Communication Systems

6th Semester
By Ihsan Ul Haq, Assistant Professor
 Prerequisites

• Required:
– An undergrad level course on Signal & Systems
– Good knowledge of Probability and Random Variable

• Recommended:
– Stochastic Processes
– Understanding of Matlab
 Assignment/Mailing List
Group name: commsys_sp09

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/commsys_sp09

email: [email protected]
 Text Book
• Text Book
– Lathi B.P., Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, 3rd Edition.

• Reference
– Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th
Edition
– Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications
Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition
 Instructions
• Class Timing must be observed.
• Office Location
– Adjacent to Lab-1
• Office Timing
– Available
– Must be observed please
 Foundation Course in
Communication Systems
• This Communication Systems course is a
foundation course for “
– Digital Communication Systems
– Advanced Digital Communications
– Wireless Communications
 Tentative Grading Policy
• Assignments 8%
• project 10%
• Midterm exam 25%
• Final exam 50%
• Quiz 7%
 Academic Honesty

• Your work in this class must be your own

 Academic Honesty

• Your work in this class must be your own

• If students are found to have collaborated
excessively or to have cheated (e.g. by
copying or sharing answers in assignments or
during an examination), all involved will at a
minimum receive grades of 0 for the first
infraction
• Further infractions will result in failure in the
course
Course Outline

Introduction to Communication Systems

Communication Systems Today
What is a communication system?
A communication system conveys information from its source to a destination
some distance away

What makes a communication system?

Source origination of a message (input transducer)

Transmitter modifies baseband signal for efficient transmission (embedded

subsystems: preemphasize, sampler, quantizer, coder, and modulator)

Channel physical medium that is used to send the signal from the transmitter to
the receiver e.g. wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio link .etc.
Receiver reprocesses signal received by undoing signal modifications done at
the transmitter and the channel (embedded subsystems: demodulator, decoder,
filter, deemphasizer))

Destination where original message is reproduced (output transducer)

System combination of circuits and devices
which is assembled to accomplish a desired
result

A characteristic of communication systems is the

presence of uncertainty, broadly referred to as
noise

The best communication system is one that is

able to reproduce (at the destination) the
message (from the source) closest to 100% of
the original message
 Communication
• Main purpose of communication is to transfer information
from a source to a recipient via a channel or medium.

• Basic block diagram of a communication system:

Source Transmitter Channel Receiver

Recipient
Simplified Communications Model -
Diagram
 Brief Description
• Source: analog or digital
• Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator,
power amp., antenna
• Channel: e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space
• Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power
amplifier, transducer
• Recipient: e.g. person, (loud) speaker, computer
Appear in many forms: a sequence of
discrete symbols or letters, a single time-
varying quantity (e.g. the acoustic
pressure produced by speech or music,
light intensity).

Input Input
message Input electric
transmitter
transducer signal transmitted
signal
Transmitting Unit
The transmitter couples the message onto
the channel in the form of transmitted
signal.
Input Input
message Input electric
transmitter
transducer signal transmitted
signal
Transmitting Unit

This is where modulation takes place.

Digital Communication: Transmitter
From Other
Channels

1010010 10110 01101

Analog to Source
Encrypt Multiplex
Digital Encode
Analog Converter Bits Encoded Encrypted
input Bits Data
01101
Multiplexed
01010
Data
10101
Pulse Channel Scrambled
Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data
waveform waveform Data
Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel
modulate & Pulse Encode Scrambler
Modulate
1001101 10001
The electrical medium that bridges the distance
from source to destination

Hardwire
Coaxial cables
Fiber optic cables
Waveguides
Twisted--pair telephone lines

Softwire
Air
Vacuum
Sea water
To extract the desired signal from the received signal at
the channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for
the output transducer
Main function to demodulate the received signal (i.e.
amplification, decoding, and filtering)

received output output

signal electric output message
receiver
signal transducer

Receiving Unit
 Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Digital Channel

Bandpass Baseband Bits Decoded
waveform waveform Equalizer, Data
De-modulate Channel De-
Timing
Decode scramble
and Sym. to 01101
Bits

Descrambled
Bits 10001

Source De-
Decrypted
Decoded multiplexed
Bits
Bits Bits
Source
D/A Decrypt De-
Analog Decode
10110 Multiplex
output 1010010
To other
Channels
Various unwanted undesirable effects during
signal transmission

Attenuation
Reduces signal strength at the receiver and increases with
Increasing distance (dist , SNR )

Alterations of the signal shape*

Distortion waveform perturbation caused by imperfect
response of the system to the desired signal itself
Interference
Noise

*The standard convention is to place total blame on the

channel and assume both transmitter and receiver as ideal
Distortion
Waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the desired signal
itself. Unlike noise and interference, distortion disappears when the signal is turned off If the
channel has a linear but distorting response, then distortion may be corrected or at least
reduced with the help of special filters called equalizers

Interference
Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources other transmitters, power lines
and machinery, switching circuits, etc.
Appropriate filtering removes interference to the extent that the interfering signal occupy
different bands than the desired signal

Noise
Random and unpredictable electrical signals produced by natural processes both internal or
external to the system
When such random variations are superimposed on an information--bearing signal, the
message may be partially corrupted or totally obliterated
Filtering reduces noise contamination, but there inevitably remains some amount of noise that
cannot be eliminated
 Randomness, Redundancy & Coding

Randomness
Defined as uncertainty, or unpredictability of an
outcome
Closely associated with information; essence of
communication (e.g. winking)

Redundancy & Coding

Essential for reliable communication
Redundancy used in coding techniques eliminates
possibilities for errors
Radio and TV broadcasting
Voice, Fax , Modem
Cellular (Mobile) Phones
Computer Networks
Satellite systems
Each area is divided into cells. Each cell
has a base station with tower.
Base stations are connected to the MTSO
by telephone lines.
MSTO is connected to the telephone
central office by telephone lines.
Mobile Base Base
MTSO
user (Tx) Station Station

Mobile
user (Rx)
Mobile Base Telephone
MSTO Central
user (Tx) Station
Office

Rx
 1011

01011011 01011011
0101 0101

LANs connect local computers.

Wide Area Networks (WANs) e.g. The Internet
 Internet
Access
Point

WLANs connect local computers (100m range)