Propeller LED Display

Propeller LED Display

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature survey

1.2 Overview of project

1.3 Block Diagram

1.4 Overview of block diagram

1
 Propeller LED Display

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

This project was started with a simple principle which is frequently encountered in
our everyday life, which is Persistence of Vision. This phenomenon makes one feel
fast moving/changing objects to appear continuous. A television is a common
example; in which image is re-scanned every 25 times, thereby appear continuous.

Further, a glowing object if rotated in a circle at fast speed, it shows a continuous

circle. By modifying this basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated in a circle, showing 8
concentric circles. But if these LEDs are switched at precise intervals, a steady
display pattern can be shown.

1.1.1Existing Systems:
Existing systems do employ POV principle, but for displaying each pixel, individual
LED is used. This results in a huge number of LEDs even for small sized displays. By
using a propeller type display, LED count can be kept to a bare minimum. Even 8
LEDs can perform a task of over 525 LEDs.

1.1.2Applications:
Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large public displays,
information systems. It can directly replace Railway station information displays, bus
stands and many more places.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

1.2.1PROPELLER:Propeller is a term associated with a circular rotating object.

As this project needs to rotate whole circuit assembly, there must be some prime
mover attached to it. So, the term ‘Propeller’.

1.2.2LED DISPLAY:This project using bright light emitting diodes for

displaying the characters and symbols on its assembly. That’s why this project is
named as ‘PROPELLER LED DISPLAY’.

1.2.3 POV (Persistence of Vision):This is the phenomenon which is related to

vision capability of human eye by which an after- image is thought to persist for
approximately 1/25th of a second. So, if someone is observing the images at a rate of
25 images per second, then they appear to be continuous. The best example of this
property is the red circle we observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in
circle

2
 Propeller LED Display

1.3BLOCK
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Project

3
 Propeller LED Display

1.4 OVERVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block shown in
previous block diagram. In every description of the block respective schematics and
working is explained. The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in
the block diagram.

1. Interrupter Module
2. Microcontroller
3. LED module
4. DC motor
5. DC power supply

1.4.1Interrupter module:Interrupter module is our sensor module consisting of

the IR interrupt sensor MOC7811, from Motorola Inc. This sensor was selected from
a variety of other alternatives, because of its small size, precise interrupt sensing, and
sturdy casing. One great advantage of using this module is, interfacing it with the
microcontroller is just a matter of two resistors and a general purpose transistor.
Following is the complete circuit diagram of our interrupter module.

1.4.2.Microcontroller P89V51RD2: This project is based around the

microcontroller P89V51RD2, which is a derivative of 8051 family, from NXP. This is
a 40 pin IC packaged in DIP package. This small sized IC is used, mainly because of
its reduced weight. This improves the performance of the display, because reduced
weight gives advantage of increased RPM.

1.4.3LED Module:LED module consisting of 8 bright LED is fixed in another

side of the arm of our project. These LEDs are connected with each of the port pin of
microcontroller, with a series current limiting resistor of 22 ohm.

1.4.4. DC Motor: Repeated scanning of the display is must for continuous vision.
This task is achieved using circular rotation of the whole circuit assembly. So, we
used a DC motor as the prime mover.

1.4.5 DC Power Supply:For microcontroller, as well as the DC motor, a

regulated DC power supply is required. We have to provide +5V to the
microcontroller, while +12V to the motor.

4
 Propeller LED Display

Chapter 2
Hardware Design

2.1 Interrupter Module

2.2 Mechanical Assembly
2.3 Power Supply Module

5
 Propeller LED Display

2.1Interrupter module
MOC7811 is the sensing part of the interrupter module, while rest of the circuitry
works as signal conditioning circuit 3 wires emerge out from the module,
respectivelyVcc, Signal and Ground. Output of the module is LOW, if interrupt
occurs, otherwise it remains HIGH.

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of interrupter module (MOC781)

It consists of IR LED and Photodiode mounted facing each other enclosed in plastic
body. When light emitted by the IR LED is blocked because of some completely
opaque object, logic level of the photo diode changes. This 3change in the logic level
can be sensed by the microcontroller or by discrete hardware. This sensor is used to
give position feedback.

Output

Figure 3: Functioning of MOC7811

6
 Propeller LED Display

2.1.1Signal Conditioning:

INT0 pin of our microcontroller is Active Low. That means, occurrence of each
interrupt is should be signaled with Low logic level. So, we must invert the output of
the sensor.

2.1.2Transistor
Transistor 2N3904:

This is ageneral
general purpose silicon NPN transistor. It is connected in the CE inverting
amplifier configuration. It inverts the output of the photodiode, and also improves the
transient response.

2.2MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY

Mechanical assembly plays a vital role in proper functioning of this project. The
display is scanned each time, by rotating the whole assembly in a circular path. The
basic idea we developed is on our own, by implementing and modifying different

Figure 4: Mechanical assembly

ways to do this.Above diagram shows the most reliable way, that we finally selected.
Here, one major challenge was how to bring +5V supply to the spinning cir circuit. We
tried the same by adopting two-three
two three different methods, but finally concluded on the
method, to use a 7805 regulator and I/P to regulator was given by a 9V DC battery.

7
 Propeller LED Display

Most critical objective was to achieve pristine balance and overall good mechanical
strength. We designed a case in which motor is fixed permanently and pcb is fixed on
it with the help of nut and bolts to avoid wobbling. To balance the weight we placed
battery on one side of PCB and whole circuit on other side.

Figure 5: Project image (1)

Figure 6: Project image (2)

8
 Propeller LED Display

2.3POWER SUPPLY
We are using a 9v motor dc motor to rotate the assembly to provide 9v to the DC
motor we have used a voltage adapter, which has an in built rectification circuit, that
converts 230 V AC mains to 9V DC.

The 9V DC is given to an arbitrary PCB then with connectors the supply is given to
motor.

Microcontroller we are using, P89V51RD2, operates at 5V DC supply. The DC

supply is provided by using 7805 regulator and a 9V battery.

9
 Propeller LED Display

Chapter 3
Software Design

3.1 Schematic Diagram

3.2Programming In 8051
3.3 Keil Environment
3.4Interrupt,Timer &Counter
3.5 Algorithm
3.6 Flow Chart

10
 Propeller LED Display

3.1Schematic Diagram

Figure 7: Schematic diagram of project

11
 Propeller LED Display

3.2Programming for 8051 Using KEIL IDE

If not simpler, the version of the C programming language used for the
microcontroller environment is not very different than standard C when working on
mathematical operations, or organizing your code. The main difference is all about the
limitations of the processor of the P89V51RD2 microcontroller as compared to
modern computers.

Even if you’re not very familiar with the C language, this tutorial will introduce all
the basic programming techniques that will be used along this tutorial. It will also
show you how to use the KEIL IDE.

3.2.1From the C program to the machine language

The C source code is very high level language, meaning that it is far from being at the
base level of the machine language that can be executed by a processor. This machine
language is basically just zero’s and one’s and is written in Hexadecimal format, that
why they are called HEX files.

Figure 8: Conversion of C program to machine language

There are several types of HEX files; we are going to produce machine code in the
INTEL HEX-80 format, since this is the output of the KEIL IDE that we are going to
use. Fig. 8 shows that to convert a C program to machine language, it takes several
steps depending on the tool you are using, however, the main idea is to produce a
HEX file at the end. This HEX file will be then used by the ‘burner’ to write every
byte of data at the appropriate place in the EEPROM of the P89V51RD2.

3.2.2Organization of a C program
All C programs have this common organization scheme, sometimes it’s followed,
sometimes it’s not, however, it is imperative for this category of programming that
this organization scheme be followed in order to be able to develop your applications

12
 Propeller LED Display

successfully. Any application can be divided into the following parts, noting that is
should be written in this order:

1. Headers Includes and constants definitions: In this part, header files (.h) are
included into your source code. Those headers files can be system headers to
declare the name of SFRs, to define new constants, or to include mathematical
functions like trigonometric functions, root square calculations or numbers
approximations. Header files can also contain your own functions that would
be shared by various programs.
2. Variables declarations:More precisely, this part is dedicated to ‘Global
Variables’ declarations. Variables declared in this place can be used anywhere
in the code. Usually in microcontroller programs, variables are declared as
global variables instead of local variables, unless your are running short of
RAM memory and want to save some space, so we use local variables, whose
values will be lost each time you switch from a function to another. To
summarize, global variables as easier to use and implement than local
variables, but they consume more memory space.
3. Functions’ body:Here you group all your functions. Those functions can be
simple ones that can be called from another place in your program, as they can
be called from an ‘interrupt vector’. In other words, the sub-programs to be
executed when an interrupt occurs is also written in this place.
4. Initialization:The particularity of this part is that it is executed only one time
when the microcontroller was just subjected to a ‘RESET’ or when power is
just switched ON, then the processor continue executing the rest of the
program but never executes this part again. This particularity makes it the
perfect place in a program to initialize the values of some constants, or to
define the mode of operation of the timers, counters, interrupts, and other
features of the microcontroller.
5. Infinite loop
An infinite loop in a microcontroller program is what is going to keep it alive,
because a processor have to be allays running for the system to function,
exactly like a heart have to be always beating for a person to live. Usually this
part is the core of any program, and its from here that all the other functions
are called and executed.

3.2.3Simple C program for P89V51RD2

Here is a very simple but complete example program to blink a LED. Actually it is the
source code of the example project that we are going to construct in the next part of
the tutorial, but for now it is important to concentrate on the programming to
summarize the notions discussed above.

#include <REGX52.h>

13
 Propeller LED Display

#include <math.h>

delay(unsignedint y)

unsignedint i;

for(i=0;i<y;i++){;}

main()

while(1)

delay(30000);

P1_0 = 0;

delay(30000);

P1_0 = 1;

After including basic headers for the SFR definitions of the 8952 microcontroller
(REGX52.h) and for mathematical functions (math.h), a function named ‘delay’ is
created, which is simple a function to create a delay controlled via the parameter ‘y’.
Then comes the main function, with an infinite loop (the condition for that loop to
remain will always be satisfied as it is ’1′). Inside that loop, the pin number 0 of port 1
is constantly turned ON and OFF with a delay of approximately one second.

3.3Using the KEIL environment

KEIL µVision is the name of a software dedicated to the development and testing of a
family of microcontrollers based on 8051 technology, like the P89V51RD2 which we
are going to use along this tutorial. You can download an evaluation version of KEIL
at their website: http://www.keil.com/c51/. Most versions share merely the same
interface, this tutorial uses KEIL C51 µvision 3 with the C51 compiler v8.05a.

14
 Propeller LED Display

To create a project, write and test the previous example source code, follow the
following steps:

Figure 9: Getting started with KEIL (1)

 Open Keil and start a new project.

 You will prompted to choose a name for your new project, Create a separate
folder where all the files of your project will be stored, chose a name and click
save. The following window will appear, where you will be asked to select a
device for Target ‘Target 1′:

15
 Propeller LED Display

Figure 10: Getting started with KEIL (2)

 From the list at the left, seek for the brand name NXP, then under NXP,
select P89V51RD2. You will notice that a brief description of the device
appears on the right. Leave the two upper check boxes unchecked and click
OK. The P89V51RD2 will be called your ‘Target device’, which is the final
destination of your source code. You will be asked whether to ‘copy standard
8051 startup code‘ click No.

16
 Propeller LED Display

 Click File, New, and something similar to the following window should
appear. The box named ‘Text1′ is where your code should be written later.

Figure 11: Getting started with KEIL (3)

 Now you have to click ‘File, Save as’ and chose a file name for your source
code ending with the letter ‘.c’. You can name is ‘code.c’ for example, and
click save. Then you have to add this file to your project work space at the left
as shown in the following screen shot:

17
 Propeller LED Display

Figure 12: Getting started with KEIL (4)

 After right-clicking on ‘source group 1‘, click on ‘Add files to group…‘, then
you will be prompted to browse the file to add to ‘source group 1′, chose the
file that you just saved, eventually ‘code.c’ and add it to the source group. You
will notice that the file is added to the project tree at the left.

 In some versions of this software you have to turn ON manually the option to
generate HEX files. make sure it is turned ON, by right-clicking on target
1, Options for target ‘target 1′, then under the ‘output‘ tab, by checking the
box ‘generate HEX file‘. This step is very important as the HEX file is the
compiled output of your project that is going to be transferred to the micro-
controller.

18
 Propeller LED Display

 You can then start to write the source code in the window titled ‘code.c’ then
before testing your source code, you have to compile your source code, and
correct eventual syntax errors. In KEIL IDE, this step is called ‘rebuild all
targets’ and has this icon: .

Figure 13: Getting started with KEIL (5)

 You can use the output window to track eventual syntax errors, but also to
check the FLASH memory occupied by the program (code = 49) as well as the
registers occupied in the RAM (data = 9). If after rebuilding the targets, the
‘output window’ shows that there is 0 error, then you are ready to test the
performance of your code. In KEIL, like in most development environment,
this step is called Debugging, and has this icon: . After clicking on the

19
 Propeller LED Display

debug icon, you will notice that some part of the user interface will change,
some new icons will appear, like the run icon circled in the following figure:

Figure 14: Getting started with KEIL (6)

 You can click on the ‘Run’ icon and the execution of the program will start. In
our example, you can see the behavior of the pin 0 or port one, but clicking on
‘peripherals, I/O ports, Port 1′. You can always stop the execution of the
program by clicking on the stop button ( ) and you can simulate a reset by
clicking on the ‘reset’ button

3.4Interrupts, Timers and Counters

Most microcontrollers come with a set of ‘ADD-ONs’ called peripherals, to enhance
the functioning of the microcontroller, to give the programmer more options, and to

20
 Propeller LED Display

increase the overall performance of the controller. Those features are principally the
timers, counters, interrupts, Analog to digital converters, PWM generators, and
communication buses like UART, SPI or I2C. The P89V51RD2 is not the most
equipped micro-controller in terms of peripherals, but never the less, the available
features are adequate to a wide range of applications, and it is one of the easiest to
learn on the market.

3.4.1Introduction to P89V51RD2 Peripherals

Figure 15 below shows a simplified diagram of the main peripherals present in the
P89V51RD2 and their interaction with the CPU and with the external I/O pins. You
can notice that there are three timers/Counters. We use the expression
“Timer/Counter” because this unit can be a counter when it counts external pulses on
its corresponding pin, and it can be a timer when it counts the pulses provided by the
main clock oscillator of the microcontroller. Timer/Counter two is a special counter
that does not behave like the two others, because it have a couple of extra
functionality.

Figure 15: Internal block diagram of microcontroller

The serial port, using a UART (Universal Asynchronous Receive Transmit) protocol
can be used in a wide range of communication applications. With the UART provided
in the P89V51RD2 you can easily communicate with a serial port equipped computer,
as well as communicate with another microcontroller. This last application, called
Multi-processor communication, is quite interesting, and can be easily implemented

21
 Propeller LED Display

with two P89V51RD2 microcontrollers to build a very powerful multi-processor

controllers.

If all the peripherals described above can generate interrupt signals in the CPU
according to some specific events, it can be useful to generate an interrupt signal from
an external device that may be a sensor or a Digital to Analog converter. For that
purpose there are two External Interrupt sources (INT0 and INT1).

This was a presentation of the available peripheral features in a P89V51RD2

microcontroller. Through this tutorial, we are going to study how to setup and use
external interrupts and the two standard timers (T0 and T1). For simplicity, and
to keep this tutorial a quick and straight forward one, The UART and the
Timer/Counter 2 shall be discussed in separate tutorials.

3.4.2External Interrupts
Let’s start with the simplest peripheral which is the external interrupt, which can be
used to cause interruptions on external events (a pin changing its state from 0 to 1 or
vice-versa). In case you don’t know, interruption is a mean of stopping the flow of a
program, as a response to a certain event, to execute a small program called ‘interrupt
routine’.

As you noticed in figure 15, in the P89V51RD2, there are two external interrupt
sources, one connected to the pin P3.2 and the other to P3.3. They are configured
using a number of SFRs (Special Function Registers). Most of those SFRs are shared
by other peripherals as you shall see in the rest of the tutorial.

Figure 16: IE register

The first register you have to configure (by turning On or Off the right bits) is
the IE register, shown in figure 16. IE stands for ‘Interrupt Enable’, and it is used to
allow different peripherals to cause software interruption. To use any of the interrupts,
the bit EA (Enable ALL) must be set to 1, then, you have enable each one of the
interrupts to be used with its individual enable bit. For the external interrupts, the two
bits EX0 and EX1 are used for External Interrupt 0 and External Interrupt 1.

Using the C programming language under KEIL, it is extremely simple to set those
bits, simply by using their name as any global variables, using the following syntax:

EA = 1;

EX0 = 1;

22
 Propeller LED Display

EX1 = 1;

The rest of the bits of IE register are used for other interrupt sources like the 3 timers
overflow (ETx) and the serial interface (ES).

Figure 17: TCON register

Similarly, you have to set the bits IT0 and IT1 in the TCON register, shown in figure
4.2.B. The bits IT0/IT1 are used to configure the type of signal on the corresponding
pins (P3.2/P3.3) that generated an interrupt according to the following table:

IT0/IT1 = 1 External interrupt caused by a falling edge signal on P3.2/P3.3

IT0/IT1 = 0 External interrupt caused by a low level signal on P3.2/P3.3

If IT0 or IT1 is set to 0, an interruption will keep reoccurring as long as P3.2 or P3.3
is set to 0. This mode isn’t easy to manage, and most programmers tends to use
external interrupts triggered by a falling edge (transition from 1 to 0).

Again, this register is ‘bit addressable’ meaning you can set or clear each bit
individually using their names, like in the following example:

IT0 = 1;

IT1 = 1;

3.4.2.1The IE register

First, you have to Enable the corresponding interrupts, but writing 1′s to the
corresponding bits in the IE register. The following table shows the names and
definitions of the concerned bits of the IR register (you can always take a look at the
complete IE register in figure 14):

EA Enable All interrupts

ET2 Enable Timer 2 interrupts (will not be treated in this tutorial)

ET1 Enable Timer 1 interrupts

ET0 Enable Timer 0 interrupts

You can access those special bits by their names, as simply as it seems, example:

23
 Propeller LED Display

ET0 = 1;

3.4.3Timer/Counter
The timer is a very interesting peripheral that is imperatively present in every
microcontroller. It can be used in two distinct modes:

1. Timer: Counting internal clock pulses, which are fixed with time, hence, we
can say that it is very precise timer, whose resolution depends on the
frequency of the main CPU clock (note that CPU clock equals the crystal
frequency over 12).
2. Counter: Counting external pulses (on the corresponding I/O pin), which can
be provided by a rotational encoder, an IR-barrier sensor, or any device that
provide pulses, whose number would be of some interest.

Sure, the CPU of a microcontroller could provide the required timing or counting, but
the timer/counter peripheral relieves the CPU from that redundant and repetitive task,
allowing it to allocate maximum processing power for more complex calculations.

So, like any other peripheral, a Timer/Counter can ask for an interruption of the
program, which – if enabled – occurs when the counting registers of the
Timer/Counter are full and overflow. More precisely, the interruption will occur at the
same time the counting register will be reinitialized to its initial value.

So to control the behavior of the timers/counters, a set of SFR are used, most of them
have already been seen at the top of this tutorial.

3.4.3.1 The TCON register

The TCON register is also shared between more than one peripherals. It can be used
to configure timers or, as you saw before, external interrupts. The following table
shows the names and definitions of the concerned bits of the TCON register (available
in figure 17):

TF1 Overflow interrupt flag, used by the processor.

TR1 Timer/counter 1 RUN bit, set it to 1 to enable the timer to count, 0 to stop counting.

TF0 Overflow interrupt flag, used by the processor.

TR0 Timer/counter 0 RUN bit, set it to 1 to enable the timer to count, 0 to stop counting.

As the IE register, TCON is also bit-addressable, so you can set its bit using its
names, like we did before. Example:

TR0 = 1;

24
 Propeller LED Display

3.4.3.2The TMOD register

Before explaining the TMOD register, let us agree and make it clear that the register
IS NOT BIT-ADDRESSABLE, meaning you have to write the 8 bits of the register in
a single instruction, by coding those bits into a decimal or hexadecimal number, as
you shall see later.

So, as you can see in figure 16, the TMOD register can be divided into two similar set
of bits, each group being used to configure the mode of operation of one of the two
timers.

Figure 18: TMOD register

For the given Timer/Counter, the corresponding bits of TMOD can be defined as in
the following table:

Gate signal. For normal operation clear this bit to 0.

G If you want to use the timers to capture external events’s length, set it to 1, and the timer 1/0 will stop counting when
External Interrupt 1/0 pin is low (set to 0 V). Note that this feature involves both a timer and an external interrupt, It you’re
responsibility to write the code to manage the operation of those two peripherals.

Set to 1 to use the timer/counter 1/0 as a Counter, counting external events on P3_4/P3_5, cleared to 0 to use it as timer,
C/T’ counting the main oscillator frequency divided by 12.

M1
Timer MODE: Those two last bits combine as 2 bit word that defines the mode of operation, defined as the table below.
M0

3.4.3.3Timer/counter modes of operation

Each timer/counter has two SFR called TL0 and TH0 (for timer/counter0) and TL1
and TH1 (for timer/counter 1). TL stands for timer LOW, and is used to store the
lower bits of the number being counted by the timer/counter. TH stands for TH, and is
used to store the higher bits of the number being counted by the timer/counter.

M1 M0 Mode Description

25
 Propeller LED Display

 Only TH0/1 is used, forming an 8bit timer/counter.

 Timer/counter will count up from the value initially stored in TH0/1 to 255, and then overflow back
to 0.

0 0 0  If an interrupt is enabled, an interrupt will occur upon overflow.

 If used as timer, pulses from the processor are divided by 32 (after being divided by 12). The result is
the main oscillator frequency divided by 384.

 If used as counter, external pulses are only divided by 32.

 Both TH0/1 and TL0/1 are used, forming a 16 bit timer/counter.

 Timer/counter will count up from the 16 bit value initially stored in TH0/1 and TL0/1 to 65535, and
then overflow back to 0.

0 1 1  If an interrupt is enabled, an interrupt will occur upon overflow.

 If used as timer, pulses from the processor are only divided by 12.

 If used as counter, external pulses are not divided, but the maximum frequency that can be accurately
counted equals the oscillator frequency divided by 24.

 TL0/1 is used for counting, forming an 8 bit timer/counter. TH0/1 is used to hold the value to be
restored in TL upon overflow.

 Timer/counter will count up from the 8 bit value initially stored in TL0/1 and to 255, and then
overflow, setting the value of TH0/1 in TL0/1. This is called the auto-reload function.
1 0 2
 If an interrupt is enabled, an interrupt will occur upon overflow.

 If used as timer, pulses from the processor are only divided by 12.

 If used as counter, external pulses are not divided, but the maximum frequency that can be accurately
counted equals the oscillator frequency divided by 24.

1 1 3  This mode is beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Timer modes 1 and 2 are the most used in 8051 microcontroller projects, since they
offer a wide range of possible customization.

3.5 ALGORITHM
Main routine:
1. Load proper value in IE register, so that the interrupts INT0 and T0 are
enabled. (IE = 83H)
2. Offer higher priority to the INT0 (External) interrupt. (IP = 01H)
3. Configure timer 1 as 16-bit timer, and timer 0 as 8-bit auto reload mode timer.
( TMOD = 12H)
4. INT0 should be configured as edge interrupt. (IT0 = 1)
5. Configure port 3 as input port. (P3 = 0FFH)

26
 Propeller LED Display

6. Move input string to the video RAM area. (call ‘ramc’ function)
7. Start the timers.
8. Initiate an infinite loop.

Interrupt Routines:
(a) External Interrupt:
1. Stop the timers.
2. Move th1 and tl1 into convenient registers.
3. Divide this 16 bit value by our total number of segments.
4. Subtract the answer from 256, and load the result in th0.
5. Now, reset the video RAM pointer and character segment pointers to their
initial respective positions.
6. Start the timers.
7. Return from interrupt.

(b) Timer 0 Interrupt:

1. Call the display routine.
2. Clear timer overflow flag.
3. Return from interrupt.
4. Clear timer overflow flag.
5. Return from interrupt.

3.6 FLOW CHART

Figure 19: Flow chart of program

27
 Propeller LED Display

FUTURE SCOPE
We can improvise this project in the following ways:-

1. We can make 3-Dimensional version of this display.

2. This display can be programmed as an Analog clock.
3. Real time digital clock can be easily programmed through this.
4. Though we have tried our best to minimize the cost of project but it can
further be made cost efficient by cost cutting components.
5. The project can be made more compact with effective arrangement of all the
components.
6. Using 3-D version of this display, a very effective representation of earth’s
globe.

28
 Propeller LED Display

TROUBLESHOOTING MANUAL
1. Output voltage of LM7805 is not 5V
 Test the continuity throughout the wires, as shown in the circuit
diagram.
 Replace appropriate component, if needed.

2. DC motor is not rotating

 Check the current flowing through the motor. If it reaches above
750mA, then the motor is short, Replace it.
 In case of jamming, try to grease the bearing and shaft.

3. The display rotates, but not displaying garbage values.

 Check the red strip (Interrupt) is in proper position or not. If not,
adjust it.

4. Some or all LEDs not glowing.

 Check the relimate connector, that connects the LED module to the
microcontroller.
 Otherwise, check the continuity through each wire.
 If the connections are ok, then replace the particular LED.

29
 Propeller LED Display

Bibliography
(a) J.B. Gupta, Electronic circuits and devices, 1sted,S.KKataria and Sons,2005
(b) Muhammed AliMazidi, Janice GillispieMazidi and Rolin D Mckinlay,The
8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C,2nded,
Pearson, 2007
(c) Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op Amp and Lineair Integrated Circuit,2nded,
Prentice Hall PTR, 2000
(d) K R Botkar, Integrated Circuits,2nded, Khanna Publisher,2003
(e) (2011)LogicBrigade website.[Online].Available:http://www.logicbrigade.com/

30