-ink display which consumes relatively
was made upon a plane mother board with all the low power from its battery.
crucial parts(photo diodes and solar cell ) exposed.
Hence, some of the betterments that can be
implemented are:-

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[11] Pathak, Abhinav, Y. Charlie Hu, and Ming Zhang. "Where is

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