BTBC209IU Biochemistry 1: International University

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VIETNAMATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

BTBC209IU
Biochemistry 1

Nguyen Kim Truc (PhD)


Office: A1.705
Email: nktruc@hcmiu.edu.vn
AY 2019-2020, semester 2
Class outline

• Take attendance by typing full name and ID


• Midterm online: week 20/4/2020 – 25/4/2020
• Lecture
• Group presentation date selection
• Quiz 3 online (start at the beginning of second half
of the lecture)
Lipids (cont.)
Classes of Lipids
lưỡng tính
All biological lipids are amphipathic

• Fatty acids
• Triacylglycerols
• Glycerophospholipids
• Glycophospholipids – protein
• Sphingolipids (refer textbook)
• Waxes (refer textbook)
• Isoprene-based lipids (including steroids)
Terpenes

Terpenes are a large and diverse


class of organic compounds,
produced by a variety of plants,
cây lá kim ( vd thông )
particularly conifers, and by some
insects.

Many terpenes are


derived from conifer
nhựa cây
resins.
Terpenes
Two possible linkage modes:
•“head-to-tail”
•“tail-to-tail”

tail

head

The structure of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) and the


structure of head-to-tail and tail-to-tail linkages. Isoprene
itself can be formed by distillation of natural rubber, a linear
head-to-tail polymer of isoprene units.
Terpenes dont have specific structure

rose
corn syrup

Many monoterpenes are readily recognized by their characteristic


flavors or odors (limonene in lemons; citronellal in roses and
perfumes; menthol used in cough drops).
Diterpenes

The diterpenes include retinal (the visual pigment in rhodopsin (a


light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual
phototransduction)), and phytol (found in chlorophyll).
Triterpenes and tetraterpenes

tomato có nhiều

The triterpene lanosterol is a constituent of wool fat and is also a


precursor to cholesterol and the other steroids. Lycopene is a
carotenoid found in ripe fruit, especially tomatoes.
Long-chain polyisoprenoid molecules serve
several functions in various organisms

Dolichol phosphate is an initiation point for synthesis of


carbohydrate polymers in animals. In bacteria, undecaprenol (aka
bactoprenol) delivers sugars for synthesis of cell wall components.
Steroids

• Steroids are polyprenyl (isoprene-based) molecules built on a


core structure of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered
ring, all fused together
• Cholesterol is the most common steroid in animals and precursor
for all other steroids in animals
• Steroid hormones serve many functions in animals - including salt
balance, metabolic function and sexual function
Cholesterol

The structure of cholesterol, shown with steroid ring designations


and carbon numbering.
Steroids
• Cortisol provides control of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
metabolism
• Testosterone is the primary male sex steroid hormone
• Estradiol is the primary female sex steroid hormone
• Progesterone is a precursor of testosterone and estradiol

The structures of several important sterols derived from cholesterol.


Membrane
Membrane function

Membranes are Key Structural and Functional Elements of Cells


Some of the many functions of membranes:

• Barrier to toxic molecules


• Transport and accumulation of nutrients
• Energy transduction
• Facilitation of cell motion
• Reproduction
• Signal transduction
• Cell-cell interactions
Membrane properties

❑ Lipids self-associate to form membranes because:


• Water prefers polar interactions and prefers to self-associate
with H bonds
• The hydrophobic effect promotes self-association of lipids in
water to maximize entropy
❑ These forces drive amphiphilic lipids to form membranes
❑ These forces also facilitate the association of proteins with
membranes
Membrane composition
❑ Biological membranes may contain as much as 75% to 80%
protein or as little as 15-20% protein
❑ Membranes that carry out many enzyme-catalyzed reactions and
transport activities are richer in protein
❑ Membranes that carry out fewer such functions (such as myelin
sheaths) are richer in lipid
❑ Cells adjust the lipid composition of membranes to suit functional
needs
Membrane composition

The lipid composition of rate liver cell membranes , in weight percent


Membrane composition

Membranes are crowded with many different proteins


Membrane proteins

There are 3 classes of membrane proteins:

• Peripheral (extrinsic) proteins


• Integral (intrinsic) proteins
• Lipid-anchored proteins
Peripheral proteins

Peripheral proteins are not strongly bound to the membrane


• They may form ionic interactions and H bonds with polar lipid
headgroups or with other proteins
• Or they may interact with the nonpolar membrane core by
inserting a hydrophobic loop or an amphiphilic α-helix
They can be dissociated with mild detergent treatment or with high
salt concentrations
Peripheral proteins

Four possible modes for the binding of peripheral proteins to a


membrane.
Integral proteins

• Integral proteins are strongly embedded in the bilayer


• They can only be removed from the membrane by denaturing the
membrane (with organic solvents or strong detergents)
• Often transmembrane, but not necessarily
• Integral protein structures show a surprising diversity
• Glycophorin, bacteriorhodopsin are examples
Lipid-anchored proteins

❑ Certain proteins are found covalently linked to lipids in the


membrane
❑ Attachment to the lipid membrane via the lipid anchor can
modulate the activity of the protein
❑ Four types of lipid-anchored proteins are known:
• Amide-linked myristoyl anchors
• Thioester-linked fatty acyl anchors
• Thioether-linked prenyl anchors
• Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors
Thioester-linked fatty acyl anchors

Certain proteins are anchored to biological membranes by


myristyol and thioester-linked anchors.
Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol Anchors

• GPI anchors are more elaborate than others


• Always attached to a C-terminal residue
• See Lecture 4
• Examples: surface antigens, adhesion molecules, cell surface
hydrolases
Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol Anchors

Certain proteins are anchored to membranes via glycosyl


phosphatidylinositol anchors.
Q&A

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