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Probability

The document defines key concepts in probability such as sample space, events, elementary events, compound events, mutually exclusive events, exhaustive events, and the addition theorem of probability. It also discusses conditional probability and its properties. Real-life examples of probability include weather forecasting, batting averages, politics, flipping coins, insurance, accidents, lotteries, and playing cards. Key terms are explained such as trial, favorable event, impossible event, and complement of an event.

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Aadil Arsh
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263 views14 pages

Probability

The document defines key concepts in probability such as sample space, events, elementary events, compound events, mutually exclusive events, exhaustive events, and the addition theorem of probability. It also discusses conditional probability and its properties. Real-life examples of probability include weather forecasting, batting averages, politics, flipping coins, insurance, accidents, lotteries, and playing cards. Key terms are explained such as trial, favorable event, impossible event, and complement of an event.

Uploaded by

Aadil Arsh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY

REAL LIFE EXAMPLES OF PROBABILITY


 Weather Forecasting. Before planning
for an outing or a picnic, we always
check the weather forecast. ...
 Batting Average in Cricket. ...
 Politics. ...
 Flipping a coin or Dice. ...
 Insurance. ...
 Are we likely to die in an accident? ...
 Lottery Tickets. ...
 Playing Cards.
RECAPITULATION
 Trial Let a random experiment, be repeated under
identical conditions, then the experiment is called a
Trial.
 Sample Space The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called the sample space of the
experiment and it is denoted by S.
 Event A subset of the sample space associated with a
random experiment is called event or case.
 Sample Points The outcomes of an experiment is
called the sample point.
 Sure Event An event which must occur, whatever be
the outcomes, is called a certain or sure event.
 Impossible Event An event which cannot occur in a
particular random experiment is called an impossible
event.
 Elementary Event An event containing only one
sample point is called elementary event.
 Favourable Event Let S be the sample space
associated with a random experiment and let E ⊂ S.
Then, the elementary events belonging to E are known
as the favourable event to E .
 Compound Events An event containing more than
one sample points is called compound events.
 Probability

If there are n elementary events associated with a


random experiment and m of them are favourable to
an event A, then the probability of happening or
occurrence of A, denoted by P(A), is given by
P(A) = m / n = Number of favourable cases / Total
number of possible cases
 Equally Likely Events When all events of a sample
space are having same chances of their occurrence then
they are being called equally likely events.
 Mutually Exclusive Events A set of events is said to
be mutually exclusive, if the happening of one excludes
the happening of the other.
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A ∩ B) = 0
 Exhaustive Events two or more events associated with
a random experiment are exhaustive if their union is the
sample space.
If E1, E2, … , En are exhaustive events, then El ∪ E2 ∪
… ∪ En = S i.e., P(E1 ∪ E2 ∪ E3 ∪ … ∪ En) = 1
 Complement of an Event
Let A be an event in a sample space S the
complement of A is the set of all sample points of
the space other than the sample point in A and
it is denoted by,
A’ or A = {n : n ∈ S, n ∉ A}
(i) P(A ∪ A’) = S
(ii) P(A ∩ A’) = φ
(iii) P(A’)’ = A
 Addition Theorem of Probability
(a) For two events A and B
 P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

(b) For three events A, Band C


 P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) -P(A ∩ B) – P(B ∩ C)
– P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
 Let A and B be two events associated with a random
experiment, Then, the probability of occurrence of
event A under the condition that B has already
occurred and P(B) ≠ 0, is called the conditional
probability.
i.e., P(A/B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
If A has already occurred and P (A) ≠ 0, then
P(B/A) = P(A ∩ B) / P(A)
Also, P(A / B) + P (A / B) = 1
PROPERTIES OF CONDITIONAL
PROBABILITY

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